Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-r5zm4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-16T15:50:15.621Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘Ah, Ireland, the caring nation’: foreign aid and Irish state identity in the long 1970s1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2015

Kevin O'Sullivan*
Affiliation:
School of Humanities, National University of Ireland Galway

Extract

On a plane leaving Baidoa refugee camp in Somalia in late 1992, an Arab doctor offered John O'Shea, head of the relief agency Goal, a glimpse of how the Irish were viewed in that civil war-ravaged state. ‘Ah, Ireland’, he remarked on learning of O'Shea's country of origin, ‘the caring nation’. He had reason to be complimentary. In addition to the aid agencies and aid workers involved in the ongoing relief effort, Somalia had recently hosted two highprofile visitors from the Irish state. In August 1992 the minister for Foreign Affairs, David Andrews, spent three days in the country to view at first-hand its escalating civil war. He was followed less than two months later by President Mary Robinson, whose arrival at Baidoa on 2 October marked the beginning of a tour – the first by a Western head of state – of the feeding stations and refugee camps that provided succour to those displaced by the conflict.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 Quoted in O’Leary, Olivia and Burke, HelenMary Robinson: the authorised biography (London, 1998), p. 259.Google Scholar

3 Department of Foreign Affairs, Challenges and opportunities abroad: white paper on foreign policy (Dublin, 1996).Google Scholar

4 The argument for focusing on this period as ‘the long 1970s’ is best articulated in Ferguson, NiallMaier, Charles S.Manela, Erez and Sargent, Daniel J. (eds), The shock of the global: the 1970s in perspective (London, 2010).Google Scholar

5 Anderson, BenedictImagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (3rd ed., London, 2003), p. 6.Google Scholar

6 For an introduction to international relations theory, see Baylis, JohnOwens, Patricia and Smith, Steve (eds), The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations (5th ed., Oxford, 2010).Google Scholar

7 Reus-Smit, ChristianThe moral purpose of the state: culture, social identity, and institutional rationality in international relations (Princeton, 1999), p. 155.Google Scholar

8 Wallace, WilliamForeign policy and national identity in the United Kingdom’ in International Affairs, 67, no. 1 (Jan. 1991), pp 6580, at p. 66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Lumsdaine, David H.Moral vision in international politics: the foreign aid regime, 1949–1989 (Princeton, 1993), p. 9.Google Scholar See also Legro, Jeffrey W.Rethinking the world: great power strategies and international order (London, 2005),Google Scholar and Wendt, AlexanderCollective identity formation and the international state’ in American Political Science Review, 88, no. 2 (June 1994), pp 384–96.Google Scholar

10 For an introduction to the history of foreign aid, see Lancaster, CarolForeign aid: diplomacy, development, domestic politics (London, 2007), pp 161,Google Scholar and Schmidt, Heide-Irene and Pharo, Helge (eds), special edition of Contemporary European History, 7, no. 4 (Nov. 2003).Google Scholar For a history of development N.G.O.s, see Smillie, IanThe alms bazaar: altruism under fire — non-profit organisations and international development (London, 1995);Google ScholarSmith, Brian H.More than altruism: the politics of private foreign aid (Princeton, 1990);Google ScholarTvedt, TerjeAngels of mercy or development diplomats? N.G.O.s and foreign aid (Oxford, 1998).Google Scholar

11 For a more detailed introduction to the Irish aid sector, see O’Neill, HelenIreland’s foreign aid in 1998’ in Irish Studies in International Affairs, 10 (1999), pp 289306,Google Scholar and O’Sullivan, KevinBiafra to Lomé: The evolution of Irish government policy on official development assistance, 1969–75’ in Irish Studies in International Affairs, 18 (2007), pp 91107.Google Scholar

12 See O’Sullivan, KevinIreland, Africa and the end of empire: small state identity in the Cold War, 1955–75 (Manchester, 2012),Google Scholar and Staunton, EndaThe case of Biafra: Ireland and the Nigerian civil war’, Irish Historical Studies, 31, no. 124 (Nov. 1999), pp 513–35.Google Scholar

13 ‘Development Assistance Committee Aid Review 1986/87: report by the secretariat and questions on the development assistance efforts and policies of Ireland’, undated [distributed to committee members on 1 Aug. 1986] (Organisation for Economic Co¬operation and Development Archives, Paris, Development Co-operation Division (hereafter O.E.C.D. DCD), DAC/AR(86)2/10).

