Migraine is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and a recognized contributor to health disparities with public health implications. Although migraine is a highly prevalent neurological condition, research on the cognitive manifestations of migraines is inconsistent. Studies have confirmed neurocognitive compromise during the presence of a migraine attack, with it’s onset and frequency being associated with greater cognitive decline. Research on the cognitive implications of migraines in underserved communities is scarce. The American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study (2015) found that the prevalence of chronic migraines was the highest amongst Hispanic females compared to White females. Latina/os are 50% less likely to receive a migraine diagnosis and adequate headache medication when compared to non-Hispanic White patients. Latina women were more likely to report somatic symptoms than White and African American participants (F=8.96; p>0.001) (Liefland et al., 2014). Somatoform disorders are often diagnosed amongst Latina/os to account for medical unexplained symptoms, and if misdiagnosed can be stigmatizing and detrimental to treatment. We illustrate the critical role that neuropsychologists play by utilizing Socially Responsible Neuropsychology (SRN), a theoretical framework that promotes equitable and precise neuropsychological care to reduce misdiagnosis, elucidate cognitive implications, and address the complex medical needs of Latina/o/ patients. Given the limited literature on migraines and neurocognitive functioning, our objective is to present two case studies to illustrate the neuropsychological implications among bilingual Latina/o with chronic migraines.

Two highly educated Latina/o women, ages 39 and 41 years old, with chronic migraines, cognitive decline, diagnoses and a history of somatization symptoms. The onset of symptoms was gradual, worsening in intensity and frequency, along with notable motor symptoms (e.g., paralysis, weakness, numbness, bilateral tremors), photophobia, and phonophobia. Their cognitive complaints were conceptualized as part of a somatoform presentation by their providers.

The SRN model guided clinical decision-making to establish reliable normative anchors to identify relative impairment compared to premorbid estimates. Testing was completed in English after establishing language dominance via English and Spanish measures of verbal fluency. Cognitive profiles identified declines in attention, processing speed, language, perceptual reasoning, visual memory, executive functioning, motor functioning, and notable decline in their functioning over several years. The neuropsychological profile discounted the presence of a somatoform disorder. One case was diagnosed with an Unspecified Mild Neurocognitive Disorder, while the other case met criteria for a Major Neurocognitive Disorder due to Multiple Etiologies (i.e., vascular contribution, migraines, history of other contributions- choking episode).

Given the decline in each profile, it was hypothesized that the patients’ utilization of compensatory strategies and higher education may have masked the onset of symptoms. These complex cases highlight the need for comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations that are culturally and linguistically responsive to boost the sensitivity of accurate diagnosis. The ability to objectively capture neurocognitive decline offers a unique opportunity to enhance treatment, which would have otherwise remained undetected and untreated. The SRN model enhanced diagnostic considerations, treatment planning, and allowed for advocacy strategies to improve the quality of life, and access to culturally/linguistically appropriate resources.