¹ Tucker, D., ‘The new look of the French extreme-right’, Western Political Quarterly, XXI (1968), 86–97Google Scholar. ‘One historic source of discontent has been shunned by the “nationals”. Antisemitism is not a paying proposition in French politics today and even right-wing extremists have been careful to limit their public statements on that subject to attacks on individuals who are thought to serve Jewish interests.’

² Marrus, M., ‘Are the French antisemitic? Evidence in the 1980s’, in Malino, F. and Wasserstein, B. (eds.), The Jews in modern France (Hanover, N.H., 1985), pp. 214–24.Google Scholar

³ Zeldin, Theodre, The French (London, 1983), p. 453Google Scholar: ‘The result of these horrors is that antisemitism is now boycotted and condemned in a way that it never was before’.

⁴ Birnbaum, Pierre, Un mythe politique: ‘la Répubhque juive’ de Léon Blum à Pierre Mendès France (Paris, 1988).Google Scholar

⁵ Trigano, Shmuel, ‘From individual to collectivity: the rebirth of the Jewish nation’, in Malino, F. and Wasserstein, B. (eds.), The Jews in modern France (Hanover, N.H., 1985), pp. 245–81.Google Scholar

⁶ These figures are taken from Algazy, Joseph, La tentation néo fasciste en France 1944–1965 (Paris, 1984), pp. 66, 67 and 131.Google Scholar

⁷ The Parti républicain de la liberté was formed by Mutter, André, the editor of Paroles françaises, in 1946Google Scholar (see Mutter, ‘Vers un quatrième grand parti’, in Paroles françaises, no. 6, 22 Dec. 1945.Google Scholar

⁸ Béatrice, Philippe, Etre juif dans la société française du Moyen Age à nos jours (Paris, 1979), p. 281.Google Scholar

⁹ Luce, Alfred Fabre, Pour en finir avec l'antisémitisme (Paris, 1979).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Paris, Archives Nationales (AN) 57 AS 28, memorandum dated 5 August 1944.

¹¹ AN 57 AS 13, ‘Les juifs d'abord’, an article reproduced in Lettre d'information ouvrières et syndicales (a confidential circular sent to prominent industrialists). The accompanying note remarks that the article had first appeared in a publication calling itself ‘France d'abord’ although it was not the real ‘France d'abord’.

¹² Diary of Jacques Lecompte-Boinet (kindly lent to the author by Madame Lecompte-Boinet), 21 Dec. 1943.

¹³ See ‘RM’, ‘La grande boucherié, in Réalisme, no. 5, 15 Jan. 1949 in which a ‘juif polonais’ is blamed for a massacre carried out by the Resistance.

¹⁴ Cited in Edward, Alexander, The resonance of dust. Essay on holocaust literature and the Jewish fate (Columbus, Ohio, 1979), p. XI.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Martin, Gilbert, The holocaust. The Jewish tragedy (London, Fontana edition, 1987), p. 794.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Andrew, Sharf, The British press and the Jews under Nazi rule (Oxford, 1964), p. 152.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Ibid.

¹⁸ For French reactions to the discovery of the concentration camps see Henri, Rousso, Le syndrome de Vichy (Paris, 1987), pp. 34–5Google Scholar. For Polish attitudes to the Jews during the occupation and at the liberation see Norman, Davis, God's playground (Oxford, 1984), pp. 72–3.Google Scholar

¹⁹ These figures were given by Henri, Frenay, former minister of prisoners and deportees, in La libération de la France. Actes du collogue international tenu à Paris du 28 au 31 Octobre 1974 (Paris, 1976), pp. 739–44.Google Scholar

²⁰ An office for tracing prisoners of war had been established as early as October 1940, see Olga Wormser Migot, ‘Le repatriement des déportés’, in ibid. pp. 721–38. The political importance of prisoners of war was highlighted by the fact that this group provided the young Fran(jois Mitterand with his first political springboard.

²¹ Olga Wormser Migot, ‘Le repatriement des deportes’, in ibid. pp. 721–38.

²² Pelaga Lewinska, 20 mois à Auswitz, cited in Beatrice Philippe, Etre juif dans la société française.

²³ Wormser, Migot, ‘Le repatriement des déportés’, p. 727.Google Scholar

²⁴ Humanité, 14 April 1945, cited in la fédération nationale des déportés, internés, résistants et patriotes (FNDIRP), Le choc 1945: Lapresse révèle l'enfer des camps Nazis (Paris, 1985), p. 33.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid. p. 43.

²⁶ An account of this exhibition was given in Le Monde, June 11 1945.

²⁷ Henri, Rousso, Le syndrome de Vichy, p. 25.Google Scholar

²⁸ AN 57 AS 13 ‘Les juifs d'abord’, article reproduced in Lettres d'information ouvrières et syndicates.

²⁹ Abbé Jean Desgranges in ‘Nebuleuses d'affaires Dreyfus’, Ecrits de Paris for July 1947, said that the indignity inflicted on former Pétainists was similar to that suffered by Jews during the occupation.

³⁰ ‘Les juifs d'abord.’

³¹ This strain was best represented by the journal Le combattant européen. According to Algazy the key personality behind this publication was René Binet (Algazy, J., La tentation néo fasciste, p. 73). For examples of the racism of Combattant européen see the issue of 6 April 1946.Google Scholar

³² Combattant européen was full of articles attacking Maurrasians and ‘reactionnaries’. Conversely, Documents nationaux, a paper that did support Maurras, launched violent attacks on Brasillach, a hero to the writers of Combattant européen.

³³ Paxton, Robert, Vichy France. Old Guard and New Order 1940–1944 (New York, 1982), p. 175.Google Scholar

³⁴ The distinction is made most explicitly by Pleyber, Jean, in ‘Race ou civilisation’, Ecrits de Paris (Aug., 1951), pp. 58–71Google Scholar. Pleyber urged that measures be taken to limit the civil rights of recent immigrants, a measure aimed against Jews, but he also stressed that he felt no animosity towards non-European races. Indeed, as a former colonial administrator, he claimed to feel only affection for old friends in Indo-China. There is, of course, no proof that Pleyber's opinions were universal among the leaders of the extreme right, though the fact that he wrote a regular column for a journal with a wide circulation suggests that he was not entirely isolated.

³⁵ For an account of the Finaly case see Kaspi, André, ‘L'affaire des enfants Finaly’, Histoire, LXXVI (03, 1985), 40–56.Google Scholar

³⁶ Jenatton, E., ‘Le baptême dans l'affaire Finaly’, Ecrits de Paris, XXXI (08, 1953).Google Scholar

³⁷ Kaspi, ‘l'affaire Finaly’, Antoinette Brun told a representative of the family who tried to collect the children ‘vous, les juifs, vous êtes une bande des lâches’. The accusation that the Jews had shown cowardice in fleeing France was widespread. It reflected the general insensitivity to conditions under which Jews had lived between 1940 and 1944.

³⁸ Ibid.

³⁹ Ibid.

⁴⁰ Cited in ibid.

⁴¹ Cited in Birnbaum, , La république juive, p. 259.Google Scholar

⁴² Fabre-Luce admitted that Mendès was ‘une des rares figures interessantes dans une Assemblée assez pauvres en hommes d'Etat’, ‘Mendès devant l'assemblée, Ecrits de Paris, October ‘954. pp. 7–16.

⁴³ Pierre, BirnbaumLa république juive, pp. 334–9Google Scholar. In particular Birnbaum shows how the use of wine drinking as a metaphor for national solidarity was used against both Blum and Mendes.

⁴⁴ Pierre, Birnbaum, La république juive, p. 334.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Pierre, Birnbaum, La république juive, p. 334.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ ‘Quand je parle ainsi des Juifs, je n'entends pas, bien sûr, définir le comportement psychologique des pauvres bougres, artisans en casquettes ou en boutonniéres, encore biens moins des fugitifs à lévite et à cadenettes que l'on rencontre parfois dans nos rues. J'ai pitié de ces gens-là, et je pense que la France est assez riche pour leur donner asilé, Pleyber, , ‘Victoire du Jacobinismé, Ecrits de Paris, Oct. 1954.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Je répète même que je me sens plus près d'un Juif pieux que d'un sectaire jacobin', ibid.

⁴⁸ Ecrits de Paris, October 1954, cited in Birnbaum, , La république juive, p. 336, Birnbaum quotes the words used above but does not mention the numerous qualifications with which Pleyber hedges his statement.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ AN 412 AP 71, report to council of ministers for 27 July 1954.

⁵⁰ Quoted in Béatrice, Philippe, Etre juif dans la société française, p. 292.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Manchester Guardian, 18 January 1956, report on press conference given by Poujade headed ‘A philistine out of his depth’.

⁵² Béatrice, Philippe, Etre juif dans la société française, p. 292.Google Scholar

⁵³ Birnbaum, , La république juive, p. 337.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Ibid. p. 172.

⁵⁵ Manchester Guardian, 18 Jan. 1955, report on a press conference given by Poujade headed ‘A philistine out of his depth’.