14 Figure for Live Aid from FitzGerald, GarretIreland’s development policy: aid and trade’ in Studies: an Irish Quarterly Review, 77, no. 307 (autumn, 1988), pp 328-H, at p. 333.Google Scholar

15 Stokke, OlavThe determinants of aid policies: some propositions emerging from a comparative analysis’ in Stokke, Olav (ed.), Western middle powers and global poverty: the determinants of the aid policies of Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden (Uppsala, 1989), p. 279.Google Scholar

16 Document prepared by the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs (D.F.A.), ‘Ireland’s application to Join the Development Assistance Committee (D.A.C.) of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (O.E.C.D.)’, 7 Nov. 1985 (O.E.C.D., DCD F 207908).

17 Ibid.

1 Connolly, JeromeThe Irish churches and foreign policy’ in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 77, no. 305 (spring, 1988), pp 5562, at p. 58.Google Scholar

19 One World, winter 1975–6.

20 Irish Independent, 31 July 1980.

21 Interview with John and Kay O’Loughlin Kennedy of Blackrock, County Dublin, 23 Nov. 2009.

22 Irish Times, 28 Aug. 1982.

23 Department of External Affairs memorandum for the government, 'Request for Irish assistance for UN military force in the Congo', 18 July 1960 (N.A.I. DFA 305/384/2 Pt I).

24 Irish Times, 18 Apr. 1974.

25 ‘Address by the minister for Agriculture and Fisheries, Mr Charles J. Haughey, at the inauguration of Gorta, the Freedom from Hunger Council of Ireland, at the Shelbourne Hotel, Dublin, on Monday, 8th November, 1965’ (N.A.I. DFA 2001/43/1156).

26 Gráda, Cormac ÓIreland’s Great Famine: interdisciplinary perspectives (Dublin, 2006), p. 229.Google Scholar

27 Bishop Joseph Whelan, ‘The Great Hunger: Biafra and Ireland’, 26 June 1968 (Holy Ghost Provincialate archives, Dublin, Biafra Papers, box 1: Bishop Whelan papers).

28 Irish Press, 8 Aug. 1968.

29 Irish Press, 25 Oct. 1984.

30 Irish Press, 26 Oct. 1984.

31 Interview with Jim O’Keeffe of Bandon, County Cork, 1 Dec. 2009.

32 Howe, StephenIreland and empire: colonial legacies in Irish history and culture (Oxford, 2000), p. 155.Google Scholar

33 Confederation of Non-governmental Organisations for Overseas Development, The case against the 1980 Irish government aid cuts (Dublin, 1980), p. 2.Google Scholar

34 Crotty, RaymondIreland in crisis: a study in capitalist colonial undevelopment (Dingle, 1986);Google ScholarO’Malley, EoinReflections on Ireland’s economic identity’ in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 75, no. 300 (winter, 1986), pp 477–86.Google Scholar

35 Advisory Council on Development Co-operation (A.C.D.C.), Development co¬operation education: report and recommendations by the Advisory Council on Development Co-operation (Dublin, 1982), p. 24.Google Scholar

36 See ibid., p. 24; A.C.D.C., Aid to Third World countries: attitudes of a national sample of Irish people (Dublin, 1985), p. 8.

37 D.F.A. press release, ‘Text of address delivered by the minister of state at the Department of Foreign Affairs, Mr David Andrews, T.D., to the General Debate at UNCTAD V, in Manila, May 10th 1979’ (N.A.I. DFA 2009/120/725).

