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Conditional analysis on extreme wall shear stress and heat flux events in compressible turbulent boundary layers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2023

Peng-Jun-Yi Zhang Open the ORCID record for Peng-Jun-Yi Zhang [Opens in a new window] ,
Zhen-Hua Wan Open the ORCID record for Zhen-Hua Wan [Opens in a new window] ,
Si-Wei Dong Open the ORCID record for Si-Wei Dong [Opens in a new window] ,
Nan-Sheng Liu Open the ORCID record for Nan-Sheng Liu [Opens in a new window] ,
De-Jun Sun  and
Xi-Yun Lu Open the ORCID record for Xi-Yun Lu [Opens in a new window]
Peng-Jun-Yi Zhang
Affiliation:
Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
Zhen-Hua Wan*
Affiliation:
Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
Si-Wei Dong
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, PR China
Nan-Sheng Liu
Affiliation:
Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
De-Jun Sun*
Affiliation:
Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
Xi-Yun Lu
Affiliation:
Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
*
†Email addresses for correspondence: wanzh@ustc.edu.cn, dsun@ustc.edu.cn
†Email addresses for correspondence: wanzh@ustc.edu.cn, dsun@ustc.edu.cn
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Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive analysis on the extreme positive and negative events of wall shear stress and heat flux fluctuations in compressible turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) solved by direct numerical simulations. To examine the compressibility effects, we focus on the extreme events in two representative cases, i.e. a supersonic TBL of Mach number $M=2$ and a hypersonic TBL of $M=8$, by scrutinizing the coherent structures and their correlated dynamics based on conditional analysis. As characterized by the spatial distribution of wall shear stress and heat flux, the extreme events are indicated to be closely related to the structural organization of wall streaks, in addition to the occurrence of the alternating positive and negative structures (APNSs) in the hypersonic TBL. These two types of coherent structures are strikingly different, namely the nature of wall streaks and APNSs are shown to be related to the solenoidal and dilatational fluid motions, respectively. Quantitative analysis using a volumetric conditional average is performed to identify and extract the coherent structures that directly account for the extreme events. It is found that in the supersonic TBL, the essential ingredients of the conditional field are hairpin-like vortices, whose combinations can induce wall streaks, whereas in the hypersonic TBL, the essential ingredients become hairpin-like vortices as well as near-wall APNSs. To quantify the momentum and energy transport mechanisms underlying the extreme events, we proposed a novel decomposition method for extreme skin friction and heat flux, based on the integral identities of conditionally averaged governing equations. Taking advantage of this decomposition method, the dominant transport mechanisms of the hairpin-like vortices and APNSs are revealed. Specifically, the momentum and energy transports undertaken by the hairpin-like vortices are attributed to multiple comparable mechanisms, whereas those by the APNSs are convection dominated. In that, the dominant transport mechanisms in extreme events between the supersonic and hypersonic TBLs are indicated to be totally different.

JFM classification

Compressible Flows: Compressible boundary layers Boundary Layers: Boundary layer structure
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 974 , 10 November 2023 , A38
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

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