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Sexual dimorphism and sexual selection in cytheroidean ostracodes from the Late Cretaceous of the U.S. Coastal Plain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 August 2017

Gene Hunt ,
M. João Fernandes Martins ,
T. Markham Puckett ,
Rowan Lockwood ,
John P. Swaddle ,
Christine M. S. Hall  and
James Stedman
Gene Hunt
Affiliation:
Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. E-mail: hunte@si.edu
M. João Fernandes Martins
Affiliation:
Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. E-mail: hunte@si.edu
T. Markham Puckett
Affiliation:
Department of Geography and Geology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, U.S.A.
Rowan Lockwood
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, U.S.A.
John P. Swaddle
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, U.S.A.
Christine M. S. Hall
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, U.S.A.
James Stedman
Affiliation:
Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. E-mail: hunte@si.edu
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Abstract

Sexual dimorphism is common in many extant animals, but it is difficult to demonstrate in fossil species. Working with material from the Late Cretaceous of the U.S. Coastal Plain, we herein analyze sexual dimorphism in ostracodes from the superfamily Cytheroidea, a group whose extant members have males that are relatively more elongate than females. We digitized outlines of more than 6000 individual ostracode valves or carapaces, extracted size (area) and shape (length-to-height ratio) information, and used finite mixture models to assess hypotheses of sexual dimorphism. Male and female clusters can be discerned in nearly all populations with sufficient data, resulting in estimates of size and shape dimorphism for 142 populations across 106 species; an additional nine samples are interpreted to consist only of females. Dimorphism patterns varied across taxa, especially for body size: males range from 30% larger to 20% smaller than females. Magnitudes of sexual dimorphism are generally stable within species across time and space; we can demonstrate substantial evolutionary changes in dimorphism in only one species, Haplocytheridea renfroensis. Several lines of evidence indicate that patterns of sexual dimorphism in these ostracodes reflect male investment in reproduction, suggesting that this study system has the potential to capture variation in sexual selection through the fossil record.

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Paleobiology , Volume 43 , Issue 4 , November 2017 , pp. 620 - 641
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Copyright © 2017 The Paleontological Society. All rights reserved 

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References

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