⁵⁶ Béatrice, Philippe, Eire juif dans la société française, p. 292.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Pierre, Birnbaum, La république juive, p. 339: ‘Et même si, dans un premier temps, Poujade, à la différence de Maurras, souhaite simplement “nettoyer” la République et non l'abattre, tout contribue néanmoins à immerger le mouvement poujadiste dans la mouvance des droites antiparlementaires’.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ See Bardèche, , ‘le regime se derapé, in Défense de l'occident, no. 27, pp. 3–18Google Scholar: ‘Poujade est un Jacobin, son vocabulaire politique…la violence meme des ses troupes ce sont celles des clubs’. Birnbaum also quotes Xavier Vallat (in Birnbaum, , La république juive, p. 339) as placing Poujade in the tradition of Boulanger, de la Rocque, Doriot and de Gaulle (Vallat cannot have been unaware of the significance of such an authoritarian but republican lineage). Of course such an analysis did not stop right-wing royalists from supporting the jacobin Poujade but this was partly because they would have supported almost anyone who opposed the regime.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Pleyber, in Ecrits de Paris, Oct. 1954. Birnbaum quotes from this article without mentioning its title.

⁶⁰ Paxton, and Marrus, , Vichy France and the Jews, pp. 310–15.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Dacier, , ‘Les combats d'lsrael’, in Ecrits de Paris, July 1948.Google Scholar

⁶² du Buat, Eduard, ‘Le probleme juif et la Palestiné, Questions Actuelles, no. 24, 10 1946, pp. 51–62. Questions Actuelles changed its name to Ecrits de Paris in 1946.Google Scholar

⁶³ Henri, Rousso, Le syndrome de Vichy, p. 150.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Rivarol, no. 364, 2 Jan. 1958.

⁶⁵ Alain, Clerval, ‘Le point de la condition juive en France’, Patrie et progrés, no. 14 (01 1963), pp. 14–16.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Rivarol, 1 June 1969.

⁶⁷ Quoted in Cohen, W. B., ‘The legacy of empire: the Algerian connection’, Journal of Contemporary History, XV (1980), 97–123CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For evidence about the antigaullist obsession of the extreme right see Duprat, François, Les mouvements de l'extrême droit en France depuis 1944 (Paris, 1972), and Rivarol, 2 March 1967, no. 842 ‘Contre de Gaulle’.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Mermoz, ‘Visa pour Tel Aviv’, Rivarol, 9 Nov. 1967, no. 878.

⁶⁹ Ibid.

⁷⁰ Aron, Raymond, De Gaulle, Israel and the Jews (London, 1969), p. 24.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Soucy, Robert, Fascism in France. The case of Maurice Banés (Berkeley, 1972), p. 313.Google Scholar

⁷² Aspects de la France, 8 Dec. 1967. Vallat's pleasure seems to have derived as much from the discomfiture of the left and the Gaullists as from the attack on the Jews.

⁷³ Maurras, A., ‘L'antisemitisme. Problème de défense nationalé, in Reflexions sur la revolution de 1789 (Paris, 1948), p. 162Google Scholar. Of course allegations of double allegiance among Maurras and his followers were not related to Israel – rather it was suggested that Jews were primarily loyal to Judaism in general or, sometimes, to Germany.

⁷⁴ Lacroix-Riz, Annie, Le choix de Marianne (Paris, 1984).Google Scholar

⁷⁵ The internationalization of the French extreme right was revealed during Tixier Vignancour's 1965 bid for the presidency. Tixier supported both the Atlantic alliance and the integration of Europe vigorously. Tucker, D., ‘The new look of the extreme right in France’, in Western Political Quarterly, 1968.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ J. C. le Goff in Le Soleil, no. 2, 2 March 1966.

⁷⁷ Algeria itself was, until 1962, a part of France.

⁷⁸ Leconte, Daniel, Les pieds noirs. Histoire et portrait d'une communauté (Paris, 1980), p. 132.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ The leader of the Poujadist movement in Algeria claimed that two thirds of his 45,000 members were Muslims. Leconte, Daniel, Les pieds noirs (Paris, 1980), p. 208.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ de Lomenie, Emmanuel de Beau, L'Algérie trahie par l'argent (Paris, 1957).Google Scholar

⁸¹ Pierre, Birnbaum, La république juive, pp. 381–92.Google Scholar

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⁸³ Susini, Jean Jacques, Histoire de l'OAS (Paris, 1963), p. 374 ‘Enfin, comme les accusations d'antisémitisme ou de racisme pouvaient impressionner les Israélites non avertis, je décidai de diffuser pour le jour du Yom Kippour une lettre qui invitait les Isra'lites d'Algérie à assumer une responsabilité croissante dans la Résistance’.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Jewish Chronicle, 10 Feb. no. 4843.

⁸⁵ Ibid. 3 Jan. 1962, no. 4837.

⁸⁶ Ibid. 30 March, no. 4849. According to René Susan, a Jew writing in Patrie et Progrès, no. 7 in June 1962, 800 of the 25,000 inhabitants of Bab-el-Oued were Jewish.

⁸⁷ Ibid. 10 Feb. no. 4843. The Chronicle's reporter added that many Jews had told him in private that they regarded their new found alliance with the pieds noirs as precarious.

