1 Tent, James F. Mission on the Rhine: Reeducation and Denazification in American-Occupied Germany, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Boehling, Rebecca A Question of Priorities: Democratic Reforms and Economic Recovery in Postwar Germany, (Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1996); Gerhardt, Uta “The Medical Meaning of Reeducation for Germany,” Paedagogica Historien 33 (1997): 135–55; Wilfried van der Will, “The British Policy of Reeducation: Contradictions and Achievements,” in Bance, Alan ed. The Cultural Legacy of the British Occupation in Germany, (Stuttgart: Verlag Hans Dieter Heinz Akademischer Verlag Stuttgart, 1997) 267–293; Jürgensen, Kurt “The Concept and Practice of ‘Re-education’ in Germany 1945–1950” in Pronay, Nicholas and Wilson, Keith, ed. The Political Re-education of Germany and her Allies after World War II, (London: Croom Helm, 1985), 83–96.Google Scholar

2 Gienow-Hecht, Jessica Transmission Impossible. American Journalism as Cultural Diplomacy in Postwar Germany, 1945–1955, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999); Boehling, Rebecca “The Role of Culture in American Relations with Europe: the Case of the United States’ Occupation of Germany,” Diplomatic History 1999 23(1): 57–69.Google Scholar

3 The idea that democratic education necessarily involved direct experience with democratic living, had become so accepted that it was a “cliché.” Hartmann, George W. “Interrelations of Education and Democracy,“ Review of Educational Research 16 (1946): 81–93. This was also reflected in the academic debates in American circles prior to 1945. See for example Hartshorne, E. Y. Academic Proconsul: Harvard Sociologist Edward Y. Hartshome and the Reopening of German Universities, 1945–1946. His Personal Account, ed. Tent, James F. (Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 1998),124.Google Scholar

4 Tent, Mission; Bungenstab, Karl Ernst Umerziehung zur Demokratie? Reeducationspolitik im Bildungswesen der U.S. Zone 1945–1949. Düsseldorf: Bertelsmann Universitätsverlag, 1970; Christopher Allan Gehrz, “The Reeducation of Germany and the Education of the West, 1945–1949,” (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 2002).Google Scholar

5 I describe this process in Craig Pepin, “The Holy Grail of Pure Wissenschaft: University Ideal and University Reform in Post World War II Germany,” (Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 2001), 176–188.Google Scholar

6 Wissenschaft is best translated as “science and scholarship,” encompassing all forms of research, including theological, literary, philosophical, historical, etc. Tellingly, the adjective wissenschaftlich implies, as does its translation “scientific,” work that is objective, thorough, dispassionate, and reasonable.Google Scholar

7 For an excellent restatement of this ideal after 1945, see Jaspers, Karl Die Idee der Universität (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1946), also appearing in translation as: Jaspers, Karl The Idea of the University, ed. Deutsch, Karl transl. Reiche, H.A.T. and Vanderschmidt, H.F., (Boston: Beacon Press, 1959). For the development of the ideal prior to 1933: Schelsky, Helmut Einsamkeit und Freiheit: Idee und Gestalt der deutschen Universität und ihrer Reformen, (Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1963); and Fritz Ringer, The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community 1890–1933 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969).Google Scholar

8 Jaspers, Idee, 34; Idea, 31.Google Scholar

9 Pepin, “Holy Grail,“ 189–247; see also Remy, Steven The Heidelberg Myth: The Nazification and Denazification of a German University (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002).Google Scholar

10 Bauer, K.H. memo to Major Earl Crum, “The Position of Heidelberg University,” October 9, 1945. Universitätsarchiv, Heidelberg [hereafter UAH] B-1018/3. Original is in English; underlining is in the original. Bauer's contention about Heidelberg before 1933 conveniently overlooked Philip Lenard, Nazi supporter and the leader of the “Aryan Physics” movement who had retired from his teaching chair at Heidelberg in 1931. Bauer and his colleagues in 1945 submitted a list of 12 names of university teachers of all ranks to be excluded from the university, out of approximately 200 total.Google Scholar

11 This includes recent work by scholars on both sides of the Atlantic such as Steven Remy (see n. 9 above); Fahlbusch, Michael Wissenschft im Dienst der nationalsozialistischen Politik? Die “Volksdeutschen Forschungsgemeinschaften” von 1931–1945 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1999); Haar, Ingo Historiker im Nationalsozialismus: deutsche Gewschichtswissenschaft und der “Volksstumkampf” im Osten (Göttingen: Vandehoeck & Ruprecht, 2000); Potter, Pamela Most German of the Arts: Musicology and Society front the Weimar Republic to the end of Hitler's Germany, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998); and Macrakis, Kirstie Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).Google Scholar

12 The meaning of the word dilettante directly derives from its association with Bildung—it means both superficial knowledge in a derogatory sense, and lover of art in a positive sense.Google Scholar

13 Erich von Holst, “Universal bildung oder Spezialistentum?” Güttinger Universitäts Zeitung, 1 no. 2 (1945–6): 5.Google Scholar

14 Vossler, Karl Forschung und Bildung an der Universität, (Munich: Drei-Fichten-Verlag, 1946), 12.Google Scholar

15 F.H. [Friedrich Hermann] Rein “Die Einheit von Forschung und Lehre” Güttinger Universitäts Zeitung, 1 no. 5 (Feb. 8, 1946): 1–3.Google Scholar

16 See the discussion of how churches tried to assume a leading role in 1945 (with mixed success) in Werner K. Blessing, “‘Deutschland in Not, wir im Glauben…’ Kirche und Kirchenvolk in einer katholischen Region 1933–1949,” Von Stalingradu zur Währungsreform, 3rd ed., Broszat, Martin Henke, Klaus-Dietmar and Woller, Hans, ed. (Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1990), 3–113; and Clemens Vollnhals, “Die Evangelische Kirche zwischen Traditionswahrung und Neuorientierung,” in ibid., 113–169.Google Scholar

