1 Davies, LL “Reconciling renewable portfolio standards and feed-in tariffs” (2012) 32/2Utah Environmental Law Review 311Google Scholar at 316.

2 Federal Republic of Nigeria “National energy policy” (2003) at 8–9; Federal Republic of Nigeria “National policy on the environment” (1998) at 2–3.

3 SC Bhattacharyya “Renewable energies and the poor: Niche or nexus?” (2004), available at: <https:// www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=1234> (last accessed 6 March 2014).

4 C Fischer and L Preonas “Combining policies for renewable energy: Is the whole less than the sum of its parts?” (March 2010), available at: <http://www.rff.org/documents/RFF-DP-10-19.pdf> (last accessed 10 March 2014).

5 MM Roggenkamp, L Barrera-Hernandez, DN Zillman and I del Guayo “Energy networks and the law: Innovative solutions and changing markets” in MM Roggenkamp, L Barrera-Hernandez, DN Zillman and I del Guayo (eds) Energy Networks and the Law: Innovative Solutions and Changing Markets (2012, Oxford University Press) 1 at 8.

6 Fischer and Preonas “Combining policies for renewable energy”, above at note 4.

7 Ibid.

8 Nowamooz, A “Inadequacy of transmission lines: A major barrier to the development of renewable energy” (2008) 3 Environmental and Energy Law & Policy Journal 176Google Scholar at 176.

9 National Planning Commission (NPC) “Report of the Vision 2020 national technical working group on energy sector” (2009) at 89.

10 See Y Oke Nigerian Electricity Law and Regulation (2013, Law Lords Publications) at 314–15.

11 NPC “Report of the Vision 2020”, above at note 9 at 12.

12 Id at 18.

13 Ibid.

14 MT Ladan “Policy, legislative and regulatory challenges in promoting renewable energy in Nigeria” in R Mwebaza and LJ Kotzé (eds) Environmental Governance and Climate Change in Africa: Legal Perspectives (2009, Institute for Security Studies) 93 at 94–95.

15 NPC “Report of the Vision 2020”, above at note 9 at 12.

16 Y Omorogbe “The Kyoto Protocol and the international energy industry: The Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in Nigeria” in PD Cameron and D Zillman (eds) Kyoto: From the Principles to Practice (2002, Kluwer International) 343 at 349.

17 NPC “Report of the Vision 2020”, above at note 9 at 20.

18 Odularu, GO and Okonkwo, C “Does energy consumption contribute to economic performance? Empirical evidence from Nigeria” (2009) XII/2East-West Journal of Economics & Business 43Google Scholar at 46.

19 Ibid.

20 NPC “Report of the Vision 2020”, above at note 9 at 13.

21 Id at 13–14.

22 Id at 20.

23 Ibid.

24 Ibid.

25 RL Fagbenle, A Okhimamhe and A Chukwu “Climate change adaptation strategy technical report: Infrastructure sector” in Nigerian Environmental Study / Action Team (NEST) and B Tegler (eds) Climate Change Adaptation Strategy Technical Reports: Nigeria (CCASTR) (2011, Building Nigeria's Response to Climate Change and NEST) 7 at 11.

26 NPC “Report of the Vision 2020”, above at note 9 at 92.

27 Id at 20.

28 Id at 63.

29 See A Oni The Nigerian Electric Power Sector: Policy, Law, Negotiation Strategy, Business (2013, Carmel and Sharon) at 143–44.

30 Akujuru, CA “Revenue allocation in Nigeria and the dependency on oil revenue: The need for alternative solutions” (2015) 3/2Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences 19Google Scholar at 25.

31 See M Vagliasind Implementing Energy Subsidy Reforms: Evidence from Developing Countries (2013, World Bank) at 247.

32 For example, Financial (Miscellaneous Taxation Provision) Act 1998; Financial (Miscellaneous Taxation Provision) Act 1999; Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (Fiscal Incentives, Guarantees and Assurances) Act 1990.

33 Salami, L and Elebiju, A “Investment incentives for the electricity business in Nigeria” (2004) 22/1Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 94CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 96; see also sec 28G(3) of the Companies Income Tax Act, cap C21, LFN 2004 (as amended).

