Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T03:45:37.768Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Moral Imperatives: South Korean Studenthood and April 19th

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 May 2012

Get access

Abstract

An oft-overlooked part of the Global Sixties, the seminal event of April 19th (1960) set the foundation for South Korea's combative, youth-driven democratization struggles between the years 1960 and 1987. This article turns to the eve of the eight-week protest movement in order to examine the production of students as a nationwide social organization of youths well-versed in nationalist discourse and conversant in patriotic practices. Throughout the heady weeks of February, March, and April 1960, youthful protestors drew on elements of this ideological training in an unlikely fashion to employ them in protests against the state. Taking full advantage of the privileged position of students in nationalist discourse, the protestors of April 19th cemented the importance of the upright student demonstration in South Korea's emerging postcolonial, Cold War political landscape.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Armstrong, Charles K. 1995. “Centering the Periphery: Manchurian Exile(s) and the North Korean State.” Korean Studies 19:116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, Charles K. 2002. The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Ch’angmun [Window]. 1958. Seoul: Nagyang chung kodūng hakkyo hakto hoguktan hagyebu.Google Scholar
Choi, Hyaewol. 1991. “The Societal Impact of Student Politics in Contemporary South Korea.” Higher Education 22(2):175–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakto Hoguktan, Chungang, ed. 1959. Hakto hoguktan 10-yŏnji [Ten years of the National Defense Student Corps]. Seoul: Chungang Hakto hoguktan.Google Scholar
Clemens, Elisabeth S. 1996. “Organizational Form as Frame: Collective Identity and Political Strategy in the American Labor Movement, 1880–1920.” In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, eds. McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N., 205–26. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Connery, Christopher. 2009. “The End of the Sixties.” boundary 2 36(1):183210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cumings, Bruce. 1981. The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dong, Wonmo. 1988. “Student Politics and the Presidential Politics of 1987 in South Korea.” In Political Change in South Korea, eds. Kim, Ilpyong J. and Kihl, Young W.169188. New York: Korean PWPA.Google Scholar
Douglas, William A. 1963. “Korean Students and Politics.” Asian Survey 3(12):584–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esherick, Joseph W. and Wasserstrom, Jeffrey n.. 1990. “Acting Out Democracy: Political Theater in Modern China.” The Journal of Asian Studies 49(4):835–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagwŏn [Students' Garden]. 1957.Google Scholar
Chŏngsin Munhwa Yŏnguwŏn, Hanguk, ed. 2001. Nae ka kyŏkkŭn minju wa tokchae [Democracy and dictatorship as I endured them]. Seoul: Sŏnin.Google Scholar
Hanguk ilbo [Hankook ilbo]. 1960. Seoul: Hanguk ilbosa.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, eds. 1992. The Invention of Tradition. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Dong-Choon. 1997. “4.19 ŭi chaejomyŏng” [Reexamining April 19th]. In Pundan kwa Hanguk sahoe [National division and South Korean society], ch. 6. Seoul: Yŏksa pip'yŏngsa.Google Scholar
Kim, Quee-Young. 1996. “From Protest to Change of Regime: The 4-19 Revolt and the Fall of the Rhee Regime in South Korea.” Social Forces 74(4):11791208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
P‘yŏnch’an Wiwŏnhoe, Kuksa, ed. 1968–2007. Charyo Taehan minguk sa [Historical sources of the Republic of Korea], 26 vols. Seoul: Kuksa p'yŏnch'an wiwŏnhoe.Google Scholar
Lee, Eun-Jin. 2004. Kŭndae Masan: apch'uk toen mosun ŭi p'okpalji [Modern Masan: explosive site of compressed contradictions]. Masan: Kyǒngnam taehakkyo ch'ulp'anbu.Google Scholar
Lee, Namhee. 2007. The Making of Minjung: Democracy and the Politics of Representation in South Korea. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Manela, Erez. 2007. The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chinsang Chosadan, Masan Sakŏn, ed. 1960. Masan sakŏn chinsang pogosŏ [Report on the real facts of the Masan incident]. Seoul: Taehan pyŏnhosa hyŏphoe.Google Scholar
Mungyobu, . 1959a. Chunghak toŭi II [Middle school morality II]. 3d ed.Seoul: Taehan kyokwasŏ chusik hoesa.Google Scholar
Mungyobu, . 1959b. Kodŭng todŏk I [High school morals I]. 4th ed.Seoul: Taehan kyokwasŏ chusik hoesa.Google Scholar
Mungyobu, . 1959c. Kodŭng todŏk III [High school morals III]. 4th ed.Seoul: Taehan kyokwasŏ chusik hoesa.Google Scholar
Mungyobu, . 1960. Chunghak todŏk I [Middle school morals I]. 4th ed.Seoul: Taehan kyokwasŏ chusik hoesa.Google Scholar
Mungyobu, . 1962. Kodŭng todŏk II [High school morals II]. 7th ed.Seoul: Taehan kyokwasŏ chusik hoesa.Google Scholar
Ross, Kristin. 2002. May ’68 and Its Afterlives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Saebyŏk [Daybreak]. 1960. Seoul: Saebyŏksa.Google Scholar
Segye [World]. 1960. Seoul: Kukche munhwa yŏnguso.Google Scholar
Chubaek, Sin. 2006. “Ch'eyuk kyoyuk ŭi kunsahwa wa kangje toen kŏngang” [The militarization of physical education and coerced healthfulness]. In Singminji ŭi ilsang: chibae wa kyunyŏl [The colonial everyday: domination and fissures], eds. Cheuk, Kong and ChŏKŭnsik, ng229256. Seoul: Munhwa kwahaksa.Google Scholar
Chint'ae, Son. 1955. Kuksa taeyo [Overview of national history]. Seoul: Ŭryu munhwasa.Google Scholar
Insu, Son. 1994. Hanguk kyoyuk undongsa I: 1950-yŏndae kyoyuk ŭi yŏksa insik [History of Movements in South Korean Education, vol. 1: The historical awareness of 1950s education]. Seoul: Munŭmsa.Google Scholar
Kyokwasŏ Chusik Hoesa, Taehan, ed. 1988. Taehan kyokwasŏsa, 1948–1983 [History of the Great Han textbook company]. Seoul: Taehan kyokwasŏ chusik hoesa.Google Scholar
Taeryun 80-yŏnsa P’yŏnch'an Wiwŏnhoe, , ed. 2001. Taeryun 80-yŏnsa [Eighty-year history of the Taeryun School]. Taegu: Taeryun chung kodŭng hakkyo tongch'anghoe.Google Scholar
Tanguk. 1960. Seoul: Tanguk chung kudŭng hakkyo yebu.Google Scholar
Tonga ilbo [The Dong-A Ilbo]. 1960. Seoul: Tonga ilbosa.Google Scholar
Yamashita, Samuel H. 1996. “Confucianism and the Japanese State, 1904–1945.” In Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and the Four Mini-Dragons, ed. Weiming, Tu132154. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hangnae, Yi. 2003. Hanguk ch'eyuksa yŏngu [Research in the history of Korean athletics]. Seoul: Kukhak charyowŏn.Google Scholar
Pyŏngdo, Yi. 1948. Chosŏnsa taegwan [Survey of Korean history]. Seoul: Tongjisa.Google Scholar
Pyŏngdo, Yi. 1956. Chungdŭng kuksa [Middle school national history]. Seoul: Ŭryu munhwasa.Google Scholar
Chŏngŭn, Yŏn. 2003. “An Hosang ŭi Ilminjuŭi wa chŏngch'i kyoyuk hwaltong” [An Hosang's one people principle and his involvement in politics and education]. Yŏksa yŏngu [History Research] 12:738.Google Scholar
Chŏngŭn, Yŏn. 2004. “Kamsi esŏ tongwŏn ŭro, tongwŏn esŏ kyuyul ro: 1950-yŏndae Hakto hoguktan ŭl chungsim ŭro” [From surveillance to mobilization, from mobilization to discipline: with a focus on the NDSC of the 1950s]. Yŏksa yŏngu [History research] 14:199253.Google Scholar
Chino, Yu. 1955. Chŏngch'i saenghwal [Political life]. Seoul: Ilchogak.Google Scholar
3.15 ŭigŏ [The March 15th righteous uprising]. 1995. Masan: 3.15 ŬIGŎ kinyŏm saŏphoe.Google Scholar
4.19 Charyo. 1960. 10203-1-10. Yŏnse kirok pojonso [Yonsei University document reservoir] Yonsei University, Seoul.Google Scholar