The individual in international law — Extradition — Political crimes — Warrant of arrest issued in Republic of Ireland — Backing of warrant — Whether offences of a political character — Onus of proof — Habeas corpus — Backing of Warrants (Republic of Ireland) Act 1965 — The law of Northern Ireland

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Treaty practice as source of — Rules of diplomatic immunity — Immunity from civil jurisdiction of municipal courts — Officials of international organizations — The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Subordinate members of the diplomatic staff — Extent of entitlement to immunity from civil jurisdiction of municipal courts — Whether covers only acts performed in official capacity — Customary international law — Evidence from treaty practice on international organizations The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — Entitlement to immunity from civil jurisdiction of municipal courts — Distinction between acts performed in official and private capacity — Treaty practice on — The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — Immunity from civil jurisdiction of municipal courts — Whether extending to acts performed in private capacity — Whether rule of customary international law to this effect — Evidence of such rule from treaty practice on international organizations — Whether same rule applicable to subordinate diplomatic staff — The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Whether PAYE provisions under municipal law applicable to salary paid to national of receiving State as embassy employee — The law of Austria

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities — Subordinate members of the diplomatic staff — Entitlement to social security benefits — Whether period of employment as embassy butler to be taken into consideration — Whether principle of extraterritoriality of embassy premises still applicable — The law of Belgium

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — The family and retinue of diplomatic envoys — Wife of naval attaché — Right to diplomatic immunity — Functional immunity — Exceptions to jurisdiction — Whether to be interpreted strictly — Spain-United States Treaty of Friendship, 1902 — The law of Spain

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Whether any customary rule with regard to the immunity of private servants of accredited foreign diplomats from the jurisdiction of municipal courts — The law of Austria

States as intemational persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the executive — Whether municipal courts bound by declaration of executive with regard to entitlement to immunity from jurisdiction of diplomats and their servants — Whether municipal legislation providing for such declaration to be binding is unconstitutional — The law of Austria

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — The family and retinue of diplomatic envoys — Private servant of diplomat — Affiliation proceedings — Whether entitled to immunity from jurisdiction — Whether declaration of executive binding on courts under municipal law — Extent of immunity with regard to private servants — Whether any rule of customary international law — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 37 (4) — Extent to which entitlement to immunity left to practice of individual States — Theory of functional necessity — The law of Austria

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — Inviolability of diplomatic premises — Arrest of person not having diplomatic immunity — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Whether breach to be dealt with on diplomatic level between two States involved — Whether affecting legality of arrest — The law of Norway

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — lnviolability of diplomatic premises — Whether absolute — The law of Norway

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic premises — Inviolability of private residence — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 30 — Whether absolute — Travaux préparatoires — Arrest of person not having diplomatic immunity — Whether a breach of inviolability — Whether misuse of immunity and inviolability by diplomatic agent relevant — Functional basis of immunity and inviolability — Whether a breach of Convention should be dealt with on diplomatic level between two States involved — Whether affecting legality of arrest — The law of Norway

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — International organizations — Food and Agriculture Organization — Jurisdictional immunity of expert — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of Specialized Agencies, 1947 — Direct action against insurance company — Judicial consequences of submissions of expert — The law of Madagascar

International organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — Food and Agriculture Organization — Jurisdictional immunity of expert — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of Specialized Agencies, 1947 — The law of Madagascar

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of the United Nations — Expert of Food and Agriculture Organization — Motor accident — Damages sought — Whether expert has jurisdictional immunity — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of Specialized Agencies, 1947 — Direct action against insurance company — Judicial consequences of submissions of expert — The law of Madagascar

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — The family of diplomatic envoys — Resident representative of Member Nation of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations — Immunity of son of representative from criminal jurisdiction in accrediting State — FAO-Italy Headquarters Agreement, 1950 — Scope of immunities of resident representative under Article XI, Section 24, of Agreement — Whether comparable to immunities granted to accredited diplomatic envoys — Whether covering family of representative — Whether affiliated or adulterine child to be considered as a member of family — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 37 (1) and 38 (1) — Whether declaratory of existing customary international law — The law of Italy

International organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — Food and Agriculture Organization — sFAO — Italy Headquarters Agreement, 1950 — Interpretation — Scope of immunities of resident representatives of Member Nations accredited to FAO under Article XI, Section 24, of Agreement — The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Representatives sent by or accredited to the United Nations — Resident representative of Member Nation accredited to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations — Immunity of son of representative from criminal jurisdiction of accrediting State — FAO-Italy Headquarters Agreement, 1950 — Whether Agreement excludes application of general rules of customary international law on diplomatic immunity — Scope of immunity of resident representatives under Article XI, Section 24, of Agreement — Whether comparable to immunity granted to accredited diplomatic envoys — Whether conferred only in interests of FAO or also for personal benefit of individuals — Whether covering family of representative — Whether affiliated or adulterine child to be considered as member of family — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 37 (1) and 38 (1) — Whether declaratory of existing customary international law — The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — International Atomic Energy Agency — Employee — Entitlement to exemption from taxation — Headquarters Agreement between Austria and IAEA, 1958 — Whether exemption from taxation entitles official's spouse to be treated as sole wage earner under municipal tax law — The law of Austria