⁸⁸ Rivarol, 1 March 1962, no. 581. ‘Les juifs d'Algiers considèrent de Gaulle un défendeur perdu’, cited the article of 10 February in the Jewish Chronicle.

⁸⁹ René, Susan, ‘Le témoignage d'un écrivain israélite originaire d'Algérie à son retour de Bab-el-Oued’, Patrie et Progrès, no. 7.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ It was estimated that of 17,600 office workers arriving from Algeria 12,000 did not have the certificat d'aptitudes professionnelles, Robert, Vernejoul, Etudes des problèmes posés par le repatriement des refugiés d'Algérie (Paris, 1963).Google Scholar

⁹¹ See Le Monde for 1, 2 and 3 March 1965. Tixier's denunciation of racism was partly due to his attempt to capture the votes of centrists and to align himself with the MRP politics of Bidault (leader of the OAS and Tixier's choice for prime minister).

⁹² Shmuel, Trigano, ‘From individual to collectivity: the rebirth of the Jewish nation’, in Malino, F. and Wasserstein, B. (eds.), The Jews in modem France (Hanover, N.H., 1985), pp. 245–81Google Scholar. Trigano's views have proved highly controversial: see S. Hoffmann, ‘Remarks on Trigano’, in ibid. pp. 245–82.

⁹³ When the pied noir journalist Richard Koubi set out to interview five prominent pieds noirs in 1982, Attali was one of the subjects that he chose: see Pieds noirs. Belle pointure (Paris, 1982).

⁹⁴ David, Caute, The year of the barricades'68 (London, 1988), p. 219.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ François, Duprat, Les joumées de mai, l'internationale étudiante révolutionnaire (Paris, 1968). Though Duprat was antisemitic, allegations of Jewish influence did not figure very much in his analysis and he recognized that in the long run an alliance between Zionists and revolutionaries was unfeasible.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Béatrice Philippe, Eire juif dans la société française.

⁹⁷ Fabre Luce's first book had contained practical advice on how to avoid catching venereal disease.

⁹⁸ Pierre, Birnbaum, La république juive, pp. 196–236.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ For the attitude of Poujade to this subject see above.

¹⁰⁰ Francois, Duprat, Les mouvements d'extrême droite en France depuis 1944 (Paris, 1972), p. 156.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ Bousquet, A., ‘Ne tirez pas trop sur les étudiants’, Rivarol, no. 910, 20 June 1968.Google Scholar

¹⁰² Duprat, F., L'internationale étudiante, p. 189.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Buisson, Patrick, ‘Chronologie des événements’, Rivarol, no. 909, 13 June 1968.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Duprat, F., Les mouvements de l'extr≖me droite en France depuis 1944, p. 253.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Wilson, Stephen, Ideology and experience. Antisemitism at the time of the Dreyfus affair (London, 1982), p. 736.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Maurras, A., Reflexions sur la revolution de 1789 (Paris, 1948), p. 162: ‘L'antisémitisme ce n'est point une vieille querelle de religion’.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ See the articles by Delamare, Edith in Rivarol, 3 Jan. 1967 and 26 Jan. 1967.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ Delamare, Edith, ‘Manoeuvres politico-religiueses autour du Cardinal Spellraan’, in Rivarol 19 Jan. 1967, no. 876.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ Bardèche, , Qu'est que c'est lefascisme (Paris, 1963), especially p. 176.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Algazy, J., La tentation néo-fasciste, pp. 83–90.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ Although neo-fascist authors have been reluctant to discuss Nazi racial theorists there has, as Alain de Benoist points out, been a revival of interest in French racial theorists, especially Gobineau.

¹¹² Duprat, F., Les mouvements de l'extrême doite en France, p. 215.Google Scholar

¹¹³ Algazy, Joseph, La tentation néo-fasciste, p. 213.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ Defense de l'Occident, 26 July 1955, no. 25.

¹¹⁵ See Duprat, and Bardèche, , L'aggression hraélienne (Paris, 1967)Google Scholar. According to Francis Bergeron and Philippe Vilgier, Duprat was the founder of an organization called ‘France Palestine’ and was in contact with the Parti Populaire Syrien. Bergeron, and Vilgier, , De le Pen à le Pen. Une histoire des nationaux et des nationalistes sous la Vième république (Paris, 1985), pp. 156 and 157.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Cited in Henri, Rousso, Le syndrome de Vichy, p. 213.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ A particularly striking illustration of the government's failure to distinguish between different elements of the extreme right is the fact that the journals Combattant européen, a violently anti-Maurrasian pro-fascist publication, and Documents nationaux, a violently antifascist pro-Maurrasian publication, are stored in the Bibliotheque National in a single volume labelled ‘Journaux Clandestines’.

¹¹⁸ Luce, Alfred Fabre, Pour en finir avec l'antisémitisme (Paris, 1979).Google Scholar