No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Discriminant inter and intrapopulation variation in sagittal otolith shape and morphometry in Chelon ramada (Actinopterygii, Mugilidae) from the Boughrara and El Bibane lagoons in Tunisian waters
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 February 2024
Abstract
Variations in sagittal otolith shape and morphometry, including length (Lo), width (Wo), area (Ao), and perimeter (Po), were investigated in two populations of Chelon ramada collected from the Boughrara and El Bibane lagoons located in southeastern Tunisia. The objective was to assess the geographic variation in the sagittal otoliths' shape and morphometry and the effect of potential fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in morphometry on the stock structure of C. ramada in the two lagoons to inform on appropriate management procedures. At the interpopulation level, analysis of sagittal otolith shape showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0001), i.e. there was a bilateral asymmetry, in the shape of left and right otoliths between individuals of the two populations. In addition, significant FA was found only in Lo between the left and right otoliths. At the intrapopulation level, a significant shape difference (P < 0.0001), particularly asymmetry, was observed in both left and right otoliths between males and females, indicating sexual dimorphism in shape within the Boughrara lagoon. However, significant shape similarity, i.e. symmetry, was observed in the left and right otoliths among individuals of the El Bibane lagoon. Moreover, a significant FA was detected in Lo between the left and right otoliths only among males, as well as between males and females of the Boughrara lagoon. However, a significant FA between the left and right otoliths was found only in Wo among males and in all morphometric dimensions among females and Wo between males and females of the El Bibane lagoon. Discriminant function analysis of the otolith contour shape confirmed the presence of two separate C. ramada stocks, one corresponding to the Boughrara lagoon and the other representing the El Bibane lagoon, which should be managed separately. The possible cause of morphological variation in the sagittal otoliths' shape and morphometry due to FA between individuals of the two populations was discussed in relation to the biotic and abiotic factors.
Keywords
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
References
Abdenadher, M, Hamza, A, Feki, W, Hannachi, I, Zouari-Belaa, A, Brada, N and Aleya, L (2012) Factors determining the dynamics of toxic blooms of Alexandrium minutum during a 10-year study along the shallow southwestern Mediterranean coasts. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 106, 102–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Afli, A, Boufahja, F, Sadraoui, S, Ben Mustpha, K, Aissa, P and Mrabet, R (2009) Functional organization of the benthic macrofauna in the Bizerte lagoon (SW Mediterranean Sea), semienclosed area subject to strong environmental/ anthropogenic variations. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 50, 105–117.Google Scholar
Akrout, J (2012) Étude des paramètres biologiques de la daurade royale Sparus aurata et du sparaillon Diplodus annularis (Téléostéens, Sparidae) de la lagune El Biban. Mastère Institut Nationale Agronomique de Tunis.Google Scholar
Anderson, MJ and Robinson, J (2003) Generalized discriminant analysis based on distances. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics 45, 301–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avigliano, E, Jawad, LA and Volpedo, LA (2016) Assessment of the morphometry of saccular otoliths as a tool to identify triplefin species (Tripterygiidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, 1167–1180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bani, A, Poursaeid, S and Tuset, VM (2013) Comparative morphology of the sagittal otolith in three species of south Caspian gobies. Journal of Fish Biology 82, 1321–1332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bautista-Vega, AA, Letourneur, Y, Harmelin-Vivien, ML and Salen Picard, C (2008) Difference in diet and size related trophic level in two sympatric fish species, the red mullets Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus, in the Gulf of Lions (north-west Mediterranean Sea). Journal of Fish Biology 73, 2402–2420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben Abdeladhim, L (2003) Contribution à l’étude d'une ascidie d'intérêt économique Ecteinascidia turbinata dans la lagune des Bibans et la mer limitrophe. Projet de fin d’étude ingénieur. Institut Nationale Agronomique de Tunis 6–23.Google Scholar