The individual in international law — Nationality — Double nationality — Minor born of parents of two nationalities — Whether entitled to double nationality — Ius sanguinis and ius communicationis — Whether forum State entitled to give preference to its own nationality — Customary international law — Hague Convention on the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 — The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Consuls — Position and functions of — Dispute over custody of minor — s — Parents respectively nationals of sending and receiving States — Assistance rendered by Consul to enable minor to return to father in sending State — Whether acts in question performed in the exercise of consular functions — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Articles 5 and 43 — The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Consuls — Privileges and immunities of — Dispute over custody of minor — Parents respectively nationals of sending and receiving States — Assistance rendered by consul to enable minor to return to father in sending State — Whether consul entitled to immunity from criminal prosecution in receiving State for such action — Functional immunity of consuls — Scope of — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Articles 5 and 43 — Whether acts in question performed in the exercise of consular functions — Double nationality — Whether minor entitled to — Ius sanguinis and ius communicationis — Whether forum State entitled to give preference to its own nationality — Customary international law — Hague Convention on the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 — The law of Italy

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Binding force in municipal law — Whether a source of individual rights and duties — The law of Poland

The individual in international law — In general — Position of individuals in intemationallaw — Damage suffered by the individual as a result of modification of frontier agreed to by the individual's own State — Right to remedy in treaty and domestic law — Whether treaties a source of individual rights — The law of Poland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement of — Necessity for municipal legislation — Binding force in municipal law — Whether a source of individual rights and duties — The law of Poland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Intention of the parties — Travaux préparatoires — Whether treaty may be applied retroactively as ius superoeniens — New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958 — The law of Italy

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement of — Retroactive application — Arbitration clause excluding jurisdiction of forum State in favour of arbitration abroad — Prohibition of such exclusion under municipal law — Subsequent removal of prohibition by international convention incorporated into municipal law — New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958 — Whether operating as ius superveniens to validate such clause — Intention of parties — Travaux préparatoires — The law of Italy

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Whether automatic reception into municipal law applies only to customary international law or also to treaties — Italian Constitution, Article 10 — Effect of consent of State to implement provisions of international agreement in municipal law — Distinction between ratification and implementation — Whether international agreement may be applicable in municipal legal system prior to enactment of implementing legislation — International agreement in simplified form — Whether compatible with Italian Constitution, Articles 80 and 87 (8) — The law of Italy

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Signature — Consent by State to introduce municipal implementing legislation for international agreement — Legal effect in municipal law — The law of Italy

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Constitutional limitations — International agreements in simplified form — Whether compatible with requirements for ratification of treaties contained in Italian Constitution, Articles 80 and 87 (8) — The law of Italy

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Ratification of treaties — Entry into force — Distinction between ratification and implementation — Whether international agreement may be applicable in municipal legal system prior to enactment of implementing legislation — International agreement in simplified form — Whether compatible with Italian Constitution, Articles 80 and 87 (8) — The law of Italy

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement of — Necessity for municipal legislation — Whether automatic reception into municipal law applies only to customary international law or also to treaties — Italian Constitution, Article 10 — Effect of consent of State to implement provisions of international agreement at level of municipal law — Distinction between ratification and implementation — Whether international agreement may be applicable in municipal legal system prior to enactment of implementing legislation — International agreement in simplified form — Whether compatible with Italian Constitution, Articles 80 and 87 (8) — The law of Italy

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On treaties — Extent to which declaration of war terminates international conventions as between parties to hostilities — Requirement that hostilities render observance permanently impossible The law of Italy

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — Outbreak of war — Extent to which declaration of war terminates international conventions as between parties to hostilities — Requirement that hostilities render observance permanently impossible — Geneva Convention on Commercial Arbitration Clauses, 1923 — The law of Italy

Disputes — Unilateral means of redress short of war — Intervention — 1979 United States rescue mission of American diplomats detained in Iran — Claim for compensation of damages — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Iran — United States General Declaration, 1981 — Whether excluding claims concerning events related to rescue mission — The law and practice of the Iran — United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Jurisdiction of tribunal — Exclusion of claims — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Article II(1) — Iran-United States General Declaration, 1981 — Paragraph 11 — Whether excluding events related to rescue mission of American nationals in 1979 — Cause and effect relationship to claim — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Refusal by arbitrator to sign award — Release of reasons thereof — Whether a violation of tribunal’s rule of confidentiality of deliberations — The law and practice of the Iran — United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Interpretation of arbitration agreement — Whether respondent companies entities controlled by Iran — Whether claimant a United States national — Evidence thereof — Ownership of claim — Refusal of arbitrator to sign award — Release of reasons thereof — Whether a violation of tribunal's rule of confidentiality of deliberations — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Whether conduct attributable to respondent — Whether arising out of a measure affecting property rights — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Article II(1) — Whether conduct wrongful as a matter of law — Proximate cause of injury — Whether a political claim — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Arbitration treaty — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981, Article 11(2) — Ordinary meaning — Article VII(2) — Iran-United States General Declaration, 1981, GeneralPrinciple B — Scope of — The law and practice of the Iran — United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — The award — Scope and binding force of — Precedence over decisions by national courts — The law and practice of the Iran — United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Miscellaneous — Powers of arbitral tribunal — Inherent power to order interim measures of protection — The law and practice of the Iran — United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Interpretation of arbitration agreement — Whether tribunal has exclusive jurisdiction over any counterclaim within its competence — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981, Article II(1) — Ordinary meaning — Article VIII(2) — Iran-United States General Declaration, 1981, General Principle B — Scope of — Theories of precedence of arbitration awards over decisions by national courts — Whether applicable — Scope and binding force of award — Inherent powers of tribunal to order interim measures of protection — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claim Tribunal

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981, Article 11(1) — Scope of jurisdiction of tribunal — Restrictive interpretation — Intention of parties — Principle of ejusdem generis — The law and practice of the Iran — United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Jurisdiction of tribunal — Scope of — Restrictive interpretation — Intention of parties — Exclusion of claims — Whether failure to protect aliens a measure affecting property rights — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Article II(1) — Principle of eiusdem generis — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal