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Between ‘National Community’ and ‘Milieu’: German Catholics at War, 1939–1945

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 May 2017

THOMAS BRODIE*
Affiliation:
Jesus College, Turl Street, Oxford, OX1 3DW, UK; thomas.brodie@jesus.ox.ac.uk

Abstract

This article examines German Catholics’ sense of community and identity during the Second World War. It analyses how far they were able to reconcile their religious faith with support for Nazism and the German war effort and questions the extent to which Catholicism in the Rhineland and Westphalia represented either a sealed confessional subculture or a homogenising Nazified ‘national community’ (Volksgemeinschaft). The article argues that, in their pure forms, neither of these analytical paradigms accounts for the complexities of German Catholics’ attitudes during this period, which were far more contested and diverse than outlined by much existing historiography. Religious socialisation, Nazi propaganda and older nationalist traditions shaped Catholics’ mentalities during the Third Reich, creating a spectrum of opinion concerning the appropriate relationship between these influences and loyalties. At the level of lived experience, Catholics’ memberships of religious and national communities revealed themselves to be highly compatible, a tendency which in turn exerted a restraining influence on church–state conflict in wartime Germany.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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References

1 Report, Saturday 16 Jan. 1943, Stadtarchiv Münster, Stadt DOK Nr 55.1, 2–3.

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3 Report, Saturday 16 Jan. 1943, Stadtarchiv Münster, Stadt DOK Nr 55.1, 3.

4 Ibid.

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid.

7 Ibid., 4. For an enlightening discussion of the Song of the Good Comrade’s popularity on the nationalist right prior to 1933, its place within the Nazi movement and its on-going presence in West Germany during the 1950s, see Gregor, Neil, Haunted City: Nuremberg and the Nazi Past (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 165–6Google Scholar.

8 Report, 16 Jan. 1943, Stadtarchiv Münster, Stadt DOK Nr 55.1.

9 Ibid. By 1943 the Cheka had been renamed the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs: NKVD.

10 http://www.muenster.de/stadt/kriegschronik/chronist.html (last accessed on 1 Aug. 2016). Note that Wiemers was a member of the NSDAP, NSV and DAF, and a former Freikorps volunteer.

11 Kershaw, Ian, ‘Volksgemeinschaft: Potential and Limitations of the Concept’, in Steber, Martina and Gotto, Bernhard, eds., Visions of Community in Nazi Germany: Social Engineering and Private Lives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 38 Google Scholar.

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31 Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen, Abteilung Westfalen, Gauleitung Westfalen-Nord, Hauptleitung, 21, report of 14 Sept. 1939 by Düsseldorf SD Inspector.

32 Historisches Archiv des Erzbistums Kӧln, K.A, 1939 (Z 80 79), articles of Sept. 1939, 127–44.

33 Löffler, ed., Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen, II, 1939–1946, 747; AEK, K.A, 1939, (Z 80 79), 143, article of 22 Sept. 1939.

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37 EZA, 1, 2877, Gesetzblatt der Deutschen Evangelischen Kirche, 6 Sept. 1939.

38 LNRW. AW, Gauleitung Westfalen-Nord, Hauptleitung, 22, report of 6 Sept. 1939.

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41 For the centrality of ‘revenge’ to Nazi propaganda in 1943, see Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, XV, report of 11 Nov. 1943, 5987–8.

42 AEK, CR II 25.18, 1, 227.

43 AEK, K.A, 1941–1943 (Z 80 82–3), 15 May 1943, 79.

44 AEK, DA Lenné 164, Hirtenwort zum Herz-Jesu-Zeit; Löffler, Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen, II, 1086.

45 Löffler, ed., Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen, II, 907.

46 LNRW. ARH, RW 35/09, 80–82, report of 16 September 1942, LNRW.AW, Gauleitung Westfalen-Nord, Hauptleitung, letter to Berlin, 14 Sept. 1939 (Morale report No. 11).

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49 Stadtarchiv Münster, Stadt Dok Nr 52 02/1943, entry for 17 Feb. 1943. (Potential loss of sleep being the official justification for this restrictive legislation.)

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58 Süss, ‘Ein Skandal im Sommer 1941’, 190–5.

59 For example, LNRW. ARH, RW35/09, 29, report of 3 April 1942.

60 Ibid., 134–5, 143. For Allied bombing of the area, Blank, Ralf, ‘Wartime Daily Life and the Air War on the Home Front’, in Forschungsamt, Militärgeschichtliches, ed., Germany and the Second World War, IX, I (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 ed.), 382 Google Scholar.

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71 LNRW. AW, Gauleitung Westfalen-Nord, Hauptleitung, 17, report for Oct. 1941, 37.

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75 LNRW. AW, Gauleitung Westfalen-Nord, Hauptleitung, 29, report of 19 Sept. 1939.

76 Ibid., 13, report for June 1940, 38.

77 Schleicher, Karl-Theodor and Walle, Heinrich, eds., Aus Feldpostbriefen junger Christen 1939–1945: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der katholischen Jugend im Felde (Munich: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2005), 105 Google Scholar.

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83 LNRW. ARH, RW 35/09, 69, report of 2 September 1942.

84 Ibid., 49, report of 8 July 1942.

85 Ibid., 185, report of 6 July 1943.

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114 Süß, Tod aus der Luft, 313–4; Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, Vol. 15, report of 11 Nov. 1943, 5988.

115 Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, Vol. 15, report of 18 Oct.1943, 5886.

116 BA. LCH, NS 15/396, SD Report of 6 September 1943, 201–2.

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120 LNRW. AW, Gauleitung Westfalen-Nord, Hauptleitung, 29, report of 6 Sept. 1939.

121 LNRW. ARH, RW34/03, 17, report of 7 July 1943, for popular knowledge of the Holocaust, Stargardt, ‘Rumours of Revenge’, 377–9.

122 Süß, Tod aus der Luft, 312.

123 Stadtarchiv Münster, Stadt Dok Nr 52, report of 7 Feb. 1943.

124 Ibid.

125 Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, Vol. 14, report of 8 July 1943, 5449.

126 Ibid., 5449.

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129 Süß, ‘Antagonistische Kooperationen’.

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