Ben Aoun, Z, Farhat, F, Chouba, L and Hadjali, MS (2007) Investigation on possible chemical pollution of the Boughrara lagoon, south of Tunisia, by chemical wasts. Bulletin de l'Institut National des Sciences et Technologies Mer de Salammbô 34, 119–128.Google Scholar
Ben Labidi, M, Mejri, M, Shahin, AAB, Quignard, JP, Trabelsi, M and Ben Faleh, AR (2020a) Stock discrimination of the bogue Boops (Actinopterygii, Sparidae) form two Tunisian Marine Stations using the otolith shape. Acta Ictyologica et Piscatoria 50, 413–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben Labidi, M, Mejri, M, Shahin, AAB, Quignard, JP, Trabelsi, M and Ben Faleh, AR (2020b) Otolith fluctuating asymmetry in Boops boops (Actinopterygii, Sparidae) from two marine stations (Bizerte and Kelibia) in Tunisian waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, 1135–1146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben Mohamed, S, Mejri, M, Ben Faleh, A, Allaya, H, Jmil, I, Rebaya, M, Chalh, A, Quignard, JP and Trabelsi, M (2019) Otolith shape as a valuable tool to evaluate the stock structure of Mullus barbatus from two Tunisian lagoons (Boughrara and El Biban). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 60, 507–516.Google Scholar
Ben Rejeb Jenhani, A and Romdhane, MS (2002) Impacts des perturbations anthropiques sur l’évolution de phytoplancton de la lagune de Boughrara, (Tunisie). Bulletin de l'Institut National des Sciences et Technologies Mer de Salammbô 29, 65–75.Google Scholar
Berg, F, Almeland, OW, Skadal, J, Slotte, A, Andersson, L and Folkvord, A (2018) Genetic factors have a major effect on growth, number of vertebrae and otolith shape in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). PLoS ONE 13, e0190995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blel, H, Said, K and Durand, JD (2013) Analyse moléculaire des relations phylogénétiques au sein des six espèces de Mugilidae en Tunisie. Bulletin de l'Institut National des Sciences et Technologies Mer de Salammbô 40, 43–49.Google Scholar
Borelli, G, Mayer-Gostan, N, Merle, PL, De Pontual, H, Boeuf, G, Allemand, D and Payan, P (2003) Composition of biomineral organic matrices with special emphasis on turbot (Psetta maxima) otolith and endolymph. Calcified Tissue International 72, 717–725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bose, A, Adragna, J and Balshine, S (2017) Otolith morphology varies between populations, sexes, and male alternative reproductive tactics in a vocal toadfish Porichthys notatus. Journal of Fish Biology 90, 311–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bounouh, A (2010) Nouvelles approches en matière de protection et de gestion du littoral en Tunisie. Méditerranée revues 115, 45–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Box, GEP and Cox, DR (1964) An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B: Statistical Methodology 26, 211–252.Google Scholar
Brahim, M, Atoui, A, Sammari, C and Aleya, L (2014) Surface sediment dynamics along the eastern coast of Djerba Island (Gabes Gulf, Tunisia). Journal of African Earth Sciences 92, 45–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brahim, M, Atoui, A, Sammari, C and Aleya, L (2015) Surface sediment dynamics along the Tunisian coast at Skhira (Gulf of Gabes, south-eastern Tunisia). Journal of African Earth Sciences 112, 73e82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bremm, CQ and Schulz, UH (2014) Otolith atlas of fish of the Sinos River. Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, 274–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callicó Fortunato, R, Benedito Durà, V and Volpedo, AV (2014) The morphology of saccular otoliths as a tool to identify different mugilid species from the Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 146, 95–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campana, SE and Neilson, JD (1985) Microstructure of fish otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, 1014–1032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cañás, L, Stransky, C, Schlickeisen, J, Sampedro, MP and Fariña, AC (2012) Use of the otolith shape analysis in stock identification of anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) in the Northeast Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, 250–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capoccioni, F, Costa, C, Aguzzi, J, Menesatti, P, Lombarte, A and Ciccotti, E (2011) Ontogenetic and environmental effects on otolith shape variability in three Mediterranean European eel (Anguilla anguilla, L.) local stocks. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 397, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardinale, M, Doering-Arjes, P, Kastowsky, M and Mosegaared, H (2004) Effects of sex stock and environment on the shape of known-age Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, 158–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly Yahia, MN and Romdhane, MS (1996) Contribution à la connaissance des cycles saisonnières du zooplancton de la mer de Boughrara (Ensemble de la commuté zooplanctonique). Review de l'Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie 11, 7–27.Google Scholar