17 Janssen, Sigurd from an address at the ceremony to reopen the Theology Faculty of the University of Freiburg given on September 17, 1945. in Hochschule und Wiederaufbau. Ansprachen zur Wiedereröffnung der Universität 1945/46, Vincke, Prof. J. ed. (Freiburg i.B.: Verlag Karl Alber, 1946), 11.Google Scholar

18 Bauer, Karl H. “Wissenschaft: und Humanität Rede aus Anlaß der ersten feierlichen Immatrikulation der Studierenden der theologischen und medizinischen Fakultät am 20.11.45“ in Vom Neuen Geist der Universität. Dokumente, Reden und Vorträge 1945/46, Bauer, K.H. ed. (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1947), 45.Google Scholar

19 Bauer was quite familiar with the racial concepts of Untermenschen, having authored a book on racial hygienics in 1926 and the definitive book on surgical sterilization procedures in 1936.Google Scholar

20 Koselleck, Reinhart “Einleitung—Zur anthropologischen und semantischen Struktur der Bildung.“ in Bildungsbürgertum im 19. Jahrhundert. Teil II. Bildungsgüter und Bildungswissen ed. Koselleck, Reinhart 11–46. (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1989); Ringer, Fritz “Bildung: The Social and Ideological Context of the German Historical Tradition,” History of European Ideas 10 (1989): 193–202.Google Scholar

21 Kluckhohn, Paul Die Idee des Menschen in der Goethezeit, (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1946). This pamphlet reprinted the first public academic speech at the University of Tübingen after the surrender, held by Kluckhohn on November 15, 1945, and repeated several times before assemblies of secondary school teachers in January and February 1946.Google Scholar

22 Meinecke, Friedrich The German Catastrophe, trans. Fay, Sidney (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), 115. On Meinecke's backward glance after 1945, see Knudsen, Jonathan B. “Friedrich Meinecke (1862–1954)” in Paths of Continuity. Central European Historiography from the 1930s to the 1950s, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 49–72.Google Scholar

23 Andrae, W. Baethgen, F. Braune, Walter, et. al. “Erklärung des ‘Ausschusses zur Erneuerung der Deutschen Hochschule'“ n.d., but cover letter is dated November 15, 1945. Hessisches Staats Archiv, Marburg (HStAM) 305a 1975/79 123. This appeal, signed by a group of professors in Berlin, called upon other German universities to establish committees of full professors to undertake a common renewal of German university in conjunction with the Berlin initiative.Google Scholar

24 Schreiber, Georg in Hochschule und Christentum: Reden zur Eröffnung der Evangelisch Theologiseben Fakultät der Westfälischen Landesuniversität Münster, (Münster: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1946), 35. Original is in English and German, the English translation (provided by an unnamed Professor of English at Münster) has been used here.Google Scholar

25 Blaum, Kurt “Begrüssungsansprache“ in Die Bildungs- und Erziehungsaufgabe der heutigen Universität, (Frankfurt a.M.: Verlag G. Schulte-Bulmke, 1946), 7.Google Scholar

26 Aktenvermerk über Besprechung mit den Rektoren, Prorektoren, den Universitätsreferenten der 4 Hochschulen von Gross-Hessen” November 27, 1945. Hessisches Hauptstadtsarchiv, Wiesbaden [hereafter HHStAW], 504 5945. Also reprinted in Manfred Heinemann, ed., Süddeutsche Hochschulkonferenzen 1945–1949, (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1997), 45.Google Scholar

27 Böhm, in “Aktenvermerk über Besprechung mit den Rektoren,” November 27, 1945.Google Scholar

28 “Aktenvermerk über Besprechung mit den Rektoren,” November 27, 1945.Google Scholar

29 This proposal was introduced by the Hessian Minister of Culture, Franz Böhm, at a meeting of Hessian Rektoren in January 1946. “Aktenvermerk über die Rektoren Konferenz [Hesse] am 14.1.46,” HHStAW 504 5945. This protocol has also been reprinted in Süddeutsche Hochschulkonferenzen, Heinemann, ed., 55–56.Google Scholar

30 Rektor K.H. Bauer to American Military Government, “Second Report on Heidelberg University,” December 17, 1945. UAH B-1015/2. Original is in English.Google Scholar

31 “Aktenvermerk über die Rektoren Konferenz [Hesse] am 14.1.46.”Google Scholar

32 Bauer, “Second Report.“Google Scholar

33 Hammerstein, Notker Die Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfort am Main: Von der Stiftungsuniversität zur staatlichen Hochschule, Band 11914 bis 1950, (Neuwied/Frankfurt: Alfred Metzner Verlag, 1989), 664–5.Google Scholar

34 Rein, “Einheit,“ 1.Google Scholar

35 Rektor Karl H. Bauer to Colonel Clifton Lisle, (Military Government, LKB Mannheim, Detachment E-7), September 18, 1945. UAH B-1018/3. Letter is in English.Google Scholar

36 Bauer to Lisle, September 18, 1945. UAH B-1018/3.Google Scholar

37 §T61–62, “Entwurf einer neuer Satzung der Universität Heidelberg.” n.d. (est. late summer, 1945) UAH, B-1011/6.Google Scholar

38 Bauer, Karl H. to Karl Jaspers, June 20, 1945. Karl Jaspers and KH. Bauer, Briefwechsel, 1945–1968, ed. de Rosa, Renato (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1983), 19.Google Scholar