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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009
Nineteenth-century Britain, it has been argued, harboured hostility to commerce and industry at the very period of greatest industrial advance. In this the schoolroom and university have been charged with particular culpability, even though it is not clear how new was the resistance to commercial studies. The following investigates the most distinguished eighteenth-century attempt to interest the English universities in the study of commerce. The episode highlights the misunderstanding and mistrust occasioned by the promotion of the Science of Trade in the mid-eighteenth century.
1 Notably Wiener, Martin J., English culture and the decline of the industrial spirit, 1850–1980 (Cambridge, 1981)Google Scholar; and Ward, David, ‘The public schools and industry in Britain after 1870’, Journal of Contemporary History, II, 3 (07 1967), 37–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Coleman, D. C., ‘Gentlemen and players’, Ec.H.R., 2nd ser. XXVI, 1 (02. 1973), 92–116CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Sanderson, Michael, The universities and British industry 1850–1970(London, 1972)Google Scholar. Pioneering work on early academies for aspiring merchants and men of business may be found in Hans, Nicholas, New trends in education in the eighteenth century (London, 1951)Google Scholar. Changing attitudes to business as examined through eighteenth-century drama and (selected) literature have been charted by McVeagh, John, Tradefull merchants (London, 1981)Google Scholar and Loftis, John, Comedy and society from Congreve to Fielding (Stanford, 1959)Google Scholar.
2 Tanner, J. R., ed., Historical register of the university of Cambridge (Cambridge, 1917), pp. 198–9Google Scholar. Cambridge university calendar, published annually from 1796, detailed all prizes except lapsed awards.
3 The annual prizes were the Seatonian for English religious poetry from 1748; the chancellor's classical from 1752; the members' classical from 1752; the Browne classical from 1775; the Norris for an English religious essay from 1781; and the annual prizes 1783–5 for English essays on gaming, duelling, and suicide: Registrum praemiorum, Cambridge University Archives, Char. 1. 1–18. A newspaper cutting of 2 Nov. 1793, unsupported by official records, mentions the ‘annual prize of 10gns given at Cambridge for the best essays on the Revolution of 1688’, C.U.A. Misc. Collect. 40, 326.
4 In 1876 the Cobden Club funded a £60 triennial prize for an essay on a set economics question, C.U.A. VC Corr. IV. 2, 9–14 and Cambridge university reporter, no. 145 (29 02 1876), 266Google Scholar. In 1898 the premium was reduced, but Alfred Marshall also awarded £15 economics prizes annually 1886–91 and Adam Smith prizes triennially from 1894; Tanner, , Register pp. 333, 336–8Google Scholar.
5 His Christ's college lectures were the basis of his 1785 Principles of moral and political philosophy. In 1724 regius chairs in ‘Modern History and Modern Languages’ were founded at both Oxford and Cambridge, but at the death in 1771 of the fourth Cambridge professor – the poet Gray – no history lectures had as yet been delivered. The first Cambridge lectures in modern history were those by Symonds in November 1776. See Wordsworth, Christopher, Some account of studies at the English universities in the eighteenth century (London, 1968 edn), pp. 150–1Google Scholar.
6 University calendar, 1818, p. 42.
7 McPherson, Robert G., The theory of higher education in nineteenth-century England (Athens, GA, 1959), pp. 41–2Google Scholar. The first examinations were held in 1851.
8 Philip Yonge (1709–83), master of Jesus 1752–8, vice-chancellor 1752–4, bishop of Bristol 1754–61, bishop of Norwich 1761–83.
9 Charles, third viscount Townshend of Raynham (1700–64), M.P. for Great Yarmouth 1722–3, lord of the Bedchamber 1723–7, master of the Jewel Office 1730–8, lord lieutenant and custos rotulorum, Norfolk, 1730–8, succeeded to the title 1738.
10 Townshend to Yonge, 5 Oct. 1754, Cambridge University Register 38.59 fo. 1. Also, copy, H.M.C. 11th report, appendix pt IV (Townshend MSS), fos. 382–3.
11 Townshend to Yonge, 5 Oct. 1754, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 1. Copy, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fos. 382–3.
12 Later, Townshend was again to reassure a doubting Yonge that the institution ‘will be productive of a real improvement in Education and of real advantage to the Public’, Townshend to Yonge, 26 Oct. 1754, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 3. Draft, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fos. 384–5.