Daly Yahia, MN, Kefi, O and Romdhane, MS (1994) Les phosphates dans la lagune de BouGhrara. Bulletin de l'Institut National des Sciences et Technologies Mer de Salammbô 42–45.Google Scholar
DGPA (1999) Etude de l'amélioration de la qualité de l'eau de la lagune de BouGhrara. Phase I - partie II : collecte et synthèse des études antérieures. Direction Générale de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture 1–105.Google Scholar
DGPA (2000) Etude de l'amélioration de la qualité de l'eau de la lagune de Bou Ghrara, Phase I partie II: Diagnostic de la situation actuelle (Tome 2: Annexes) version définitive. Direction Générale de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture 1–136.Google Scholar
DGPA (2015) Annuaire des statistiques de pêche en Tunisie. République tunisienne: Direction Générale de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture (DGPA), Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche.Google Scholar
D'Iglio, C, Famulari, S, Albano, M, Carnevale, A, Di Fresco, D, Costanzo, M, Lanteri, G, Spanò, N, Savoca, S and Capillo, G (2023) Intraspecific variability of the saccular and utricular otoliths of the hatchetfish Argyropelecus hemigymnus (Cocco, 1829) from the Strait of Messina (Central Mediterranean Sea). PLoS One 18, e0281621.Google ScholarPubMed
Duarte-Neto, P, Lessa, R, Stosic, B and Morize, E (2008) The use of sagittal otoliths in discriminating stocks of common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) off northeastern Brazil using multi shape descriptors. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, 1144–1152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fehri-Bedoui, R, Gharbi, H and El Abed, A (2002) Période de reproduction et maturité sexuelle de Liza aurata des côtes Est et Sud de la Tunisie. Bulletin de l'Institut National des Sciences et Technologies Mer de Salammbô 29, 11–15.Google Scholar
Feki, W, Hamza, A, Frossard, V, Abdennadher, M, Hannachi, I, Jacquot, M, Bel Hassen, M and Aleya, L (2013) What are the potential drivers of blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia selliformis? A 10–year study in the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia, southwestern Mediterranean Sea. Harmful Algae 23, 8–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferri, J, Bartulin, K and Škeljo, F (2018) Variability of otolith morphology and morphometry in eight juvenile fish species in the coastal eastern Adriatic. Croatian Journal of Fisheries 76, 91–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, RA (1936) The utilization of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems. Annals of Eugenics 7, 179–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortunato, CRV, Benedito Durà, BV, González-Castro, M and Volpedo, A (2017) Morphologic and morphometric changes of sagittae otoliths related to fish growth in three Mugilidae species. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 33, 1137–1145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gagliano, M and McCormick, MI (2004) Feeding history influences otolith shape in tropical fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 278, 291–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galley, EA, Wright, PJ and Gibb, FM (2006) Combined methods of otolith shape analysis improve identification of spawning areas of Atlantic cod. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, 1710–1717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Castro, M and Ghasemsadeh, J (2015) Morphology based taxonomy. In Crosetti, D and Blaber, S (eds), Biology, Ecology and Culture of Mullets (Mugilidae). Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
González-Castro, M and Minos, G (2015) Sexuality and reproduction. In Crosetti, D and Blaber, S (eds), Biology, Ecology and Culture of Mullets (Mugilidae). Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 227–263.Google Scholar
