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PROJECTIONS OF DESIRE AND DESIGN IN EARLY MODERN CARIBBEAN MAPS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 December 2019

ANGELA SUTTON  and
CHARLTON W. YINGLING Open the ORCID record for CHARLTON W. YINGLING [Opens in a new window]
ANGELA SUTTON*
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University and University of Louisville
CHARLTON W. YINGLING*
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University and University of Louisville
*
Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN37235-1802, USAAngela.C.Sutton@Vanderbilt.edu
University of Louisville, 2301 S. 3rd St, Louisville, KY40292, USACharlton.Yingling@Louisville.edu
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Abstract

Iconic early European maps of the Caribbean depict neatly parcelled plantations, sugar mills, towns, and fortifications juxtaposed against untamed interiors sketched with runaway slaves and Indigenous toponyms. These extra-geographical symbols of racial and spatial meaning projected desire and design to powerful audiences. Abstractions about material life influenced colonial perceptions and actions upon a space, often to deleterious effects for the Indigenous and African people who were abused in tandem with the region's flora and fauna. The scientific revolution curbed these proscriptive and descriptive ‘thick-mapped’ features that offer historians an underexplored record of early colonial Caribbean life beyond the geographically descriptive. Before this shift from mystery to mastery, the early correlation of colonization and cartography in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides a fascinating glimpse into the process of creating the Americas. This article offers ideas for deconstructing old maps as new sources for historians of the early Atlantic World. As digital readers may explore through the roughly fifty maps linked via the footnotes, their informative spectacle naturalized colonialism upon lived and imagined race and space, created an exoticized, commodified Caribbean, and facilitated wealth extraction projects of competing empires made profitable by African labour on Indigenous land.

Type
Article
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 63 , Issue 4 , September 2020 , pp. 789 - 810
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

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Footnotes

We want to extend a warm ‘thank you’ to our colleague Isaac Badenya Thomas, who collaborated in our framing conversations and map consultations at the outset of this article. We are indebted to the John Carter Brown Library for the funding and facilities to work together in their collections as part of the Collaborative Cluster Fellowship in May 2018. Thank you to the staff and fellows, who were incredibly generous with ideas and sources for this project. This article owes an intellectual debt to Bertie Mandelblatt, whose expertise on the topic helped to shape our questions. We appreciated the opportunity to present an early version of the article together at the 2019 Mellon Partners in Humanities Workshop at the Vanderbilt University Digital Humanities Center, and we thank the attendees for their insightful comments. Finally, we are indebted to the editors at the Historical Journal and two anonymous peer reviewers for their constructive suggestions.

References

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29 Richard Ford, ‘A new map of the island of Barbadoes wherein every parish, plantation, watermill, windmill & cattlemill, is described…’ map, 1675–6, JCB map collection 8189, reproduced in J. D. Black, ed., The Blathwayt atlas (2 vols., Providence, RI, 1970–5); Anon., ‘A new map of the island of Barbadoes…’, map, 1676, JCB map collection 10796, reproduced in Black, ed., Blathwayt atlas.

30 Several undigitized Caribbean maps listed on Brown University's Josiah catalogue are not linked.

31 Categories logged in the spreadsheet (see https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/151DhUyMrsu0wPhaDVRFrAT0SEyWuwAOu6DXtNA9UE9U/edit#gid=0) are, as follows: call number, map title, primary location, source author/creator, publisher/place, date, sea animals, fantastic animals, land animals, ships/transport, people: Native American/Caribbean, people: African origin, people: European origin, people: other/unclear, harbours, flora, buildings, and notes/questions. The ‘Data-first manifesto’ can be found at http://datamanifesto.info.

32 This is evident in toponyms and mapping of other empires: Douglas, Bronwen and Govor, Elena, ‘Eponymy, encounters, and local knowledge in Russian place naming in the Pacific islands, 1804–1830’, Historical Journal, 62 (2019), pp. 709–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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34 Ford, ‘New map of the island of Barbadoes’, JCB map collection 8189.

35 Benedetto Bordone, ‘Spagnola’, ‘Jamaiqua’, and ‘Guadalupe’, maps, in Libro di Benedetto Bordone nel qual si ragiona de tutte l'isole del mondo con li lor nomi antichi & moderni, historie, fauole, & modi del loro uiuere, & in qual parte del mare stanno, & in qual parallelo & clima giacciono, con il breve di Papa Leone (Venice, 1528), JCB map collection 03361.

36 Giovanni Battista Ramusio, ‘Isola Spagnuola’, map, in Summario de la generale historia de l'Indie occidentali cauato da libri scritti dal Signor Don Pietro Martyre … et da molte altre particulari relationi (Venice, 1534), JCB map collection 0244.

37 De Bry, ‘Occidentalis Americae partis’, JCB map collection 09887.

38 Coronelli, ‘Archipelague du Mexique’, JCB map collection C-6905.

39 Paolo di Forlani, ‘L'isola Cuba’, map (Venice, 1564), JCB map collection 31967. This was enhanced from a 1548 ptolemaic map by Jacopo Gastaldi.

40 Paulo di Forlani, ‘L'isola Spagnola’, map (Venice, 1564), JCB map collection C-8602. Again, this was enhanced from a 1548 ptolemaic map by Jacopo Gastaldi.

41 Hapcott, ‘Plantation called the Fort Plantation’, JCB map collection C-8210.

42 ‘Description topographïque et mesure de l'isle des Barbades’, JCB map collection 01903.