34 Id, sec 39.

35 Ibid.

36 Ibid.

37 Arowolo, S “Unified licensing regime in the Nigerian telecoms sector: Desirability or otherwise of pioneer status?” (2007) 13/3Computer and Telecommunications Law Review 81Google Scholar at 81.

38 Salami and Elebiju “Investment incentives”, above at note 33 at 97.

39 Ibid.

40 Industrial Development (List of Pioneer Industries) Notice SI 9 of 1982; Industrial Development (Additional List of Pioneer Industries) Notice SI 11 of 2008.

41 Salami and Elebiju “Investment incentives”, above at note 33 at 97.

42 Ibid.

43 Ibid.

44 Ladan “Policy, legislative and regulatory challenges”, above at note 14 at 108.

45 Bradbrook, AJ and Wawryk, AS “Government initiatives promoting renewable energy for electricity generation in Australia” (2002) 25/1University of New South Wales Law Journal 124Google Scholar at 124.

46 Ibid.

47 Moreno, CJ “Oil and gas exploration and production in the Gulf of Guinea: Can the new gulf be green?” (2008–09) 31/2Houston Journal of International Law 419Google Scholar at 420.

48 D Holm “Renewable energy for future developing world”, available at: <http://www.ecotopia.com/ases/solartoday/Roadmaps/ISESDevelopingWorld.pdf> (last accessed  4 March  2014).

49 Nowamooz “Inadequacy of transmission lines”, above at note 8 at 176.

50 Abiodun, O “Review of renewable energy sources in Nigeria: Security and challenges” (2012) 1/1International Journal of Advanced Renewable Energy Research 71Google Scholar at 75.

51 NPC “Report of the Vision 2020”, above at note 9 at 11.

52 W Moomaw, F Yamba, M Kamimoto, L Maurice, J Nyboer, K Urama and T Weir “Introduction” in O Edenhofer, R Pichs-Madruga, Y Sokona, K Seyboth, P Matschoss, S Kadner, T Zwickel, P Eickemeier, G Hansen, S Schlomer and C von Stechow (eds) IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (2011, Cambridge University Press) 167 at 191.

53 Espey, S “Renewables portfolio standard: A means for trade with electricity from renewable energy sources?” (2001) 29 Energy Policy 557CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 558.

54 Gururaja, J “Energy for sustainable development: Review of national and international policies” (2003) 27 Natural Resources Forum 53CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 56.

55 YO Omorogbe “Promoting sustainable development through the use of renewable energy: The role of the law” in DN Zillman, C Redgwell, YO Omorogbe and LK Barrera-Hernandez (eds) Beyond the Carbon Economy: Energy Law in Transition (2008, Oxford University Press) 39 at 59.

56 Sambo, AS “Strategic developments in renewable energy in Nigeria” (2009) 3 International Association for Energy Economics Forum 15Google Scholar at 15.

57 Ibid.

58 African Development Bank Group “Nigeria: Economic and power sector reform program (EPSERP) appraisal report”, available at: <http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Nigeria_-_The_Economic_and_Power_Sector_Reform_Program__EPSERP__-_Appraisal_Report.pdf> (last accessed 22 July 2015).

59 European Environmental Agency “Climate change and a European low-carbon energy system” (2005) at 51.

60 “Top 7 suppliers of oil to the US” (30 July 2010) GlobalPost, available at: <http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/100726/top-7-us-oil-importers> (last accessed 6 February 2014).

61 International Energy Agency (IEA) “World energy outlook 2012” (2012, OECD / IEA) at 7.

62 NPC “Nigeria Vision 20: 2020 economic transformation blueprint” (2009) at 144.

63 Ibid.

64 Ibid.

65 Renewable Energy for the 21st Century (REN21) Energy for Development: The Potential Role of Renewable Energy in Meeting the Millennium Development Goals (2005, Worldwatch Institute) at 5.

66 Omorogbe “Promoting sustainable development”, above at note 55 at 41.

67 World Bank “Energy poverty issues and G8 actions” (2 February 2006), available at: <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRUSSIANFEDERATION/Resources/Energy_Poverty_Issues_Paper_Russia_G8_eng_summary.pdf> (last accessed 6 August 2013).

68 The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program “Proceedings of the International Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Policy Forum” (August 2006), available at: <http://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/FR_32706_ESMAPProceedingsRenewableenergy324-06.pdf> (last accessed 12 March 2014).