González-Castro, M, Abachian, V and Perrotta, RG (2009) Age and growth of the striped mullet Mugil platanus (Actinopterygii, Mugilidae), in a south-western Atlantic coastal lagoon (37°32′S-57°19′W): a proposal for a life-history model. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25, 61–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Castro, M, Macchi, GJ and Cousseau, MB (2011) Studies on reproduction of the mullet Mugil platanus Günther, 1880 (Actinopterygii, Mugilidae) from the Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, Argentina: similarities and differences with related species. Italian Journal of Zoology 78, 343–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez-Salas, C and Lenfant, P (2007) Interannual variability and intraannual stability of the otolith shape in European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (L.) in the Bay of Biscay. Journal of Fish Biology 70, 35–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guetat, F, Sellem, F, Akrout, F, Brahim, M, Atoui, A, Ben Romdhane, MS and Daly Yahia, MN (2012) Etat environnemental de la lagunede Boughrara et ses alentours deux ans apre`s les travaux d'aménagementet d'élargissement du pont d'el Kantara. Bulletin de l'Institut National des Sciences et Technologies Mer de Salammbô 39, 149–160.Google Scholar
Hamza, A (1991) Etude de phénomène d'eau colorée apparue à la mer Bougrara en été 1991. Bulletin de l'Institut National des Sciences et Technique d'Océanographie et de Pêche 1–10.Google Scholar
Hüssy, K (2008) Otolith shape in juvenile cod (Gadus morhua): ontogenetic and environmental effects. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 364, 35–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwata, H and Ukai, Y (2002) SHAPE: a computer program package for quantitative evaluation of biological shapes based on elliptic Fourier descriptors. Journal of Heredity 93, 384–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jawad, LA and Al-Sadighzadeh, Z (2013) Otolith mass asymmetry in the mugilid fish, Liza klunzingeri (Day, 1888) collected from Persian Gulf near Bandar Abbas. Anales de Biologia 35, 105–107.Google Scholar
Jawad, LA, Al-Mamry, JM, Hager, M, Al-Mamari, M, Al-Yarubi, M, Al-Busaidi, HK and Al-Mamary, DS (2011) Otolith mass asymmetry in Rhynchorhamphus georgi (Valenciennes, 1846) (Family: Hemiramphidae) collected from the Sea of Oman. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 17, 47–55.Google Scholar
Jawad, LA, Hoedemakers, K, Ibáñez, A, Ahmed, YA, Abu El-Regal, MA and Mehanna, SF (2018) Morphology study of the otoliths of the parrotfish, Chlorurus sordidus (Forsskål, 1775) and Hipposcarus harid (Forsskål, 1775) from the Red Sea coast of Egypt (Family: Scaridae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, 819–828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jmil, I, Ben Faleh, A, Rebaya, M, Allaya, H, Ben Mohamed, S, Trojette, M, Chalh, A, Quignard, JP and Trabelsi, M (2019) Otolith shape analysis as a tool for stock discrimination of Liza aurata from two Tunisian lagoons (Boughrara and El Biban). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 60, 167–174.Google Scholar
Kasımoğlu, C and Yılmaz, F (2012) Feeding habits of the thin-lipped grey mullet, Liza ramada, in Gökova Bay in the southern Aegean Sea (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae). Zoology in the Middle East 56, 55–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keith, P, Le Bail, PY and Planquette, P (2000) Atlas des poissons d'eau douce deGuyane (tome 2, fascicule I). Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.Google Scholar
Kesteven, GL (ed.) (1960) Manual of Field Methods in Fisheries Biology. FAO Manuals in Fisheries Sciences, No. 1. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
Khedher, M, Mejri, M, Shahin, AAB, Quiganrd, JP, Trabelsi, M and Ben Faleh, A (2021) Discrimination of Diplodus vulgaris (Actinopterygii, Sparidae) stock from two Tunisian lagoons using the otolith shape analysis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 101, 743–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khedhri, I, Djabou, H and Afli, A (2015) Trophic and functional organization of the benthic macrofauna in the lagoon of Boughrara– Tunisia (SW Mediterranean Sea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, 647–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhl, FP and Giardina, CR (1982) Elliptic Fourier features of a closed contour. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 18, 236–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemoalle, J (1986) Etude de la lagune d'El Biban (Tunisie). Rapport Documents de l'Institut National des Sciences et Technique d'Océanographie et de Pêche 2, 76.Google Scholar