38 Kiljunen, KimmoFinnish development cooperation: policy and performance’ in Stokke, Olav (ed.), European development assistance: policies and performance (Oslo, 1984), pp 149–77 at pp 174–5.Google Scholar

39 Dáil Éireann deb., cclx, 386 (18 Apr. 1972).

40 Dáil Éireann deb., ccclxxxii, 931 (17 June 1988).

41 Minister for Finance Richie Ryan in Irish Times, 27 Apr. 1974.

42 One World, July 1983.

43 Concern news, spring 1982.

44 ‘Mr Michael O’Kennedy, T.D., Minister of [sic] Foreign Affairs of Ireland, President of the Council of Ministers of the European Communities: address to the ASEAN foreign ministers, Bali, 1 July, 1979’ (N.A.I. DFA 2009/120/1190).

45 Draft note by Noel Dorr, ‘Aid to Cambodia’, 8 Nov. 1979 (N.A.I. DFA 2009/120/ 1649).

46 Lyons to Murnaghan, 19 Dec. 1978 (N.A.I. DFA 2008/79/2877).

47 Irish Independent, 27 Oct. 1984.

48 Tonra, BenGlobal citizen and European republic: Irish foreign policy in transition (Manchester, 2006).Google Scholar For a description of the Irish role in the negotiations for Lomé I, see O’Sullivan, , ‘Biafra to Lomé’, pp 104–5.Google Scholar

49 Dáil Éireann deb., cccxvi, 1067 (6 Dec. 1979).

50 See, for example, the note by Proinsias Gallagher, ‘Reflections on the Lomé Convention’, 23 June 1977 (N.A.I. DFA 2008/79/2902).

51 Ghanaian ambassador to the E.E.C., Asante, K.B. in Irish Press, 25 Nov. 1978.Google Scholar

52 O’Kennedy, Michael in Dáil Éireann deb., 345, 1790 (9 Nov. 1983).Google Scholar

53 Faaland, Just and Koht Norbye, Ole DavidInterests of Scandinavian countries in Third World development’ in Cassen, RobertJolly, RichardSewell, John and Wood, Robert (eds), Rich country interests and Third World development (London, 1982), pp 279306, at p. 283.Google Scholar

54 Helena Arens, EstherMultilateral institution-building and national interest: Dutch development policy in the 1960s’ in Contemporary European History, 12, no. 4 (Nov. 2003), pp 457–72, at p. 458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

55 Noël, AlainThérien, Jean-Philippe and Dallaire, SébastienDivided over internationalism: the Canadian public and development assistance’ in Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques, 30, no. 1 (Mar. 2004), pp 2946, at p. 31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

56 Noël, Alain and Thérien, Jean-PhillippeFrom domestic to international justice: the welfare state and foreign aid’ in International Organization, 49, no. 3 (summer, 1995), pp 523–53, at p. 542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

57 Stokke, The determinants of aid policies’, p. 278.Google Scholar

58 Ibid.

59 Lumsdaine, Moral vision, p. 3.Google Scholar

60 Wendt, AlexanderAnarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics’ in International Organization, 46, no. 2 (spring, 1992), pp 391425, at p. 398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

61 For a discussion of the rise of human rights in international discourse, see Moyn, SamuelThe last utopia: human rights in history (London, 2010).Google Scholar

62 See also Lumsdaine, Moral vision, pp 25–6, 66–7.Google Scholar

63 Führer to secretary-general, D.A.C., 6 Nov. 1985 (O.E.C.D. DCD F 207908).

64 ‘Question of Irish attendance at an Informal Meeting on International Development Cooperation to be held in Copenhagen on 31st August 1977’ (N.A.I. DFA 2008/79/2893).

65 A.C.D.C., The development co-operation policies of the European Community and the contribution of Ireland to those policies (Dublin, 1988), pp 19–20.

66 This observation is based on a number of interviews conducted by the author with former D.F.A. officials, aid workers, and representatives from the N.G.O. sector.

67 Howe, Ireland and empire, p. 155.Google Scholar