13 See Letwin, , Scientific economics, pp. 218–20Google Scholar.
14 Townshend to Yonge, 5 Nov. 1754, C.U.R. 38. 59 fo. 4. Copy, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 385.
15 See the fine discussion and listings by Hans. Published advice included Watt, Thomas, The proper method for forming a man of business (London, 1716)Google Scholar; Clare, Martin, Youth's introduction to trade and business (London, 1720)Google Scholar and notably, Postlethwayt, Malachy, The merchant's public counting house: or, new mercantile institution; wherein is shown the necessity of young merchants being bred to trade with greater advantages than they usually are (London, 1750)Google Scholar.
16 Scott, William R., Adam Smith as student and professor (Glasgow, 1937), pp. 81–2Google Scholar.
17 Glasgow Courant, 25 Mar., 1 July, 30 Sept., 23 Dec. 1751, cit. Scott, , Adam Smith, p. 82Google Scholar.
18 Didactic comparisons between trading and landed worth were continued in later imaginative literature, notably Brooke, Henry, The fool of quality: or the history of Henry, earl of Moreland (5 vols., London, 1762–70)Google Scholar.
19 Letwin, William, The origins of scientific economics. English economic thought 1660–1770 (London, 1963)Google Scholar.
20 For the activity of Glasgow and Edinburgh, see Scott, Adam Smith.
21 DrBaker, Thomas, Reflections upon learning (London, 1700), pp. ix–xGoogle Scholar. An admirer of Townshend protested that Baker, ‘could not quit his subject without speaking of commerce with contempt, though it is the matter of the greatest consequence to the state, and of the highest importance to his country’, Temple, William, A vindication of commerce and the arts (London, 1758), pp. xiv–xvGoogle Scholar. Echoed, by Newton, Benjamin, Another dissertation on…trade and civil liberty (London, 1756), p. 7Google Scholar. See also Waterland, Daniel, Advice to a young student (London, 1730 edn.)for the Cambridge syllabusGoogle Scholar.
22 Webster, Charles, ‘Science and the challenge to the scholastic curriculum, 1640–1660’, in The changing curriculum (London, 1971), pp. 21–35Google Scholar. Hans, Contrast, New trends in education with Wordsworth, English universities, Ashby, Eric, Technology and the academics: an essay on universities and At scientific revolution (London, 1958)Google Scholar, and Winstanley, D. A., The university of Cambridge in the eighteenth century (Cambridge, 1922)Google Scholar.
23 Proposals for the reformation of schools and universities (London, 1704)Google Scholar; Turnbull, George, Observations upon liberal education, in all its branches (London, 1742)Google Scholar; An essay on modem education (London, 1747)Google Scholar. See Rothblatt, Sheldon, Tradition and change in English liberal education (London, 1976)Google Scholar, and Brauer, George C. Jr, The education of a gentleman. Theories of gentlemanly education in England 1660–1775 (New York, 1959)Google Scholar.
24 Winstanley, , Cambridge, pp. 47–55, 145–329Google Scholar.
25 Dr Samuel Squire, later bishop of St David's.
26 Hubbard's journal, Cole MSS, B.L. Add. MSS 5852, fo. 121; and Winstanley, , Cambridge, pp. 49–54, 150Google Scholar. Thomas Townshend (1701–80), member for the university 1727–74 and hardly on speaking terms with his brother.
27 When waiting for the verdict of the senate, Townshend hinted heavily that further delay would irritate the chancellor; Townshend, to Yonge, , 26 10 1754, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 3Google Scholar, quoting Newcastle to Townshend, 12 10 1754, H. M. C. Townshend MSS, fo. 383.
28 A statue of George I and an Egyptian mummy: ‘Nobilissimo Viro Carolo Vicecomiti Townshend’ Dat: e Senatulo nostro 16: cal: Decembri: Anno Dom: 1739, C.U.A. Grace Book 1, pp. 483–4; Epistolae Academiae Tom, 11, 647–51; ‘English sculpture at Cambridge’, Proceedings of the Cambridge antiquarian society, XXXIV (1932–1933), 1–16 (14–15)Google Scholar.
29 Registrum Praemiorum, C.U.A. Char. 1. 1, p. 11. Gentleman's Magazine, 1st ser. XXI (1751), 475 (Chancellor's, )Google Scholar; XXII (1752), 582 (Members'); XXIII (1753), 293–4 (Chancellor's); XXV (1755), 82 and Townshend entry, 281–2; XXVI (1756), 310; also scrapbook of newspaper cuttings, C.U.A. Misc. Collect. 38–41. Newcastle also donated a new library extension, C.U.A. Collect. Admin. 45, 3, pp. xix–xx; Cooper, Charles H., Annals of Cambridge (4 vols., Cambridge, 1852), IV, 293Google Scholar.
30 The author carefully recorded the twin date (5 Oct.) of the dispatch of his letters to both Yonge and Newcastle in the copy, C.U.L. Add. MSS 4251 (B), 1404.
31 Newcastle to Townshend, 12 Oct. 1754, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 383.
32 ‘He is not the least mad of your countrymen’, Walpole, Horaceto Mann, , 29 09 1757Google Scholar; Lewis, W. S., ed., Walpole Correspondence (48 vols., Yale, 1947), XXI, 138Google Scholar; also XXXVIII, 346. Walpole provides many anecdotes of Lady Townshend. See Sherson, Erroll, The lively Lady Townshend and her friends (London, 1926)Google Scholar. The Cambridge Chronicle, 1 Nov. 1766, published verse on the late viscount and his wife:
‘Says my Lord to his Chaplain, as out of the Frame He cut his Wife's Picture, a frolicksome Dame,“Oh! Doctor, full half of my Estate would I give Could I serve the Original thus, as I live: Oh! I'd slash her, & tear her & mangle her so –” Quoth the Priest “T'would be trouble quite needless, I trow, For the World have done that, my good Lord, long ago”’ (William Cole MSS, B.L. Add. MSS 5834, fo. 434).
33 Harris, Eileen, The Townshend album (HMSO, 1974), p. 1Google Scholar. Also, Sherson, , Lady Townshend, P. 15Google Scholar.
34 SirNamier, Lewis and Brooke, John, Charles Townshend (London, 1964), p. 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Namier, and Brooke, , The House of Commons 1754–1790 (History of Parliament, 3 vols., London, 1964), III, 549Google Scholar.
35 Quoted, Namier, and Brooke, , Townshend, p. 24Google Scholar.
36 For the importance of his work see Schuyler, Robert L., Josiah Tucker (New York, 1931)Google Scholar and Shelton, George, Dean Tucker and eighteenth-century economic and political thought (London, 1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
37 National thoughts, recommended to the serious attention of the public. With an appendix shewing the damages arising from a bounty on corn. By a land-owner (London, [1751])Google Scholar and the Second edition, corrected (London, [1751])Google Scholar. The only correction is an addition to the appendix.
38 National thoughts, p. 2.
39 A crucial remedy was the outlawing of ‘low credit’. A plan was included for the compulsory erection of workhouses, Townshend arguing that the poor, incapable of responsibility, required charity for their extraordinary needs, National thoughts, pp. 5–25.
40 National thoughts, pp. 26–7.
41 A further study of Townshend's own contribution to economic thought is in preparation.
42 Tucker to Townshend, 22 Apr. 1752, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 375.
43 Townshend to Tucker, 2 Apr. 1752, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 373.
44 H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fos. 381–2. William Bowyer had been charged with placing Townshend's ‘Letter on industry’ in the Public Advertiser and the Gazetteer: the former refused to accept the letter; the latter accepted, but no copy of the newspaper now survives. Also, Tucker to Townshend, March 1753 on printing 1,000 copies of such a letter, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 382. A proposed bill on industry does appear central to Townshend's aims here.
45 Notably Tucker on the naturalization of foreign protestants – ‘the best Pamphlet I ever read’, Townshend to Tucker, 6 May 1752, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 376.
46 Tucker, to the author of National thoughts, 12 03 1752Google Scholar, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fos. 371–2.
47 Townshend to Tucker, 2 Apr. 1752; Tucker to Townshend, 5 Apr. 1752; Townshend to Tucker, 6 May 1752; H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fos. 372–6. They arranged to meet, at least twice, at Bristol and London. Townshend also had the great satisfaction of changing Tucker's opinion regarding the corn bounty: Townshend to Tucker, 2 Apr. 1752; Tucker to Townshend, 5 Apr. 1752; Townshend to Tucker, 13 Apr. 1752; Tucker to Townshend, 22 Apr. 1752, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fos. 372–5.
48 Two such works were Tucker, Josiah, A brief essay on the advantages and disadvantages which respectively attend France and Great Britain with regard to trade (London, 1749)Google Scholar and SirDecker, Matthew, Essay on the causes and decline of the foreign trade (London, 1744)Google Scholar, both of which Townshend examined avidly during his correspondence with Tucker: Townshend to Tucker, 6 May 1752, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 376.
49 Tucker to Townshend, 5 Apr. 1752: and 22 Apr. 1752, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fos. 374–5. The corrections made to the second edition of Tucker's, Letter to a friend concerning naturalizations (London, 1755; 1st edn, 1753)Google Scholar were apparently the result of criticisms by Townshend: Tucker to Townshend, 13 July 1752, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 379.
50 SirPlumb, John, Sir Robert Walpole (London, 1956), pp. 104–5Google Scholar.
51 Horatio was also a candidate for Walpole's Lynn in 1702 and later M. P. for Yarmouth; Namier, and Brooke, , Commons, III, 553Google Scholar. Townshend's brother, Roger (1708–60) was governor of Yarmouth garrison, 1744–5.
52 Namier, and Brooke, , Townshend, pp. 31–2Google Scholar, 42. ‘Spanish Charles’ Townshend (1728–1810), member for Yarmouth 1756–84 and 1790–6; Namier, and Brooke, , Commons, III, 539Google Scholar. The Townshends held Yarmouth continuously from 1715 to 1784 (and 1790–6), as well as Norfolk and the university of Cambridge. Namier, and Brooke, , Commons, 111, 539, 548–9, 554Google Scholar; Strange, Hamon Le, Norfolk Official lists (Norwich, 1890), pp. 183–4Google Scholar.
53 Etheldreda, daughter of Edward Harrison (1674–1732), governor of Madras 1711–17 and director and later chairman of the East India Company. His financier brother, George (1680–1759) also bequeathed his fortune to Etheldreda: Sedgwick, Commons 1715–1754, II, 113–14; Sherson, , Lady Townshend, pp. 2–9, 19Google Scholar.
54 Thomas had also been sometime private secretary to his father (DNB).
55 Namier, and Brooke, , Townshend, pp. 7–9Google Scholar ; Rothblatt, , Tradition and change, pp. 17–31Google Scholar.
56 Temple, , Vindication, pp. ix–xGoogle Scholar.
57 Draft, Yonge to Townshend, 6 Oct. 1754, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 2. Original, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 383.
58 Yonge to Townshend; 17 Oct. 1754, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 384.
59 Powell's annotations to Townshend's draft reply to Yonge of 26 Oct. 1754, with copy in Townshend's hand following Powell's rewording; Raynham Box Files, 3rd Vise. Corresp. B.
60 Hugh Thomas (1707–80), master of Christ's since Feb. 1753; Townshend to Thomas, 18 Jan. 1755, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 5; draft H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 385.
61 Townshend to Yonge 26 Oct. 1754, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 3; copy and reference to draft, H. M. C. Townshend MSS, fo. 384. Final two judges named, Townshend to Thomas, 18 Jan. 1755, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 5.
62 Thomas to Townshend, 19 Jan. 1755, C.U.L. Add. MSS 4251 (B), 1384. ‘Illustrissimo Dro Dro Vice Comiti Townshend…Dat: e Senatu nostro nono Calendas, Februarii 1755’, C.U.A. Liber Gratiarum ‘K’, pp. 239–240; Epistolae Academiae, Tom. 11, 713–17; In.7. p. 225. The letter was sent 24 Jan., C.U.A. Graces of the Senate 1750–1760, fo. 254.
63 ‘Quorsum enim (inquient) praemia ilia tua Academicos incitarent ad comercii theoriam? Quid literis cum mercatura? Quaenam ista societas quaestũs et philosophiae.’
64 C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 6; each entry required a Latin verse on the outer cover with the same verse on a sealed paper containing the entrant's name. The sealed papers of the unsuccessful entries were to be burnt.
65 Diary entry, 2 June 1755, C.U.A. Misc. Collect. 38, p. II; MS addition, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 6; Gentleman's Magazine, 1st ser. xxv, 281–2; Cooper, Annals, IV, 294.
66 Thomas to Townshend, 22 June 1755, original lost; C.U.A. Misc. Collect. 38, p. 11; Cooper, Amah, IV, 294.
67 Townshend to Thomas, 28 June 1755; C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 7.
68 Hazeland, William, A view of the manner in which trade and civil liberty support each other, being mi of the two dissertations on that subject, which obtained the prizes at Cambridge in the year MDCCLV (London, John Beecroft, 1756)Google Scholar.
69 [Weston, A. M.] A dissertation on the following question: In what manner do trade and civil liberty support and assist each other? Being one of those dissertations which lost the prizes instituted by the Rt. Honourable the Lord Viscount Townshend, in the university of Cambridge (London, Dodsleys, 1756)Google Scholar.
70 [Newton, Benjamin] Another dissertation on the mutual support of trade and civil liberty. Addressed It tke author of the former (London, Payne, 1756)Google Scholar.
71 Hazeland, , Trade and civil liberty, p. 3Google Scholar.
72 See Winch, Donald, Adam Smith's politics (C.U.P., 1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Hirschman, Albert O., The passions and the interests. Political arguments for capitalism before its triumph (Princeton, 1977)Google Scholar. Montesquieu's, Esprit des lois was published in 1748Google Scholar.
73 Whether specific observable evidence was expected by the donor of the prize (as offered in his own tracts) remains unclear.
74 The realization that increased prosperity brought by commerce might not be distributed evenly or to the nation's advantage, properly dates from the mid-seventeenth century according to Appleby, Joyce Oldham, Economic thought and ideology in seventeenth-century England (Princeton, 1978), ch. 5Google Scholar.
75 Townshend to Thomas, 29 Oct. 1755, noting the meeting, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 8; draft, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 386.
76 Ibid., enclosure; later university (Philpott) copy, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 8a. Another draft question list in Townshend's hand survives at Raynham. In this a further, but scrawled through, question was placed in fifth position: ‘Are restraints on Industry and trade consistent with a free government?’, Box Files, 3rd Vise. Corresp. B.
77 Walpole to Strafford, 11 Oct. 1757, on the ‘paper-war’ between Townshend and his son George over the Militia Bill, Lewis, Correspondence, xxxv; [Townshend, George], Apian of discipline, composed for the use of militia in Norfolk (London, [1757?])Google Scholar.
78 Brown, John, An estimate of the manners and principles of the times (London, 1757, and 12 edns, 1757–8)Google Scholar. Also his Explanatory defence (London, 1758)Google Scholar and such admonitory tracts on luxury as Thoughts on the times, but chiefly on the profligacy of our women, and its causes (London, 1779)Google Scholar. See Sekora, John, Luxury: the concept in western thought, Eden to Smollett (Baltimore and London, 1977)Google Scholar.
79 National thoughts p. 2; see above, p. 541.
80 Tucker to the author of National thoughts, 12 Mar. 1752, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 371. Hume, David, Political discourses (Edinburgh, 1752)Google Scholar, discourse 11, ‘Of luxury’, esp. p. 23. Echoed also by Smith, Adam, The theory of moral sentiments (Edinburgh, 1759)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
81 Edmund Law (1707–87) master of Peterhouse 1756–87, vice-chancellor 1755–6, bishop of Carlisle 1769–87.
82 The 1753 act to allow the naturalization of foreign-born Jews by private legislation was repealed in late 1754 after violent agitation. See Hertz, Gerald Berkeley, British imperialism in the eighteenth century (London, 1908), pp. 60–109Google Scholar; and Browning, Reed, The duke of Newcastle (New Haven, 1975), p. 190Google Scholar.
83 Robson, R. J., The Oxfordshire election of 1754 (Oxford, 1949), p. 90Google Scholar, quoting Jackson's Oxford Journal.
84 For the Letter see Hertz, , British imperialism, p. 84Google Scholar. Also Graetz, , Geschichte der Juden (1870), XI, 52Google Scholar.
85 Townshend, to Thomas, , 23 10 1755, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 8Google Scholar; draft, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 386.
86 Law, to Townshend, , 24 06 1756, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 391Google Scholar; Gentleman's Magazine, 1st ser. XXVI, 41, 310; Cooper, , Annals, IV, 294Google Scholar.
87 William Bell, A dissertation on the following subject: what causes principally contribute to render a nation populous? And what effect has the populousness of a nation on its trade? Being one of those to which were adjudged prizes given by the Right Honourable the Lord Viscount Townshend to the university of Cambridge in the year 1756.
88 National thoughts had concluded that if the remedies outlined were not adopted, one of the ‘certain consequences’ might be a decrease in the population and an eventual national decline. National thoughts, 2nd edn, p. 37. Also, Tucker to Townshend, 5 Apr. 1752; H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 373.
89 Bell, , Dissertation, p. 25Google Scholar.
90 [Temple, William] A vindication of commerce and the arts; proving that they are the source of the greatness, power, riches, and populousness of a state. Being an examination of Mr. Bell's dissertation upon populousness, read in the schools, and honoured with the Lord Viscount Townshend's prize, by the university of Cambridge. Wherein Mr. Bell's calumnies on trade are answered, his arguments refuted, his system exploded, and the principal causes of populosity assigned… By I— B— M. D. (London, Nourse, 1758)Google Scholar.