Lilliendahl, K and Solmundsson, J (2006) Feeding ecology of sympatric European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis and great cormorants P. carbo in Iceland. Marine Biology 149, 979–990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombarte, A and Cruz, A (2007) Otolith size trends in marine fish communities from different depth strata. Journal of Fish Biology 71, 53–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombarte, A and Lleonart, J (1993) Otolith size changes related with body growth, habitat depth and temperature. Environmental Biology of Fishes 37, 297–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombarte, A, Palmer, M, Matallanas, J, Gómez-Zurita, J and Morales-Nin, N (2010) Ecomorphological trends and phylogenetic inertia of otolith sagittae in Nototheniidae. Environmental Biology of Fishes 89, 607–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, C, Morat, F, Lecomte-Finiger, R and Leith, P (2012) Otolith shape analysis for three Sicyopterus (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) species from New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Environmental Biology of Fishes 93, 209–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, C, Tabouret, H, Claverie, F, Ṕecheyran, C and Keith, P (2011) Femtosecond laser ablation ICP-MS measurement of otolith Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca composition reveal differential use of freshwater habitats for three amphidromous Sicyopterus (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) species. Journal of Fish Biology 79, 1304–1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahé, K, Ider, D, Massaro, A, Hamed, O, Alba, J, Patricia, G, Aiketerini, A, Angelique, J, Chryssi, M, Romain, E, Zohir, R, Mahmoud, B, Rachid, A, Hélène, DP and Bruno, E (2019) Directional bilateral asymmetry in otolith morphology may affect fish stock discrimination based on otolith shape analysis. ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, 232–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, GB and Wuenschel, MJ (2006) Effect of temperature and salinity on otolith element incorporation in juvenile gray snapper Lutjanus griseus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 324, 229–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martucci, O, Pietrelli, L and Consiglio, C (1993) Fish otoliths as indicators of the cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo diet (Aves, Pelecaniformes). Italian Journal of Zoology 60, 393–396.Google Scholar
Masmoudi, W, Romdhane, MS, Kheriji, S and EL Cafsi, M (2001) Variation de l'accumulation du lindane chez les alevins de Liza ramada. Bulletin de l'Institut National des Sciences et Technique d'Océanographie et de Pêche 28, 113–117.Google Scholar
Mejri, M, Bakkari, W, Allagui, F, Rebaya, M, Jmil, I, Mili, S, Shahin, AAB, Quignard, J-P, Trabelsi, M and Ben Faleh, AR (2022b) Interspecific and intersexual variability of the sagitta otolith shape between Liza aurata and Chelon ramada (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) inhabiting the Boughrara lagoon, Tunisia. Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences 38, 1357–1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41208-022-00460-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mejri, M, Bakkari, W, Tazarki, M, Mili, S, Chalh, A, Shahin, AAB, Quignard, J-P, Trabelsi, M and Ben Faleh, AR (2022a) Discriminant geographic variation of saccular otolith shape and size in the common Pandora, Pagellus erythrinus (Sparidae) across the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Journal of Ichthyology 62, 1053–1066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mejri, M, Trojette, M, Allaya, H, Ben Faleh, A, Jmil, I, Chalh, A, Quignard, JP and Trabelsi, M (2018) Use of otolith shape to differentiate two lagoon populations of Pagellus erythrinus (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Sparidae) in Tunisian waters. Acta Ictyologica et Piscatoria 48, 153–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mejri, M, Trojette, M, Jmil, I, Ben Faleh, A, Chalh, A, Quignard, JP and Trabelsi, M (2020) Fluctuating asymmetry in the otolith shape, length, width and area of Pagellus erythrinus collected from the Gulf of Tunis. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 61, 1–7.Google Scholar
Palmer, AR (1994) Fluctuating asymmetry analysis: a primer. In Markow, TA (ed.), Developmental Instability: Its Origins and Evolutionary Implications. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 335–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panfili, J, de Pontual, H, Troadec, H and Wright, PJ (2002) Manuel de Sclérochronologie des Poissons. France: Vol Editions Ifremer-Ird, Brest.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panfili, J, Durand, J-D, Diop, K, Gourene, B and Simier, M (2005) Fluctuating asymmetry in fish otoliths and heterozygosity in stressful estuarine environments (west Africa). Marine and Freshwater Research 56, 505–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papasotiropoulos, V, Klossa-Kilia, E, Kilias, G and Alahiotis, S (2002) Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships in grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae) based on PCR–RFLP analysis of mtDNA segments. Biochemical Genetics 40, 155–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parmentier, E, Vandewalle, P and Lagardère, F (2001) Morpho-anatomy of the otic region in carapid fishes: eco-morphological study of their otoliths. Journal of Fish Biology 58, 1064–1061.Google Scholar
Pavlov, DA (2016) Differentiation of three species of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) based on otolith shape analysis. Journal of Ichthyology 56, 37–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payan, P, Kossmann, H, Watrin, A, Mayer-Gostan, N and Boeuf, G (1997) Ionic composition of endolymph in teleosts: origin and importance of endolymph alkalinity. Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 1905–1912.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popper, AN and Lu, Z (2000) Structure-function relationships in fish otolith organs. Fisheries Research 46, 15–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pothin, K, González-Salas, C, Chabanet, P and Lecomte-Finiger, R (2006) Distinction between Mulloidichthys flavolineatus juveniles from Reunion Island and Mauritius Island (south-west Indian Ocean) based on otolith morphometrics. Journal of Fish Biology 69, 38–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rani, A, Rai, D and Tyor, KA (2019) Morphometrics analysis of sagitta otolith in Pool Barb. Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822). Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, 85–90.Google Scholar
Rasheed, E, Saleh, H and Hamed, H (2021) Feeding habits of the thin lip grey mullet Liza Ramada (Risso, 1810) (Pisces, Mugilidae) from Sousa coast, Eastern Libya. Alqalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences 4, 68–79.Google Scholar
Rebaya, M, Ben Faleh, A, Allaya, H, Kheder, M, Trojette, M, Marsaoui, B, Fatnassi, M, Chalh, A, Quignard, JP and Trabelsi, M (2017) Otolith shape discrimination of Liza ramada (Actinopterygii: Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) from marine and estuarine populations in Tunisia. Acta Ictyologica et Piscatoria 47, 13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rebaya, M, Ben Faleh, A, Allaya, H, Khedher, M, Marsaoui, B, Chalh, A, Quignard, J-P and Trabelsi, M (2016) Morphological variability of saccular otoliths in two populations of Liza ramada (Risso, 1810) (Mugilidae) in Tunisian lagoons (Bizerte and Ghar El Melh). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 57, 227–234.Google Scholar
Romdhane MS, Fassatoui C, Shaiek M, Ben Rejeb Jenhani A and Changeux T (2019) Mugilids fisheries of Tunisian coasts and lagoons. Aquatic Living Resources 32, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadighzadeh, Z, Valinassab, T, Vosugi, G, Motallebi, AA, Fatemi, MR, Lombarte, A and Tuset, VM (2014) Use of otolith shape for stock identification of John's snapper, Lutjanus johnii (Pisces: Lutjanidae), from the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. Fisheries Research 155, 59–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, RS, Azevedo, MCC, Albuquerque, CQ and Araújo, FG (2017) Different sagitta otolith morphotypes for the white mouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri in the Southwestern Atlantic coast. Fisheries Research 195, 222–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SCET-ERI (2000) Etude de l'alimentation de la qualité de l'eau de la lagune de Bou Ghrara. Phase I partie II: diagnostic de la situation actuelle.Google Scholar
Schulz-Mirbach, T, Ladich, F, Plath, M and Heß, M (2019) Enigmatic ear stones: what we know about the functional role and evolution of fish otoliths. Biological Reviews 94, 457–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwarzhans, W (1994) Sexual and ontogenetic dimorphism in otoliths of the family Ophidiidae. Cybium 18, 71–98.Google Scholar
Schwarzhans, W, Schulz-Mirbach, T, Lombarte, A and Tuset, VM (2017) The origination and rise of teleost otolith diversity during the Mesozoic. Research and Knowledge 3, 5–8.Google Scholar
Sellem, F, Guetat, F, Enaceur, W, Ghorbel-Ouannes, A, Othman, A, Harki, M, Lakuireb, A and Rafrafi, S (2019) Sea cucumber species from Mediterranean lagoon environments (Tunisia western and eastern Mediterranean). SPC Beche-de-Mer Information Bulletin 39, 54–59.Google Scholar