69 A Ghosh and H Gangania Governing Clean Energy Subsidies: What, Why and How Legal? (2012, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development) at 7.

70 IEA “World energy outlook 2004” (2004, IEA / OECD) at 332.

71 REN21 Energy for Development, above at note 65 at 8.

72 Ibid.

73 Id at 21.

74 Brems, E and Adekoya, CO “Human rights enforcement by people living in poverty: Access to justice in Nigeria” (2010) 54/2Journal of African Law 258CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 258.

75 GO Odularu “Crude oil and the Nigerian economic performance”, available at: <http://www.ogbus.ru/eng/authors/Odularo/Odularo_1.pdf> (last accessed 6 August 2013).

76 HI Mshelia “Energy access for all: The role of clean energy in alleviating energy poverty”, available at: <http://us.boell.org/sites/default/files/downloads/3_Green_Deal_Nigeria_CLEAN_ENERGY_FOR_ALL.pdf> (last accessed 18 June 2015); see also NPC “Report of the Vision 2020”, above at note 9 at 92–93.

77 See generally Trubek, DM and Galanter, M “Scholars in self-estrangement: Some reflections on the crisis in law and development studies in the United States” (1974) 4 Wisconsin Law Review 1062Google Scholar; Blake, RC “New development: The World Bank's draft comprehensive development framework and the micro-paradigm of law and development” (2000) 3 Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal 159Google Scholar.

78 DN Zillman, C Redgwell, YO Omorogbe and LK Barrera-Hernandez “Introduction” in Zillman et al (eds) Beyond the Carbon Economy, above at note 55, 3 at 6; World Commission on Environment and Development Our Common Future (1987, Oxford University Press) at 33.

79 P Koblowsky and C Ifejika-Speranza “African developments: Competing institutional arrangements for climate policy: The case of Nigeria” (German Development Institute briefing paper 7/12), available at: <http://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/BP_7.2012.pdf> (last accessed 12 March 2014).

80 Drimmer, J “Human rights and the extractive industries: Litigation and compliance trends” (2010) 3/2Journal of World Energy Law & Business 121CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 124.

81 See Moreno “Oil and gas exploration and production”, above at note 47 at 425. For environmental risks associated with the oil and gas industry, see N Bankes “Oil and gas and mining development in the Arctic: Legal issues” in N Loukacheva (ed) Polar Law Textbook (2010, Nordic Council of Ministers) 101 at 120.

82 (1996) 4 NWLR (pt 445) 657.

83 (1997) 6 NWLR (pt 508) 236.

84 (1993) 7 NWLR (pt 304) 203.

85 (1997) 1 NWLR (pt 480) 148.

86 (1999) 3 NWLR (pt 593) 1.

87 O Adejonwo-Osho “The evolution of human rights approaches to environmental protection in Nigeria”, available at:  <http://www.iucnael.org/en/documents/doc_download/70-adejonwo-osho-the-evolution-of-human-rights-approaches-to-environmental-protection-in-nigeria-.html> (last accessed 12 March 2014).

88 Above at note 82.

89 For an analysis of claims related to oil pollution, see Kaniye, E “Compensation for damage arising from oil operations: Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria v Ambah revisited” (2002) 7 International Energy Law & Taxation Review 155Google Scholar at 155–63.

90 FB Dayo Clean Energy Investment in Nigeria: The Domestic Context (2008, International Institute for Sustainable Development) at 8.

91 The six major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydro fluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride. See Rice, P “Climate change, Kyoto and the UK energy market” (2001) 2 International Energy Law & Taxation Review 34Google Scholar at 35.

92 D Murphy, J Drexhage, A Cosbey, D Tirpak and C Egenhofer Furthering EU Objectives on Climate Change and Clean Energy: Building Partnerships with Major Developing Economies (2008, International Institute for Sustainable Development) at 1.

93 J Podesta, T Stern and K Batten Capturing the Energy Opportunity: Creating a Low-Carbon Economy (2007, Center for American Progress) at 15.

94 M Mason “The end of justice: Climate vulnerability beyond the pale” in D Held, A Hervey and M Theros The Governance of Climate Change: Science, Economics, Politics & Ethics (2011, Polity Press) 162 at 164.

95 Ibid.

96 Podesta, Stern and Batten Capturing the Energy Opportunity, above at note 93 at 15.

97 See L Rajamani “The Indian way: Exploring the synergies between development, energy and climate goals” in Zillman et al (eds) Beyond the Carbon Economy, above at note 55, 419 at 426.

98 IPCC “Climate change 2007: Synthesis report: An assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”, available at: <http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf> (last accessed 12 March 2014).

99 UNFCCC, adopted 9 May 1992, entered into force 21 March 1994, 1771 UNTS 107,  art 2.

100 Adopted 11 December 1997, entered into force 16 February 2005, 2303 UNTS 148, art 25.

101 See J Eyzaguirre and N Kalas “Science and policy” in C Figueres (ed) Establishing National Authorities for the CDM: A Guide for Developing Countries (2002, International Institute for Sustainable Development and the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas) 1 at 12.

102 Kyoto Protocol, art 2(1)(a)(iv). See Barral, V “Sustainable development in international law: Nature and operation of an evolutive legal norm” (2012) 23/2European Journal of International Law 377CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 392–93.

103 This position has been maintained in Zillman et al (eds) Beyond the Carbon Economy, above at note 55.

104 Crow classified energy risks into health effects, ecosystem, climate and socio-political effects. See Crow, JF “Comparison of energy risks” (1981) 4 Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 262Google Scholar at 262–68.

105 See generally Glaser, PS, Brownell, FW and Schwartz, VE “Managing coal: How to achieve reasonable risk with an essential resource” (2011) 13 Vermont Journal of Environmental Law 177CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

106 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution “Biomass as a renewable energy source” (2004) at 3.

107 Akella, AK, Saini, RP and Sharma, MP “Social, economical and environmental impacts of renewable energy systems” (2009) 34 Renewable Energy 390CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 394.

108 Union of Concerned Scientists “Environmental impacts of biomass for electricity”, available at: <http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-biomass-for-electricity.html> (last accessed 22 July 2015).

109 Sambo, AS “Renewable energy for rural development: The Nigerian perspective“ (2005) 1 ISESCO Science and Technology Vision 13Google Scholar at 15.”

110 REN21 “Renewables 2010 global status report” (2010) at 18.

111 Sambo “Strategic developments”, above at note 56 at 16.

112 Royal Commission “Biomass as a renewable energy source”, above at note 106 at 9.

113 FS Ikuponisi “Status of renewable energy in Nigeria”, available at: <http://www.slideshare.net/ikuponisi/status-of-renewable-energy-in-nigeria-one-sky-ikuponisi-fs> (last accessed 6 February 2014).

114 Ibid.

115 Nnaji, CE, Uzoma, CC and Chukwu, JO “The role of renewable energy resources in poverty alleviation and sustainable development in Nigeria” (2010) 3 Continental Journal of Social Sciences 31Google Scholar at 35.

116 Uduma, K and Arciszwski, T “Sustainable energy development: The key to a stable Nigeria” (2010) 2 Sustainability 1558CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 1564.

117 Ibid.

118 W Mingyuan “Government incentives to promote renewable energy in the United States” XXIV/1 Temple Journal of Science, Technology & Environmental Law 355 at 356–66.

119 See Usman, A and Ifabiyi, IP “Socio-economic analysis of the operational impacts of Shiroro hydropower generation in the lowland areas of Middle River Niger” (2012) 2/4International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science 57Google Scholar at 58.

120 Holm “Renewable energy”, above at note 48 at 16.

121 See generally Sovacool, BK “Running on empty: The electricity-water nexus and the US electric utility sector” (2009) 30 Energy Law Journal 11Google Scholar, where the author expressed the need for the United States to regulate the use of water for hydroelectric generation.

122 Holm “Renewable energy”, above at note 48 at 16.

123 Mingyuan “Government incentives”, above at note 118 at 356.

124 Kaunda, CS, Kimambo, CZ and Nielsen, TK “Hydropower in the context of sustainable energy supply: A review of technologies and challenges” (2012) ISRN Renewable Energy 1Google Scholar at 5.

125 Ohunakin, OS “Energy utilisation and renewable energy in Nigeria” (2010) 5/2Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 171Google Scholar at 174.

126 Nnaji, Uzoma and Chukwu “The role of renewable energy”, above at note 115 at 34.

127 S Siddiqui “The hidden impacts of solar India”, available at: <http://infochangeindia.org/environment/features/the-hidden-impacts-of-solar-india.html> (last accessed 12 March 2014).

128 Ibid.

129 Ibid.

130 VM Fthenakis “Overview of potential hazards”, available at: <http://www.bnl.gov/pv/files/pdf/art_170.pdf> (last accessed 6 August 2013).

131 Pershing, J and MacKenzie, J “Removing subsidies: levelling the playing field for renewable energy technologies” (2004) 2/2Oil, Gas & Energy Law IntelligenceGoogle Scholar, available at: <https:// www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=1223> (last accessed 19 June 2014).

132 Sambo “Renewable energy”, above at note 109 at 15.

133 Ibid.

134 Awogbemi, O and Komolafe, CA “Potential for sustainable renewable energy development in Nigeria” (2011) 12/1The Pacific Journal of Science & Technology 161Google Scholar at 164.

135 Bradbrook, AJ “Creating law for next generation energy technologies” (2011) 2 George Washington Journal of Energy & Environmental Law 17Google Scholar at 35.

136 Czajkowski, SD “Focusing on demand side management in the future of the electric grid” (2010) 4 Pittsburgh Journal of Environmental & Public Health Law 115CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 128.

137 Mingyuan “Government incentives”, above at note 118 at 357.

138 Giddings, NC “Go offshore young man! The categorical exclusion solution to offshore wind farm development on the outer continental shelf” (2011) 2 George Washington Journal of Energy & Environmental Law 75Google Scholar at 75–86.

139 Bradbrook “Creating law”, above at note 135 at 36.

140 Farquhar, N “Energy, security, climate: Converging solutions” (2009) 29 Journal of Land, Resources & Environmental Law 1Google Scholar at 10.

141 Sambo “Strategic developments”, above at note 56 at 18.

142 Chineke, CT “Boosting electricity supply in Nigeria: Wind energy to the rescue?” (2009) 10/2The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology 553Google Scholar at 558.

143 Dosunmu, A and Omayone, B “An overview of Nigeria energy profile for power generation” (2003) 22/4Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment 32Google Scholar at 34.

144 Tsoutsos, T, N Frantzeskaki and V Gekas “Environmental impacts from the solar energy technologies” (2003) 33 Energy Policy 289CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 289.

145 See generally M Pettersson Renewable Energy Development and the Function of Law: A Comparative Study of Legal Rules Related to the Planning, Installation and Operation of Windmills (doctoral thesis, 2008, Luleå University of Technology).

146 Pillai, A, Reid, CT, Black, AR “Reconciling renewable energy and the local impacts of hydro-electric development” (2005) 7/2Environmental Law Review 110CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 110–23, for an analysis in relation to hydroelectric power.

147 Voutilainen, P “Developing energy policy for Europe: A Finnish perspective on energy cooperation in the European Union” (2008) 29 Energy Law Journal 121Google Scholar at 126.

148 Fershee, JP “Changing resources, changing market: The impact of a national renewable portfolio standard on the US energy industry” (2008) 29 Energy Law Journal 49Google Scholar at 50.

149 McKinsey, JA “Regulating the avian impact under the migratory bird treaty act and other laws: The wind industry collides with one of its own, the environmental protection movement” (2007) 28 Energy Law Journal 71Google Scholar at 90. In relation to the United Kingdom, see Norris, W and Bucknall, S “Capacity versus output (and other energy policy issues) in UK wind farm planning” (2009) 7 Journal of Planning & Environment Law 831Google Scholar at 832.

150 See Strange, JR “Weaving a tangled web: The intersection of energy policy and broader governmental policies” (2009–10) 5/1Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, & Energy Law 1Google Scholar at 34–39.

151 “Nigeria oil blast kills scores” (22 June 2003) BBC News, available at: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3009756.stm> (last accessed 22 July 2015); see also Sovacool, BK “The costs of failure: A preliminary assessment of major energy accidents, 1907–2007” (2008) 36 Energy Policy 1802CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 1806–07.

152 See generally R Lyster and A Bradbrook Energy Law and the Environment (2006, Cambridge University Press).

153 Davies “Reconciling renewable portfolio standards”, above at note 1 at 316.

154 I Bjork, C Connors, T Welch, D Shaw and W Hewitt Encouraging Renewable Energy Development: A Handbook for International Energy Regulators (2011, US Agency for International Development and National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners) at 2.

