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2 Although there is a growing interest in progressive philanthropy (or activist philanthropy, social justice philanthropy, philanthropy for social change), there is little to nothing written about progressive or activist fundraising within the higher education context. For a discussion of progressive philanthropy, see Stanfield, John Research in Social Policy: Social Justice Philanthropy (Greenwich, CT: Jai Press, 1999), Dreier, Peter “Social Justice Philanthropy: Can We Get More Bang for the Buck?” Social Policy 33, no. 1 (Fall 2002): 27–33; and National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, “Social Justice Philanthropy: The Latest Trend or a Lasting Lens for Grantmaking?” (Washington, DC: National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, 2005); Rabinowitz, Alan Social Change Philanthropy in America (New York: Quorum Books, 1990).Google Scholar

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20 This paper uses historical methods. We seek to gain an understanding of the past and to explain change over time. A key part of this approach is the examination of primary sources from the period in question (post-1954). Such sources in this case include the Oram Group's archival papers (housed at the Payton Philanthropic Studies Library at Indiana University-Purdue University) and archival papers in the individual colleges with which the Oram Group worked over the past 40 years (including Meharry Medical College, Miles College, Fisk University, LeMoyne-Owen College, Howard University, Morehouse College, Clark Atlanta University, among others). We have buttressed the information gathered from these archival papers with oral history interviews conducted with Oram staff members and black college presidents. Oral history records the voices of those directly involved with the phenomena being studied, documenting human experiences and distilling larger ideas and trends. The underlying idea here is the concept of agency—“the assumed ability of individuals to shape die conditions of their lives.” Gall, Meredith D. Borg, Walter R. and Gall, Joyce P. Educational Research: An Introduction (New York: Longman, 1996), 610.Google Scholar

21 Gasman, Marybeth “Rhetoric vs. Reality: The Fundraising Messages of the United Negro College Fund in the Immediate Aftermath of the Brown Decision,” History of Education Quarterly 44, no. 1 (2004): 70–94.Google Scholar

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23 Gasman, Marybeth and Anderson-Thompkins, Sibby, Fund Raising from Black College Alumni: Successful Strategies for Supporting Alma Mater (Washington, DC: CASE Books, 2003). It should be noted that there is a growing body of research on fundraising in communities of color [see Janice Gow Pettey's Cultivating Diversity in Fundraising (San Francisco: Wiley & Sons, 2002); Smith, Bradford Sylvia Shue, Jennifer Lisa Vest, and Joseph Villarreal, Philanthropy in Communities of Color (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999); Carson, Emmett Black Philanthropic Activity Past and Present: A 200 year Tradition Continues (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political Studies, 1987); Carson, Emmett Pulling Yourself Up by Your Bootstraps: The Evolution of Black Philanthropic Activity (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political Studies, 1987); Carson, Emmett Black Volunteers as Givers and Fundraisers (New York: Center for the Study of Philanthropy, City University of New York, 1990)]. However, this research does not take into account fundraising at Black colleges.Google Scholar

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27 Ibid.Google Scholar

28 Goldstein, Henry interview with authors, April 2, 2006, Atlanta, GA. Interview and transcript in possession of authors.Google Scholar

29 Goldstein, Henry Oral History Interview, IUPUI Archives, 23. Droit de seigneur is a term often used to describe the purported legal right of the lord of an estate to deflower its virgins.Google Scholar

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36 Ibid.Google Scholar

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40 The Ford Foundation was never in full support of the United Negro College Fund and, in fact, refused in 1944 to provide seed money when asked by Patterson, Frederick D. and Rockefeller, John D. Jr. See Mays, Benjamin E. interview by Marcia Goodson, transcript, May 1987, and Kimball, Lindsley interview by Marcia Goodson, transcript, March 1981, United Negro College Fund Oral History Collection, Columbia University Oral History Collection. It is interesting to note that in the transcriptions of both Benjamin E. Mays's and Lindsley Kimball's interviews, their comments about the Ford Foundation are blacked out. Marcia Goodson let each of the UNCF leaders read the transcriptions and decide what they wanted to keep and what they wanted to delete. The transcriptions were completed on a typewriter and thus from time to time there are blacked-out areas. For more details, see Gasman, Envisioning Black Colleges.Google Scholar

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85 Ibid., 50; This misconception of the needs of black colleges is common among many alumni still today. See Gasman and Anderson-Thompkins, Fund Raising from Black College Alumni.Google Scholar

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121 1Ibid. See also, Bullock, Henry Allen History of Negro Education in the South (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967) and Wallenstein, Peter ed., Higher Education and the Civil Rights Movement (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, forthcoming).Google Scholar

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145 Ibid., 47. It should be noted that most of the leadership of the Oram Group were Jewish.Google Scholar

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