Simoneau, M, Casselman, JM and Fortin, R (2000) Determining the effect of negative allometry (length/height relationship) on variation in otolith shape in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), using Fourier-series analysis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, 1597–1603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Škeljo, F, Brčić, J, Vuletin, V and Ferri, J (2015) Age and growth of the axillary wrasse, Symphodus mediterraneus (L.) from the eastern Adriatic Sea. Marine Biology Research 11, 780–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Škeljo, F and Ferri, J (2011) The use of otolith shape and morphometry for identification and size-estimation of five wrasse species in predator-prey studies. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 28, 524–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stransky, C, Murta, AG, Schlickeisen, J and Zimmermann, C (2008) Otolith shape analysis as a tool for stock separation of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean. Fisheries Research 89, 159–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torres, GJ, Lombarte, A and Morales-Nin, B (2000) Sagittal otolith size and shape variability to identify geographical intraspecific differences in three species of the genus Merluccius. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, 333–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treasurer, JW (1990) The annual reproductive cycle of pike, Esox lucius L. in two Scottish lakes. Journal of Fish Biology 36, 29–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trojette, M, Ben Faleh, AR, Fatnassi, M, Marsaoui, B, Mahouachi, N, Chalh, A, Quignard, J-P and Trabelsi, M (2015) Stock discrimination of two insular populations of Diplodus annularis (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Sparidae) along the coast of Tunisia by analysis of otolith shape. Acta Ictyologica et Piscatoria 45, 363–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuset, VM, Olivar, MP, Otero-Ferrer, JL, López-Pérez, C, Hulley, PA and Lombarte, A (2018) Morpho-functional diversity in Diaphus spp. (Pisces: Myctophidae) from the central Atlantic Ocean: ecological and evolutionary implications. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 138, 46–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuset, VM, Otero-Ferrer, JL, Gómez-Zurita, J, Venerus, LA, Stransky, C, Imondi, R, Orlov, AM, Ye, Z, Santschi, L, Afanasiev, PK, Zhuang, L, Farré, M, Love, MS and Lombarte, A (2016) Otolith shape lends support to the sensory drive hypothesis in rockfishes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 29, 2083–2097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasconcelos, J, Vieira, AR, Sequeira, V, González, JA, Kaufmann, M and Serrano Gordo, L (2018) Identifying populations of the blue jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus) in the Northeast Atlantic by using geometric morphometrics and otolith shape analysis. Fisheries Bulletin 116, 81–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vignon, M (2012) Ontogenetic trajectories of otolith shape during shift in habitat use: interaction between otolith growth and environment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 420, 26–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vignon, M and Morat, F (2010) Environmental and genetic determinant of otolith shape revealed by a non-indigenous tropical fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 411, 231–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volpedo, AV, Tombari, A and Echeverría, DD (2008) Ecomorphological patterns of the sagitta of Antarctic fish. Polar Biology 31, 635–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitfield, AK (2015) Ecological role of Mugilidae in the coastal zone. In Crosetti, D and Blaber, S (eds), Biology, Ecology and Culture of Mullets (Mugilidae). Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 324–348.Google Scholar
Whitfield, AK, Panfili, J and Durand, J-D (2012) A global review of the cosmopolitan flathead mullet Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 (Teleostei: Mugilidae), with emphasis on the biology, genetics, ecology and fisheries aspects of this apparent species complex. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 22, 641–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiff, R, Flores, A, Segura, AM, Barrientos, MA and Ojeda, V (2020) Otolith shape as a stock discrimination tool for ling (Genypterus blacodes) in the fjords of Chilean Patagonia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 54, 218–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, RR Jr (1985) Depth-related changes in sagitta morphology in six macrourid fishes of the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. Copeia 1985, 1011–1017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaouali, J (1983) The lagoon of Bibans (southern Tunisia): general review and problems with fishing. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis 59, 541–559.Google Scholar
Zaouali, J (1985) Bionomie benthique de la mer des Bibans: zone centrale et bassin oriental. Oceano. Acta, Proceedings International Symposium on coastal lagoons, SCOR/IABO/ UNESCO 457–461.Google Scholar
Zhang, XH, Tao, Y, Zhou, YL, Tang, LG, Liu, M and Xu, XM (2021) Acoustic properties of the otolith of the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea (Perciforms: Sciaenidae). Zoological Studies 60, 64.Google ScholarPubMed