155 See Vandenbergh, MP and Rossi, J “Good for you, bad for us: The financial disincentive for net demand reduction” (2012) 65/6Vanderbilt Law Review 1527Google Scholar at 1555.

156 Menanteau, P, Finon, D and Lamy, M-L “Prices versus quantities: Choosing policies for promoting the development of renewable energy” (2003) 31 Energy Policy 799CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 807.

157 See J-C Pielow, H-M Koopmann and E Ehlers “Energy law in Germany” in M Roggenkamp, C Redgwell, I Guayo and A Rønne Energy Law in Europe, National, EU and Internal Regulation (2nd ed, 2007, Oxford University Press) 623 at 696; Newbery, DM “Contracting for wind generation” (2012) 1/2Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy 19CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 19.

158 Multi-Year Tariff Order for the Determination of the Cost of Electricity Generation 2012.

159 Id, para 4.4.1.

160 Id, para 6.

161 Renewable Energy Sources Act 2012, sec 5.

162 Ibid.

163 Ibid.

164 Ibid.

165 Id, sec 21.

166 Id, secs 23–33.

167 Ibid.

168 Id, sec 20.

169 Davies, LL “Power forward: The argument for a national RPS” (2010) 42 Connecticut Law Review 1339Google Scholar at 1386.

170 Ibid.

171 G Pireddu “Subsidies and market mechanisms in energy policy” in C Clini, I Musu and ML Gullino (eds) Sustainable Development and Environmental Management: Experiences and Case Studies (2008, Springer) 301 at 309.

172 Davies “Power Forward”, above at note 169 at 1359.

173 M Mendonça, D Jacobs and BK Sovacool Powering the Green Economy: The Feed-In Tariff Handbook (2010, Earthscan) at 150–51.

174 Mormann, F “Enhancing the investor appeal of renewable energy” (2012) 42 Environmental Law 681Google Scholar at 692.

175 E Martinot “Global renewable energy markets and policies”, available at: <http://www.martinot.info/Martinot_NAR.pdf> (last accessed 12 March 2014).

176 European Wind Energy Association “Support schemes for renewable energy: A comparative analysis of payment mechanisms in the EU” (2005) at 33.

177 Mortenson, BOG “International experiences of wind energy” (2008) 2 Environment & Energy Law & Policy Journal 179Google Scholar at 202.

178 RL Ottinger, L Mathews and NE Czachor “Renewable energy in national legislation: Challenges and opportunities” in Zillman et al (eds) Beyond the Carbon Economy, above at note 55, 183 at 199.

179 See Renewable Energy Law 2009, arts 12, 14, 15, 24 and 25.

180 Mormann “Enhancing the investor appeal”, above at note 174 at 694–95.

181 Lewis, JI and Wiser, RH “Fostering a renewable energy technology industry: An international comparison of wind industry policy support mechanisms” (2007) 35 Energy Policy 1844CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 1855.

182 EPSRA, sec 63.

183 Id, sec 62 (2).

184 Environmental Impact Assessment Act 1992, sec 2.

185 EPSRA, sec 70.

186 See Environmental Impact Assessment Act, sec 60.

187 See Oni The Nigerian Electric Power Sector, above at note 29 at 140.

188 See Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, as amended (the Constitution), sec 6(6)(b).

189 N Sinden and S Smyth “Issues for Financiers” in M Bonass and M Rudd Renewables: A Practical Handbook (2010, Globe Business Publishing Limited) 49 at 60.

190 See Wiseman, H, Grisamer, L and Saunders, EN “Formulating a law of sustainable energy: The renewable component” (2011) 28 Pace Environmental Law Review 887Google Scholar at 898–99.

191 See Outka, U “The renewable energy footprint” (2011) 30 Stanford Environmental Law Journal 241Google Scholar at 283–85.

192 EPSRA, sec 82(4) and (5).

193 IEA “Renewable energy policy considerations for deploying renewables 2011” (2011, IEA / OECD) at 34.

194 EPSRA, sec 78.

195 Right to property is guaranteed under sec 44 of the Constitution and art 14 of the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights (adopted 27 June 1981, entered into force 21 October 1986).

196 See the Constitution, sec 6(6)(b).