Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nr4z6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-21T20:47:40.249Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Vocal Ecology of Crumb's Crickets

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2013

Abstract

Making sound is characteristic of agency in the natural world. It is curious therefore that having separated pitched sound from nature as much as possible—disciplined it into scales, temperaments, etc.—Western music has for centuries made extraordinary efforts to imitate natural sounds and processes with this un-natured sound. Whereas music often depicts nature, “music” has become abstract and transparent, and musical sounds themselves have become little more than acoustic tokens of objects related by structure. Any metaphorical connections with extra-musical sounds are suppressed in discourse about music because they constitute “effects.” In this article, I interpret the first movement of George Crumb's Ancient Voices of Children (1970) as an expression of agency in the soundscape, considering vocal sounds, especially those attributed to crickets, as acts in a vocal ecology rather than imitation of natural sounds for programmatic purposes. My analysis invites us to hear this music—and music in general—as acoustic expression in a soundscape and therefore in ecological terms.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Music 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, Aaron S. “Ecomusicology: Ecocriticism and Musicology.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 64/2 (2011): 391–94.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Quentin D. “Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa.” Science 332/6027 (2011): 346–49.Google Scholar
Bennet-Clark, Henry C. “Songs and the Physics of Sound Production.” In Cricket Behavior and Neurobiology, ed. Huber, Franz, Moore, Thomas E., and Loher, Werner, 227–42. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Bringhurst, Robert. The Tree of Meaning: Language, Mind and Ecology. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2008.Google Scholar
Clarke, Eric F. Ways of Listening: An Ecological Approach to the Perception of Musical Meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Cook, Robert C. “Hearing Ecological Voices: Music and Communication of Environmental Crisis.” Unpublished paper delivered at the International Conference on Culture, Politics, and Climate Change, Boulder, CO, 14 September 2012.Google Scholar
Cook, Robert C. “Crumb's Apparition and Emerson's Compensation.” Music Theory Spectrum 34/2 (2012): 125.Google Scholar
Cross, Ian, and Morley, Iain. “The Evolution of Music: Theories, Definitions and the Nature of the Evidence.” In Communicative Musicality: Exploring the Basis of Human Companionship, ed. Malloch, Stephen and Trevarthen, Colwyn, 6181. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Crumb, George. Ancient Voices of Children. New York: C. F. Peters, 1970.Google Scholar
Dambach, Martin. “Vibrational Responses.” In Cricket Behavior and Neurobiology, ed. Huber, Franz, Moore, Thomas E., and Loher, Werner, 178–97. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Dissanayake, Ellen. “Antecedents of the Temporal Arts in Early Mother-Infant Interaction.” In The Origins of Music, ed. Wallin, Nils L., Merker, Björn, and Brown, Steven, 389410. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Dissanayake, Ellen. “Root, Leaf, Blossom, or Bole: Concerning the Origin and Adaptive Function of Music.” In Communicative Musicality: Exploring the Basis of Human Companionship, ed. Malloch, Stephen and Trevarthen, Colwyn, 1730. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Gibson, James J. The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966.Google Scholar
Gratier, Maya, and Apter-Danon, Gisèle. “The Improvised Musicality of Belonging: Repetition and Variation in Mother-Infant Vocal Interaction.” In Communicative Musicality: Exploring the Basis of Human Companionship, ed. Malloch, Stephen and Trevarthen, Colwyn, 301–27. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Grimley, Daniel M. “Music, Landscape, Attunement: Listening to Sibelius's Tapiola.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 64/2American Musicological Society 64 (2011): 394–98.Google Scholar
