Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T03:45:51.901Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Ambiguous Practices of the Inauthentic Asian American Woman

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2020

Abstract

The Asian American identity is intimately associated with upward class mobility as the model minority, yet women's earnings remain less than men's, and Asian American women are perceived to have strong family ties binding them to domestic responsibilities. As such, the exact class status of Asian American women is unclear. The immediate association of this ethnic identity with a specific class as demonstrated by the recently released Pew study that Asian Americans are “the highest‐income, best‐educated” ethnicity contrasts with another study that finds Asian American women have the highest suicide rates in the United States. To understand these contrasting statistics, this article explores Asian American women's sense of authenticity. If the individual's sense of authenticity is intimately related with one's group identity, the association of the Asian American identity with a particular class ambivalently ensnares her as dichotomously inauthentic—as both the poor Asian American woman who fails to achieve economic upward mobility and the model minority Asian American woman who engages in assimilation practices. Feminist philosophers understand that identities change, but exactly how these transformations occur remains a mystery. The article ends with three speculations on the difficulties for practicing and recognizing individual acts that transform one's group identity.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I want to thank Howard McGary for encouraging me to think more about the relation between the self and one's group identity. I also want to thank Donna‐Dale Marcano for encouraging me to submit to this special edition of Hypatia.

References

Ahmed, Sarah. 2007. Queer phenomenology: Orientations, objects, others. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Alcoff, Linda Martín. 2006. Visible identity: Race, gender, and the self. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, Louis, and Kolker, Andrew. 2001. People like us: Social class in America. Washington, D.C.: WETA.Google Scholar
Arisaka, Yoko. 2000. Asian women: Invisibility, locations, and claims to philosophy. In Women of color and philosophy, ed. Zack, Naomi. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Bar On, Bat‐Ami. 1993. Marginality and epistemic privilege. In Feminist epistemologies, ed. Martín Alcoff, Linda and Potter, Elizabeth. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Castells, Manuel. 1997. The power of identity. Vol. 2 of The information age: Economy, society and culture. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Cross, June, and Gates, Henry Louis. 1998. The two nations of black America. Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation.Google Scholar
DeNavas‐Walt, Carmen, Proctor, Bernadette D., and Smith, Jessica C. 2011. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60‐239, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf (accessed August 29, 2013).Google Scholar
Fanon, Frantz. 1967. Black skin, white masks. Trans. Charles Lam Markmann. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Golden, Daniel. 2012. Harvard targeted in U.S. Asian‐American discrimination probe. Bloomberg Business Week, February 14. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-02-14/harvard-targeted-in-u-s-asian-american-discrimination-probe.html (accessed August 29, 2013).Google Scholar
Hing, Julianne. 2012. Asian Americans respond to Pew: We're not your model minority. ColorLines: News for Action, July 21. http://colorlines.com/archives/2012/06/pew_asian_american_study.html (accessed August 27, 2013).Google Scholar
Hoagland, Sarah. 2008. Separating from heterosexualism. In The feminist philosophy reader, ed. Bailey, Alison and Cuomo, Chris. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
hooks, bell. 1990. Choosing the margin as a space of radical openness. In Yearning: Race, gender, and cultural politics. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Hossfeld, Karen. 1994. Hiring immigrant women: Silicon Valley's “simple formula.” In Women of color in U.S. society, ed. Baca Zinn, Maxine and Thornton Dill, Bonnie. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Jo, Moon H. 1984. The putative political complacency of Asian Americans. Political Psychology 5 (4): 583605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, Y. Peter. 2012. Long‐term unemployment plagues Asian Americans. KoreAm 23 (6): 14.Google Scholar
Kim, David Haekwon. 2002. Asian American philosophers: Absence, politics, and identity. American Philosophical Association Newsletter on the Status of Asian/Asian American Philosophers and Philosophies 1 (2): 2530.Google Scholar
Liu, Eric. 2012. Asian‐American dilemma: Good news is bad news. Time, June 26.Google Scholar
Lorde, Audre. 1993. Age, race, class, and sex: Women redefining difference. In Zami; Sister outsider; Undersong. New York: Quality Paperback Book Club.Google Scholar
Lugones, Maria. 1990. Hispaneando y lesbiando: On Sarah Hoagland's Lesbian Ethics. Hypatia 5 (3): 138–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lugones, Maria. 2003 Structure/anti‐structure and agency under oppression. In Pilgrimages/peregrinajes: Theorizing coalition against multiple oppressions. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Marcano, Donna‐Dale. 2003. Sartre and the social construction of race. In Race and racism in continental philosophy, ed. Bernasconi, Robert with Cook, Sybol. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Merleau‐Ponty, Maurice. 1964. The child's relations with others. In The primacy of perception, ed. Edie, James M., trans. Evanston, William Cobb., Ill.: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Narayan, Uma. 1997. Dislocating cultures: Identities, traditions, and third world feminism. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nelson, Lynn Hankinson. 1990. Who knows from Quine to a feminist empiricism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Ngo, Bic, and Lee, Stacey J. 2007. Complicating the image of model minority success: A review of Southeast Asian American education. Review of Educational Research 77 (4): 415–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1966. Beyond good and evil. Trans. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Nikolchev, Alexandra. 2010. Among Asian American women, a little known battle with depression. Need to Know. PBS, October 12. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/health/among-asian-American-women-a-little-known-battle-with-depression/4200/ (accessed August 27, 2013).Google Scholar
Noh, Eliza. 2013. Casualties of the model minority myth: The role of racial ideology in Asian American female suicidality. Presented to the Connecticut General Assembly Asian Pacific American Affairs Commission, April 12.Google Scholar
Park, Gilbert C. 2011. Becoming a “model minority”: Acquisition, construction and enactment of American identity for Korean immigrant students. Urban Review 43 (5): 620–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2012. The rise of Asian Americans. Social and Demographic Trends. June 19. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/06/19/the-rise-of-asian-americans/ (accessed August 27, 2013).Google Scholar
Qi, Wendy. 2010. Suicide rates high among Asian‐Americans. July 12. http://www.wendyqi.com/2010/07/12/suicide-rates-high-among-asian-americans/ (accessed August 27, 2013).Google Scholar
Rich, Adrienne. 1979. On lies, secrets, and Silence. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar
Sheets‐Johnstone, Maxine. 2009. The corporeal turn: An interdisciplinary reader. Charlottesville, Va.: Imprint Academic.Google Scholar
Silverman, Kaja. 1997. The acoustic mirror. In Feminisms, ed. Kemp, Sandra and Squires, Judith. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles. 1991. The ethics of authenticity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf (accessed August 29, 2013).Google Scholar
Yamada, Mitsuye. 1983. Invisibility is an unnatural disaster: Reflections of an Asian American woman. In This bridge called my back: Writings by radical women of color, ed. Moraga, Cherríe and Anzaldúa, Gloria. New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press.Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 1997. Intersecting voices: Dilemmas of gender, political philosophy, and policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Woo, Merle. 1983. Letter to Ma. In This bridge called my back: Writings by radical women of color, ed. Moraga, Cherríe and Anzaldúa, Gloria. New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press.Google Scholar