Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-r5zm4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-17T06:00:14.422Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A History of the Rio Pongo: Time for a New Appraisal?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 May 2014

Bruce L. Mouser*
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin–La Crosse

Extract

Forty-five years ago (1965), when some of us were beginning our studies of the history of the Upper Guinea coast, there existed only a few published general histories of Guinea-Conakry or region-based models to guide us. André Arcin's substantial works (1907 and 1911) provided original but awkward structures from which we could commence our work, but his monographs tended to be based heavily upon a colonial presence, a necessity to make sense of a complex colony, and a reliance upon oral traditions or other uncitationed sources, many of which could not be tested a half century later. Christopher Fyfe's comprehensive history of Sierra Leone had just been published in 1962. Fyfe's foremost emphasis was to chronicle the development of the Sierra Leone settlement and chart that colony's progress, but his extensive documentation was extraordinary in that it demonstrated the clear link between the “Northern Rivers” and British enterprise from Freetown and opened Britain's archives as sources of information about the history of these rivers in new and profound ways.

Earlier works by Lucien Marie Francois Famechon, Jules Machat, Fernand Rouget, Laurent Jean B. Bérenger-Férand, Ch. Bour, and others, centering upon the peoples, economies, and terrain of coastal rivers, continued to be instructive, but these authors were writing at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, and they tended to treat the histories of indigenous peoples as interesting and exotic and at the same time relatively unimportant to the colony's regional development.

Type
Historiographical Reviews
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arcin, André, La Guinée Française (Paris, 1907).Google Scholar
Arcin, André, Histoire de la Guinée Française (Paris, 1911).Google Scholar
Baldé, Maladho, “Quatre vingt dix jours de recherches historiques au Rio Pongo: Constat, impact et perspectives,” paper, Fifth International Conference on Mande Studies, Leiden, The Netherlands, 17-21 June 2002.Google Scholar
Bangura, Mahawa, “Contribution à l'Histoire des Sosoe du 16e au 19e siècle,” Mémoire de Diplôme de fin d'études supérieures, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry (19711972).Google Scholar
Barry, Boubacar, “The Expansion of the Fuuta Jallon Towards the Coast and the Social and Political Crises in Southern Senegambia During the First Half of the Nineteenth Century,” unpublished paper (1983).Google Scholar
Barry, Boubacar, La Sénégambie du XVe au XIXe siècle: Traite Négrière, Islam et conquête coloniale (Paris, 1988).Google Scholar
Barry, Boubacar, Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade (Cambridge, 1997).Google Scholar
Bennett, Norman, and Brooks, George (ed.), New England Merchants in Africa: A History Through Documents, 1802 to 1865 (Boston, 1965).Google Scholar
Berliner, David, “Nous sommes les derniers buloNic: sur une impossible transmission dans une société d'Afrique de l'Ouest (Guinée Conakry),” PhD, Université Libre de Bruxelles (2003).Google Scholar
Berliner, David, “An ‘Impossible’ Transmission: Youth Religious Memories in Guinea-Conakry,” American Ethnologist 32 (2005), 576–92;Google Scholar
Berènger-Fèrand, Laurent Jean B., Les Peuples de la Sénégambie (Paris, 1879).Google Scholar
Botte, Roger, “Guinée: mise au jour du patrimoine ou retour aux sources,” Journal des africanistes 63 (1993), 93137.Google Scholar
Bour, Ch., “Les Dépendances du Sénégal: Géographie-Population-Productions-Commerce-Colonisation. Les rivières du sud (26-29). Le Rio-Pongo (29-71). Le rivière Bramaya (71-76). Le rivière Dubréka (76-79). Le Conakry (79-82),” Revue Maritime et Coloniale 85 (1885), 2682.Google Scholar
Brooks, George, Yankee Traders, Old Coasters and African Middlemen (Boston, 1970).Google Scholar
Brooks, George, Eurafricans in Western Africa: Commerce, social status, gender, and religious observance from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century (Athens OH, 2003).Google Scholar
Carney, Judith, Black Rice: The African origins of rice cultivation in the Americas (Cambridge, 2001).Google Scholar
Carney, Judith, In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa's botanical legacy in the Atlantic World (Berkeley, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coifman, Victoria, “The Western West African and European Frontier: Contributions from former Archbishop of Conakry Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo's Autobiography for West African History,” in: Harms, Robert W. (ed.), Paths Toward the Past (Atlanta, 1994), 273–92.Google Scholar
Coifman, Victoria, “Implications of a Unified Though Shifting Boundary: Where West Africans met Europeans, African-Europeans and (later) African-Americans,” paper, African Studies Association 1995 Annual Meeting, Orlando.Google Scholar
Coifman, Victoria, “The People of the African-European Frontier: From the Sahil to Sierra Leone, the Rio Nunez and Rio Pongo of Lower Guinea,” in: Gaillard, Gérald (ed.), Migrations anciennes et peuplement actuel des Côtes guinéennes (Paris, 2000), 487516.Google Scholar
Coifman, Victoria, “The Background and Preliminary Results of Research at Three Trading Sites on the Rio Pongo,” paper, Fifth International Conference on Mande Studies, Leiden, The Netherlands, 17-21 June 2002.Google Scholar
Conrad, David C., “Archival Research in Guinea-Conakry”, History in Africa 20 (1993), 369–78.Google Scholar
Cormier-Salem, Marie-Christine (ed.), Rivières du Sud: Sociétés et Mangroves Ouest-Africaines (Paris, 1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corre, A., “Les Peuples du Rio-Nunez,” [Revue d'anthropologie] Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 30 (1888), 4273.Google Scholar
Curtis, Marie Yvonne, “L'art Nalu, l'art Baga de Guinée: approches comparatives,” PhD, Université de Paris I (Panthéon- Sorbonne) (1996).Google Scholar
Davidson, John, “Trade and Politics in the Sherbro Hinterland, 1849-1890,” PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison (1969).Google Scholar
Demougeot, Antoine Marie Jean, “Histoire du Nunez,” Bulletin du Comité d'Étude Historiques et Scientifiques de l'Afrique occidentale française 21 (1938), 177289.Google Scholar
Deveneaux, Gustav K., “The Political and Social Impact of the Colony in Northern Sierra Leone, 1821-1896,” PhD, Boston University (1973).Google Scholar
Diallo, Mamadou, “Implantation Coloniale à Travers le Vestiges au Rio Pongo,” Mémoire de Diplôme de fin d'étude supérieurs, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry (1970).Google Scholar
Dieng, Oumar, “Prospection archéologique des sites historiques de Dubreka,” Mémoire de Diplôme de fin d'étude supérieurs, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry (19741975).Google Scholar
Famechon, Lucien Marie François, Notice sur la Guinée Française (Paris, 1900).Google Scholar
Fields, Edda, “Rice Farmers in the Rio Nunez Region: A social history of agricultural technology and identity in Coastal Guinea, ca. 2000 BCE to 1880 CE,” PhD, University of Pennsylvania (2001).Google Scholar
Fields-Black, Edda, Deep Roots: Rice farmers in West Africa and the African diaspora (Bloomington/Indianapolis, 2008).Google Scholar
Figarol, J.Histoire de La Région de Boké: Monographie du Rio Nunez (source unknown, accessed in February 2010 at http://repos-fs.matrix.msu.edu/warc/a0/a1/warc-a0a1u8-b.pdf)Google Scholar
Fyfe, Christopher, A History of Sierra Leone (London, 1962).Google Scholar
Goerg, Odile, Commerce et colonisation en Guinée, 1850-1913 (Paris, 1986).Google Scholar
Harris, Joseph, “The Kingdom of Fouta Diallon,” PhD, Northwestern University (1965).Google Scholar
Hair, Paul E.H., “The History of the Baga in Early Written Sources,” History in Africa 24 (1997), 381–91.Google Scholar
Howard, Allen, “Big Men, Traders, and Chiefs: Power, commerce and spatial change in the Sierra Leone-Guinea plain, 1865-1895,” PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison (1972).Google Scholar
Howard, Allen, “Mande and Fulbe Interaction and Identity in Northwestern Sierra Leone, Late Eighteenth Through Early Twentieth Centuries,” Mande Studies 1 (1999), 1339.Google Scholar
Howard, Allen, “Nineteenth-century coastal slave trading and the British abolition campaign in Sierra Leone,” Slavery and Abolition 27 (2006), 2349.Google Scholar
Howard, Allen, and Skinner, David, “Network Building and Political Power in Northwestern Sierra Leone, 1800-65,” Africa 54–2 (1984), 228.Google Scholar
Jakobsson, Stiv, Am I Not a Man and a Brother? (Uppsala, 1972).Google Scholar
Kelly, Kenneth, “Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance of Sites Related to the Slave Trade Era along the Upper Rio Pongo, Guinea,” Nyame Akuma: Bulletin of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists 65 (2006), 2432.Google Scholar
Kelly, Kenneth, “(African) Atlantic Creoles,” Syracuse Seminar, October 2009.Google Scholar
Klein, Martin A., “Slave Resistance and Slave Emancipation in Coastal Guinea,” in: Miers, Suzanne, and Roberts, Richard (ed.), The End of Slavery in Africa (Madison/London, 1988), 203–19.Google Scholar
Knörr, Jacqueline, and Trajano-Filho, Wilson (ed.), Powerful Presence of the Past. Integration and Conflict along the Upper Guinea Coast (Leiden, 2010).Google Scholar
Lamp, Frederick, Art of the Baga: A drama of cultural reinvention (New York, 1996).Google Scholar
McGowan, Winston, “The Development of European Relations with Futa Jallon and the Foundation of French Colonial Rule, 1794-1897,” PhD, University of London (1978).Google Scholar
Machat, Jules, Les Rivières du Sud et le Fouta-Diallon (Paris, 1906).Google Scholar
Méo, Docteur, “Etudes sur le Rio-Nunez,” Bulletin du Comité d'Études de l'Afrique occidentale française (1919), 281317.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “Trade and Politics in the Pongo and Nunez Rivers, 1790-1865,” PhD, Indiana University (1972).Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “Moria Politics in 1814: Amara to Maxwell, March 2,” Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire 35, sér. B (1973), 805–12.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “The Voyage of the Good Sloop Dolphin to Africa 1795-1796,” The American Neptune 38 (1978), 249–61.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, (ed.), Guinea Journals: Journeys into Guinea-Conakry During the Sierra Leone Phase, 1800-1821 (Washington DC, 1979).Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “Théophilus Conneau: The Saga of a Tale,” History in Africa 6 (1979), 99107.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “Women Slavers of Guinea-Conakry,” in: Robertson, Claire C., and Klein, Martin A. (ed.), Women and Slavery in Africa (Madison, 1983), 320–29.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, (ed.), Journal of James Watt, Expedition to Timbo, Capital of the Fula Empire in 1794 (Madison, 1994).Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “Iles de Los as Bulking Center in the Slave Trade, 1750-1800,” Revue Française d'histoire d'outre-mer 313 (1996), 7790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, (ed.), “Journal of a Missionary Tour to the Labaya Country (Guinea/Conakry) in 1850, by Rev. John Ulrich Graf,” University of Leipzig Papers on Africa, History and Culture 01 (1998).Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “The 1805 Forékariah Conference: A Case of Political Intrigue, Economic Advantage, Network Building,” History in Africa 25 (1998), 219–62.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, (ed.), “Account of the Mandingoes, Susoos, & Other Nations, c.1815, by the Reverend Leopold Butscher,” University of Leipzig Papers on Africa, History and Culture Series 6 (2000).Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, A Slaving Voyage to Africa and Jamaica: The log of the Sandown, 1793-1794 (Bloomington/Indianapolis, 2002).Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “Who and Where were the Baga? European Perspectives from 1793 to 1821,” History in Africa 29 (2002), 337–64.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “Continuing British Interest in Coastal Guinea/Conakry and the Fuuta Jaloo Highland,” Cahiers d'études africaines 172 (2003), 761–90.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “African Academy–Clapham, 1799-1806,” Journal of the History of Education Society (UK) 33 (2004), 87103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, The Forgotten Peddie/Campbell Expedition into Fuuta Jaloo, West Africa, 1815-17: A record of elaborate planning and grand misfortune and misunderstanding (Madison, 2007).Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “Rebellion, Marronage and Jihad: Strategies of resistance to slavery on the Sierra Leone Coast, c.1783-1796,” Journal of African History 48 (2007), 2744.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, “Origins of Church Missionary Society Accommodation to Imperial Policy: The Sierra Leone quagmire and the closing of the Susu Mission, 1804-17,” Journal of Religion in Africa 39-4 (2009), 128.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, and Brooks, George, “An 1804 Slaving Contract Signed in Arabic Script From the Upper Guinea Coast,” History in Africa 14 (1987), 341–47.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, and Mouser, Nancy Fox, Case of the Reverend Peter Hartwig, Slave Trader or Misunderstood Idealist? Clash of Church Missionary Society/imperial objectives in Sierra Leone, 1804-1815 (Madison, 2003).Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce, and Sarró, Ramon (ed.), “Travels into the Baga and Soosoo Countries in 1821, by Peter McLachlan,” University of Leipzig Papers on Africa, History and Culture 02 (1999).Google Scholar
Nowak, Bronislaw, “The Slave Rebellion in Sierra Leone in 1785-1796,” Hemispheres: Studies in Cultures and Societies 3 (1986), 151–69.Google Scholar
Passavant, Odile, “Une Histoire des Nalou, XlVe-XIXe Siècle: Naissance d'un groupe et appropriation d'un nom,” in: Gaillard, Gerald (ed.), Migrations anciennes et peuplement actuel des Côtes guinéennes (Paris, 2000), 385401.Google Scholar