Guck, Marion A. “Two Types of Metaphoric Transference.” In Music and Meaning, ed. Robinson, Jenefer, 201–12. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997. Originally published in Metaphor: A Musical Dimension, ed. Jamie C. Kassler (Paddington, NSW, Australia: Currency Press, 1991), 1–12.Google Scholar
Guinee, Linda N., and Katharine B. Payne. “Rhyme-Like Repetitions in Songs of Humpback Whales.” Ethology 79/4 (1988): 295306.Google Scholar
Henahan, Donal J. Review of Echoes of Time and the River (Echoes II), by George Crumb, performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Musical Quarterly 54/1 (1968): 8387.Google Scholar
Henahan, Donal J. Review of Eleven Echoes of Autumn, 1965, by George Crumb, etc., CRI 233 USD, LP. Musical Quarterly 55/2 (1969): 280–85.Google Scholar
Ingold, Tim. “Against Soundscape.” In Autumn Leaves: Sound and the Environment in Artistic Practice, ed. Carlyle, Angus, 1013. Paris: Double Entendre; Creative Research into Sound Arts Practice, 2007.Google Scholar
Krause, Bernie L. “Bioacoustics, Habitat Ambience in Ecological Balance.” Whole Earth Review 57 (1987): 1418.Google Scholar
Lake, William E. “Form and Temporal Proportions in George Crumb's Ancient Voices of Children.” In George Crumb and the Alchemy of Sound: Essays on His Music, ed. Bruns, Steven and Ben-Amots, Ofer, 83100. Colorado Springs: Colorado College Music Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Lorca, Federico García. Collected Poems: A Bilingual Edition. 2nd ed. Ed. Maurer, Christopher. Trans. Catherine Brown, et al. Poetical Works of Federico García Lorca 2. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002.Google Scholar
Malouf, David. An Imaginary Life. New York: Braziller, 1978.Google Scholar
Moevs, Robert. Review of Music for a Summer Evening (Makrokosmos III) by George Crumb, Nonesuch H 71311, LP. Musical Quarterly 62/2 (1976): 293303.Google Scholar
Panksepp, Jaak, and Bernatzky, Günther. “Emotional Sounds and the Brain: The Neuro-Affective Foundations of Musical Appreciation.” Behavioural Processes 60/2 (2002): 133–55.Google Scholar
Panksepp, Jaak, and Trevarthen, Colwyn. “The Neuroscience of Emotion in Music.” In Communicative Musicality: Exploring the Basis of Human Companionship, ed. Malloch, Stephen and Trevarthen, Colwyn, 105–46. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Payne, Katharine, and Payne, Roger. “Large Scale Changes over 19 Years in Songs of Humpback Whales in Bermuda.” Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 68/2 (1985): 89114.Google Scholar
Pollack, Gerald S., and Hoy, Ronald R.. “Evasive Acoustic Behavior and Its Neurological Basis.” In Cricket Behavior and Neurobiology, ed. Huber, Franz, Moore, Thomas E., and Loher, Werner, 341–50. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, David. Thousand Mile Song: Whale Music in a Sea of Sound. New York: Basic Books, 2008.Google Scholar
Schafer, R. Murray. The Tuning of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977.Google Scholar
Slabbekoorn, Hans, and Peet, Margriet. “Birds Sing at a Higher Pitch in Urban Noise.” Nature 424/267 (July 2003): 267.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, Gary. “Vico's Songs: Detours at the Origins of (Ethno) Musicology.” Musical Quarterly 83/3 (1999): 344–77.Google Scholar
Von Glahn, Denise. The Sounds of Place: Music and the American Cultural Landscape. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Von Glahn, Denise. “American Women and the Nature of Identity.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 64/2 (2011): 399403.Google Scholar
Weber, Theo, and Thorson, John. “Phonotactic Behavior of Walking Crickets.” In Cricket Behavior and Neurobiology, ed. Huber, Franz, Moore, Thomas E., and Loher, Werner, 316–20. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Weil, Simone. Cahiers. Volume 3. Paris: Plon, 1956.Google Scholar
Zbikowski, Lawrence M. Conceptualizing Music: Cognitive Structure, Theory, and Analysis. AMS Studies in Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar