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Attempts to revive the Order of Malta in Stuart England*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

D. F. Allen
D. F. Allen
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham
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Type
Communications
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 33 , Issue 4 , December 1990 , pp. 939 - 952
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

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References

1 National Library of Malta, Archives of the Order of Malta (A.O.M.) 262, fo. 282. I remain grateful to the Librarian and his staff for their unfailing courtesy.

2 See Fincham, H. W., The Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem and its Grand Priory of England (London, 1915)Google Scholar; Beatson, G. W., The Knights Hospitallers in Scotland (Glasgow, 1903)Google Scholar; Cowan, I. B., Mackay, P. H. R. & Macquarrie, A. (eds.), The Knights of St John of Jerusalem in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1983)Google Scholar; Rees, W., A history of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (Cardiff, 1947)Google Scholar.

3 London, B(ritish) L(ibrary), Add(itional) MSS 21310 fos. 51–63; A.O.M. 2193; Statutes of the Realm, 32 Henry VIII, c. 24; Mifsud, A., Knights Hospitallers of the Venerable Tongue of England in Malta (Malta, 1916), pp. 46, 67, 202Google Scholar; Fincham, , The Order of the Hospital of St John, p. 41Google Scholar.

4 Falkiner, C. L., ‘The hospital of St John of Jerusalem in Ireland’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, XXVI (1906–1907), 275–317Google Scholar.

5 The Knights of St John of Jerusalem in Scotland, pp. liii–liv.

6 Donats were lay associates of the Order, not necessarily of noble birth, who were entitled to wear a demi-cross of three two-pointed arms instead of four.

7 A.O.M. 57, fo. 13.

8 See Statutes of the Realm, I Eliz, c. 24.

9 Denaro, V. F., The Houses of Valletta (Malta, 1967), pp. 94–5Google Scholar. This house had been bought originally by an English knight, Sir James Shelley.

10 Galea, M., German knights of Malta (Malta, 1986), p. 112Google Scholar.

11 See Allen, D. F., ‘Charles II, Louis XIV and the Order of Malta’, European History Quarterly, XX (1990)Google Scholar. Cf. Bamford, P. W., ‘The Knights of Malta and the king of France, 1665–1700’, French Historical Studies, III (1964), 429–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 A.O.M. 255, fo. 27; 2193. Although nothing came of this early approach to Charles, both it and the later scheme of Nicholas Fortescue in 1639 might have had some bearing upon why the convent in Malta drew up in 1636 a list of the Order's former commanderies in the British Isles. This list comprises extracts from the Order's Liber Bullarum of 1526, 1527, etc.

13 Thomas, , Claremont, Lord, A History of the Family of Fortescue (London, 1880 edn), pp. 21, 485Google Scholar; Morris, J.. The Venerable Sir Adrian Fortescue (London, 1887), p. 36Google Scholar.

14 Pastor, L., The history of the popes (London, 1938), XXIX, 277, 436Google Scholar; Neri, A., ‘Cesare Magalotti, istoriografo della Religione di Malta’, Archivio Storico Italiano, 5th ser. vol. II (1888), 127–33Google Scholar.

15 Schermerhorn, E. W., Malta of the Knights (London, 1929), p. 159Google Scholar.

16 Borg, V., Fabio Chigi, Apostolic Delegate in Malta: An edition of his official correspondence (Città del Vaticano, 1967), pp. 94, 181, 447–8Google Scholar.

17 A.O.M. 112, fos. 189–90; Pozzo, B. dal, Historia della Sacra Religione Militare di S. Giovanni Gerosolomitano detta di Malta (Venezia, 1715), II, 37–9Google Scholar.

18 Smuts, R. M., ‘The puritan followers of Henrietta Maria in the 1630s’, English Historical Review, XCIII (1978), 26–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Albion, G., Charles I and the court of Rome (London, 1935)Google Scholar; Hibbard, C. M., Charles I and the Popish Plot (Chapel Hill, 1983)Google Scholar.

19 Smuts, R. M., ‘Puritan followers’, pp. 30, 34Google Scholar; Borg, V., Fabio Chigi, p. 443Google Scholar.

20 La Religione was the term often used by the Orde r to describe their distinctive corporation.

21 Borg, V., Fabio Chigi, pp. 443–6Google Scholar.

22 Pozzo, Dal, Historia, I, 401–2Google Scholar; Thomas, , Claremont, Lord, Family of Fortescue, p. 21Google Scholar.

23 A.O.M. 6390, fo. 325; 258, fos. 229–30.

24 Newman, P. R., ‘Roman Catholic royalists: Papist commanders under Charles I and Charles II, 1642–1660’, Recusant History Review, XV (1978–1981), 399Google Scholar.