Rashid, Ismail, “Escape, Revolt, and Marronage in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Sierra Leone,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 34 (2000), 656–83.Google Scholar
Rathbone, Richard, “Some Thoughts on Resistance to Enslavement in West Africa,” Slavery & Abolition 5/6 (1985/1986), 1122.Google Scholar
Rodney, Walter, A History of the Upper Guinea Coast (Oxford, 1970).Google Scholar
Rouget, Fernand, La Guinée (Crète, 1906).Google Scholar
Saint-Père, Jules Hubert, “Petit Historique des Sossoé du Rio Pongo,” Bulletin du Comité d'Étude Historiques et Scientifiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Française 12 (1929), 484555.Google Scholar
Sampil, Saliou, “Recherches sur l'Histoire de l'Afrique Occidentale au 19ème Siècle: Les Nalous (1865-1900), thesis, Sorbonne (6ème Section), Sciences Economiques et Sociales, Paris (1969).Google Scholar
Sarró-Maluquer, Ramon, “Baga Identity: Religious movements and political transformation in the Republic of Guinea,” PhD, University College London, University of London (1999).Google Scholar
Sarró, Ramon, The Politics of Religious Change on the Upper Guinea Coast (Edinburgh, 2009).Google Scholar
Schafer, Daniel, “Family Ties that Bind: Anglo-African slave traders in Africa and Florida, John Fraser and his descendants,” Slavery and Abolition 20-3 (1999), 121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schafer, Daniel, Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley: African princess, Florida slaves, plantation slaveowner (Jacksonville, 2003).Google Scholar
Skinner, David, “Islam in Sierra Leone During the Nineteenth Century,” PhD, University of California, Berkeley (1971).Google Scholar
Skinner, David, “Mande Settlement and the Development of Islamic Institutions in Sierra Leone,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 11 (1978), 3262.Google Scholar
Skinner, David, “Sierra Leone Relations with the Northern Rivers and the Influence of Islam in the Colony,” International Journal of Sierra Leone Studies 1 (1988), 91113.Google Scholar
Sorry, Charles Emmanuel, “Monographic Historique du Rio Pongo du XVème à la fin du XIXème siècle,” Mémoire de Diplôme de fin d'études supérieures, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry (19731974).Google Scholar
Sorry, Georges Pascal, “Le Christianisme, instrument d'intrusion et d'implantation coloniale au Rio-Pongo du XIXème au XXème siècle,” Mémoire de Diplôme de fin d'études supérieures, Université de Conakry (1975).Google Scholar
Sow, Oumar, “Le Commerce Européen sur les côte de la Guinée en 19e siècle: Réalités et rôle dans le pénétration étrangère,” Mémoire de Diplôme de fin d'études supérieures, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry (1973).Google Scholar
Suma, Nabi Musa, “Dubreka, chef lieu de region,” Mémoire de Diplôme de fin d'études supérieures, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry (1975).Google Scholar
Sylla, Mouctar, “Monographic historique du Dubreka des origines à l'intrusion coloniale,” Mémoire de Diplôme de fin d'études supérieures, Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry (1975).Google Scholar
Thayer, James, “The Persistence of Slavery on the Guinea Coast,” unpublished, c. 1970Google Scholar
Thayer, James, “Remnants of Slavery on the Guinea Coast,” unpublished, c.1970.Google Scholar
Thayer, James, “Some Remarks on Informal Social Networks Among the Soso of Sierra Leone,” Africana Research Bulletin 9–1&2 [n.d.]: 4466.Google Scholar
Touré, Aboubacar, “Faringhia selon les traditions orales: état de la recherche,” paper, Fifth International Conference on Mande Studies, Leiden, The Netherlands, 17-21 June 2002.Google Scholar
Vassady, Bela Jr., “The Role of the Black West Indian Missionary in West Africa, 1840-1890,” PhD, Temple University (1972).Google Scholar
Vieira, Père Gérard, Sous le Signe du Laïcat: L'église Catholique en Guinée (Dakar, 1992).Google Scholar
Wann, Aliu, and Ba, Bubakar, “Les relations entre le Futa-Kyalo theocratique et les principaux royaumes de la Basse-Côte des origines à l'implantation coloniale,” Mémoire (option Histoire Philosophie), Institut Polytechnique Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry (19731974).Google Scholar
Wariboko, Waibinte, “New Calabar and the Forces of Change, c.1850-1945,” PhD, University of Birmingham (1991).Google Scholar
Wariboko, Waibinte, “West Indian Church in West Africa: The Pongas Mission among the Susus and its Portrayal of Blackness, 1851-1935,” in: Korieh, Chima, and Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (ed.), Missions, States, and European Expansion in Africa (New York, 2007), 168–85.Google Scholar