91 Temple, , Vindication, pp. XX–XXIGoogle Scholar.
92 Townshend, to Law, , 26 09 1756, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 9Google Scholar; copy H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 388.
93 Townshend, to Law, , 26 09 1756, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 9Google Scholar; copy without final paragraph, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 388.
94 Law, to Townshend, , 28 09 1756, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 389Google Scholar; draft, C.U.R. 38. 59 fo. 10.
95 Townshend, to Powell, , 16 02 1756, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fos. 389–90 (draft)Google Scholar; letter from Powell mentioned but not given.
96 Townshend, to Law, , 26 06 1756, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 11Google Scholar; copy, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fos. 391–2.
97 Thomas, to Dupplin, Newcastle via Lord 19 10 1755, where he boasts of not ‘one non-placet in the Senate House’Google Scholar; B.L. Add. MS 32, 860 fo. 118.
98 Thomas to Dupplin 19 Oct. and Thomas to Newcastle, 27 Oct. 1755, B.L. Add. MS 32, 860 fos. 118, 195. Winstanley, , Cambridge, pp. 172–6Google Scholar.
99 Law to Newcastle, 4 Nov. 1755; Add. MS 32, 860 fo. 357.
100 Thomas to Dupplin 19 Oct. Townshend question-list sent 29 Oct. Law installed 4 Nov. Receipt of questions unacknowledged until 28 Nov. 1755.
101 Law to Townshend, 28 01 1756, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 389; draft, C.U.R. 38. 59 fo. 10.
102 Townshend, to Law, , 26 09 1756, C.U.R. 38.59 fo. 9Google Scholar; copy without final paragraph, H.M.C. Townshend MSS, fo. 388.
103 Thomas to Newcastle, 9 Apr. 1755, Add. MS 32, 853 fo. 166. In 1757 there were 7 chancellor's candidates, in 1758 5, in 1759 7, in 1762 6; B.L. Add. MSS 32, 870 fo. 283; 32, 878 fos. 93, 140, 142; 33, 061 fos. 73–5; 32, 936 fo. 97.
104 In 1765 only two candidates appeared for the two prizes, even though the vice-chancellor postponed the examination and made a desperate plea for more entrants. Barnardiston to Newcastle, July 1765; Add. MS 32, 966 fo. 61.
105 Tucker to Lord Kames, 6 July 1758, reprinted in Alexander F. Tytler of Woodhouselee, Memoirs of the life and writings of the hon. Henry Homes of Kames (3 vols. Edinburgh, 1814 edn), III, 157–61.
106 Gentleman's Magazine, 1st ser. XXVII (1757), 373–6Google Scholar.
107 Thoughts on commerce and liberty … addressed to the merchants, manufacturers and traders of Great Britain and Ireland (London [1786]), esp. p. 3with verbatim (but unacknowledged) useGoogle Scholar.
108 Wilhelm Bells M.A. zu Cambridge Gekrönte Preisschrift von den Quellen und Folgen einer sarken Bevölkerung (Bern, 1762)Google Scholar.
109 Temple, , Vindication, pp. vi–viiiGoogle Scholar.
110 Temple, , Vindication, p. 8Google Scholar.
111 National thoughts, esp. p. 16; Tucker, , Essay on Trade, pp. iv–viiGoogle Scholar; Shelton, , Tucker, pp. 48–50Google Scholar; Powell, William S., ‘Of some vices incident to an academical life’ (preached 1756), in Discourses on various subjects (London, 1776), pp. 1–21Google Scholar; Rothblatt, , Tradition and change, pp. 82–3Google Scholar.
112 Newton, , Dissertation, p. 9Google Scholar.
113 Postlethwayt, , The merchant's public counting house, p. 1Google Scholar.
114 Tucker, Josiah, ‘Subjects for dissertations and premiums’ in Reflections on the present matters in dispute between Great Britain and Ireland (London, 1785), pp. 35–41Google Scholar. Total prize money was to be £100 for each English university and £100 for Edinburgh, Glasgow, St Andrews and Aberdeen. In 1778 the Town and Country Magazine had remarked that ‘an annual reward for the best treatise on mercantile affairs would prove highly serviceable’, Town and Country, X, 25.
115 Tucker, , Reflections, pp. 37–9Google Scholar.
116 Tucker, , Refections, p. 35Google Scholar.
117 Tucker to Dr Adams, 4 Nov. 1784; Gloucester Public Libarary, Tucker MS 17, 633 fo. 56.