25 Allen, ‘Charles II, Louis XIV and the Order of Malta’.

26 A.O.M. 262, fos. 199, 241. Cf. C(alender Of) S(tate) P(apers) D(omeslic) James II, February–December 1685 (London, 1960), p. 442Google Scholar.

27 A.O.M. 1768, fos. 306–10; B.L. Add. MSS 15752, fo. 3; Rossi, E., Storia delta Marina dell'Ordine di S.Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta (Roma, 1926), pp. 72–3Google Scholar.

28 See Beltz, G. F., Memorials of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (London, 1841), pp. cvii–cxiGoogle Scholar, Cf. Strong, R., Charles I on horseback (London, 1960)Google Scholar.

29 Josten, C. H. (ed.), Elias Ashmole, 1617–1692, 5 vols. (Oxford, 1966), I, 179, 182, 197Google Scholar.

30 A.O.M. 262, fo. 241. The count of Thun was further promoted Prior of Bohemia on 21 October 1701.

31 Cambridge University Library. Additional MSS 6571, fos. 20, 22, 23, 25. I remain grateful to the Librarian and his staff for their courteous assistance.

32 A.O.M. 262, fos. 12–13.

33 Ibid. Cf. London, P(ublic) R(ecord) O(ffice) S.P. 86/2. fo. 21; S.P. 85/12. fo. 189.

34 See Mallia-Milanes, V., ‘English merchants' initial contacts with Malta: A reconsideration’, Melita Historica, IV, 4 (1975), 342–61Google Scholar. In June 1666, when Alfonso Desclaus asked Charles II to make him consul at Malta, he cited the duke of Norfolk as his patron – P.R.O. S.P. 86/1, fo. 12.

35 B.L.Add. MSS 52279, fo. 216; Add. MSS 52280, fos. 8–9; A.O.M. 1208, fos. 59, 65–66. Cf. Allen, D. F., ‘James II in pursuit of a pirate at Malta’, The British Library Journal, XVI, 2 (Autumn 1990)Google Scholar.

36 In his manuscript diary Trumbull thought of himself as an ‘exile’ from ‘popish’ England and actually quoted Ovid's Tristia, ‘Exul eram…’. See B.L. Add. MSS 34799, fo. 4. The protestant tone of Trumbull's earlier embassy to France may be savoured in Clark, R., Sir William Trumbull in Paris, 1685–1686 (Cambridge, 1938)Google Scholar.

37 B.L. Add. MSS 52279, fos. 86–7.

38 Archivio Segreto Vaticano (A.S.V.), SS. Malta 38, fo. 95. I remain grateful to the Cardinal Prefect of the Vatican Library and Archive for permission to consult the manuscripts of the Inquisizione di Malta.

39 A.S.V. SS. Malta 38, fos. 167–71; A.O.M. 263, fo. 27; P.R.O. S.P. 86/1, fos. 85, 89.

40 A.O.M. 263, fo. 48; 57, fo. 35.

41 A.O.M. 2226, fo. 60; 57, fo. 44.

42 Taylor, H. (ed.), The Jacobite court at Rome (Edinburgh, 1938), p. 138Google Scholar.

43 See for example Martin, H.-J., Livre, Pouvoirs et société à Paris au XVIIe siècle (1598–1701) (Geneva, 1969), II, 845–6, 936Google Scholar; Edelman, N., Attitudes of seventeenth-century France toward the Middle Ages (New York, 1946), especially pp. 85–140Google Scholar.

44 B.L. Add. MS S 41808, fos. II–13; Salles, F., Annales de l'Ordre Teutonique (Paris, 1887), pp. 349–50Google Scholar.

45 See for example B.L. Add. MS S 4814 (a list from 1686). Cf. Add. MSS 22591, fo. 238; 4712, fo. 50; Sloane MSS 3776, fo. 14; Stowe MSS 145, fo. 156; 589, fo. 61; 1046, fo. 1.

46 Styles, P., ‘The heralds' visitation of Warwickshire, 1682–88’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Birmingham Archaeological Society, LXXI (1953), 96–134Google Scholar; Squibb, G. D., The High Court of Chivalry (Oxford, 1959), p. 240Google Scholar.

47 Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, MS 3835, fo. 105; CSPD 1703–1704 (London, 1924). P. 437Google Scholar.

48 The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland; 3rd. ser. XIII, 1686–9 (Edinburgh, 1832), p. xvii; ibid. 3rd ser. xv, 1690 (Edinburgh, 1967), p. 462; Historical Manuscripts Commission, 56; Stuart v; 613. Additional statutes of the Order of the Thistle were made subsequently by George I and George IV.

49 SirLauder, John of Fountainhall, , Chronological notes of Scottish affairs, 1680–1701, ed. SirScott, W. (Edinburgh, 1822), pp. 220–1Google Scholar; The Register of The Privy Council of Scotland, 1686–9 (Edinburgh, 1832), pp. xx, xxxix, xl, xlviiiGoogle Scholar.