43 Antonio Herrera y Tordesillas, ‘Descripcion del destricto del audiencia de la Española’, map (Madrid, 1601), JCB map collection 01808.

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47 de Montemayor, Juan Francisco y de Cuenca, Córdova, ‘Plata forma q[ue] fabricó D. Ju[an] Fran[cis]co Montem[ay]or de Cuenca…’, map, in Discurso politico historico juridico del derecho y repartimiento de presas y despojos apprehendidos en justa guerra (Mexico, 1658)Google Scholar, JCB map collection 5163; Pérez, Frank Peña, Antonio Osorio. Monopolio, contrabando y despoblación (Santiago, 1980)Google Scholar.

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53 John Seller, ‘Novissima et accuratissima insulae Jamaicae descriptio per Johannem Sellerum’ (London, 1672), JCB map collection 9772.

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62 Davies, Renaissance ethnography, pp. 68–9.

63 De Bry, ‘Occidentalis Americae partis’, JCB map collection 09887. ‘Aity’ appeared as the name as late as 1598: see Ortelius, Abraham, ‘Culiacanae, Americae regionis descriptio, Hispaniolae, Cubae, aliarumque insularum circumiacientium, delineatio’, map, in Theatre de l'univers, contenant les cartes de tout le monde (Antwerp, 1598)Google Scholar, JCB map collection 6009. The island was also described as ‘Quisqueja, Ayti, and Cipanga’ in a 1688 map: see Coronelli, ‘Archipelague du Mexique’, JCB map collection C-6905.

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67 J. Boisseau, ‘Description de l'isle de Gadeloupe [sic] habitée des Francois despuis l an 1634 par le Sieur de l'Olive, en ayant chassé entierement les sauvages nommez Caraibes…’, map (Paris, 1648), JCB map collection C-8209.

68 Wytfliet, Corneille, ‘Hispaniola insula’, map, in Descriptionis Ptolemaicæ augmentum., siue occidentis notitia: breui commentario illustrata studio et opera Cornely Wytfleit Louaniensis (Louvain, 1597)Google Scholar, JCB map collection 03405.

69 Coronelli, ‘Archipelague du Mexique’, JCB map collection C-6905.

70 Tertre, Jean-Baptiste du, ‘L'isle de la Martinique’, map, in Histoire generale des Antilles habitées par les François…, tome II (Paris, 1667)Google Scholar, JCB map collection 01897.

71 Abraham Peyrounin, ‘Isle de la Guadeloupe scituée a 16 degrez de lat. septentrional’, map (Paris, 1667), JCB map collection 8189.

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74 Roggeveen, ‘’t eÿlandt Curacao’, JCB map collection 03849.

75 Moxon, ‘New mapp of Jamaica’, JCB map collection 8189.

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78 Seller, ‘Novissima et accuratissima insulae Jamaicae’, JCB map collection 9772.

79 Coronelli, ‘Archipelague du Mexique’, JCB map collection C-6905.

80 Among other Atlantic world examples is the rice-growing culture of South Carolina and Georgia, derived from the knowledge brought by west Africans trafficked from the ‘rice coast’, an area comprising modern-day Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. See Littlefield, Daniel C., Rice and slaves: ethnicity and the slave trade in colonial South Carolina (Urbana, IL, 1991)Google Scholar.

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82 Laet, Joannes de, ‘De groote ende kleyne eylanden van West-Indien’, map, in Nieuvve wereldt ofte beschrijvinghe van West-Indien,: wt veelderhande schriften ende aen-teeckeninghen van verscheyden natien by een versamelt / door Ioannes de Laet, ende met noodighe kaerten ende tafels voorsien (Leiden, 1625)Google Scholar, JCB map collection 02303.

83 Rupert, Creolization and contraband.

84 L. van Anse and Nicolaes Visscher, ‘Jamaica, Americae septentrionalis ampla insula. Christophoro Columbo detecta’, map (Amsterdam, 1680), JCB map collection 10956.

85 Vincenzo Coronelli, ‘Isola de Iames, ò Giamaica’, map (Venice, c. 1692), JCB map collection C-7614.

86 Edward Slaney, ‘Tabula Iamaicae insulae’ (London, 1678), JCB map collection 8189; Anon., ‘An exact mapp of Iamaicae’, map, in The laws of Jamaica, passed by the Assembly … Feb. 23. 1683 (London, 1683), JCB map collection 9290. Philip Lea, ‘A new map of the island of Jamaica…’, map, 1685, JCB map collection 10958, reproduced in Black, ed., Blathwayt atlas.

87 Philip Lea, ‘New map of the island of Jamaica’, JCB map collection 10958.

88 Cudjoe, leader of the maroons in Cudjoe's Town claimed to be the son of Naquan, the man who had organized the Sutton Plantation rebellion in Clarendon parish and led the group of runaways to the palenque.

89 Slaney, ‘Tabula Iamaicae insulae’, JCB map collection 8189.

90 Price, Richard, ed., Maroon societies: rebel slave communities in the Americas (Baltimore, MD, 1996)Google Scholar; Diouf, Sylviane A., Slavery's exiles: the story of the American maroons (New York, NY, 2016)Google Scholar.

91 Lea, ‘Principall islands in America’, JCB map collection 10959.

92 Boisseau, ‘Description de l'Isle de Gadeloupe’, JCB map collection C-8209.

93 Peyrounin, ‘Isle de la Guadeloupe’, JCB map collection 8189.