¹ As recorded by Grimaldi, Giacomo, Descrizione della basilica antica di S. Pietro in Vaticano. Codice Barberini Latino 2733 (ed. Niggl, R.) (Codices e Vaticanis Selecti 32) (Vatican City, 1972), 396Google Scholar. Krautheimer, R., Corbett, S. and Fraser, A.K. (eds), Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae. The Early Christian Basilicas of Rome (IV–IX Cent.) V (Vatican City, 1977), 165–279, at p. 185Google Scholar.

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⁴ Alpharano, De Basilicae Vaticanae (above, n, 2), 42.

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¹⁷ The broader political and cultural context of Hadrian's Epitaph will be explored in more detail in a forthcoming study by J. Story.

¹⁸ De Rossi, ‘L'inscription’ (above, n. 5), 484. Our thanks to one of the anonymous referees who noted that the eighth-century epitaph of Otto of Brescia, at Monte Cassino, is cut into a polished slab of purple, black and cloudy white africano (from Teos); A. Pantoni, Le iscrizioni medievali di Montecassino (Monte Cassino, forthcoming), no. 25.

¹⁹ On the medieval history of the Lex Vespasiani, see Krautheimer, Rome: Profile (above, n. 7), 192–3; for the mosaic inscription at Santa Sabina, see Diehl, E. (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae (Tabula in Usum Scholarum IV) (Bonn, 1912), 36bGoogle Scholar; for the painted inscription at Santa Maria Antiqua, see De Rubeis, ‘Epigrafi a Roma’ (above, n. 14), 109, fig. 76, and P.J. Nordhagen, ‘Constantinople on the Tiber: the Byzantines in Rome and the iconography of their images’, in Smith (ed.), Early Medieval Rome (above, n. 9), 113–34, esp. fig. 19.

²⁰ Dodge, H., ‘Main quarries and decorative stones of the Roman world’, in Dodge, H. and Ward-Perkins, B. (eds), Marble in Antiquity: the Collected Papers of J.B. Ward-Perkins (Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 6) (London, 1992), 153–9Google Scholar; Greenhalgh, M., The Survival of Roman Antiquities in the Middle Ages (London, 1989), 126–34Google Scholar; Peacock, D.P.S., Rome in the Desert: a Symbol of Power (Southampton, 1993)Google Scholar.

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²³ Pliny, , HN 36.8Google Scholar, the reading of the name of the island is uncertain. This marble is now thought probably to be the dark brecchia from Teos in western Turkey (known later as africano in ignorance of its origin); Ballance, M.H., ‘The origin of africano’, Papers of the British School at Rome 34 (1966), 79–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gnoli, Marmora romana (above, n. 22), 174–8, pl. 132–4, 197; Dodge, ‘Main quarries’ (above, n. 20), 157; De Nuccio and Ungaro (eds), I marmi colorati (above, n. 13), 244, 250–1, 262–5 (for the black marble of Chios, long thought to be that of Lucullus).

²⁴ Vegio discussed Pliny's attribution of black marble to Lucullus, and invented an alternative association with Pescennius Niger, the late second-century challenger to Severus; Vegio, ‘De rebus antiquis’ (above, n. 3), col. 0081D–0082B. Also Alpharano, De Basilicae Vaticanae (above, n. 2), 42–3; Grimaldi, Descrizione (above, n. 1), 396.

²⁵ De Rossi (ed.), Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae (above, n. 7), II, p. 411, no. 6.

²⁶ Fornaseri, M., Lazzarini, L., Pensabene, P., Martinez, M.P. and Turi, B., ‘‘Lapis Niger’ and other black limestones used in antiquity’, in Maniatis, Y., Herz, N. and Basiakos, Y. (eds), The Study of Marble and Other Stones Used in Antiquity. ASMOSIA III Athens (London, 1995), 235–40Google Scholar.

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³³ Felici, A.C., Fronterotta, G., Piacentini, M., Nicolais, C., Sciuti, S., Vendittelli, M. and Vazio, C., ‘The wall paintings in the former Refectory of Trinità dei Monti convent in Rome: relating observations from restoration and archaeometric analyses to Andrea Pozzo's own treatise on the art of mural painting’, Journal of Cultural Heritage 5 (2004), 17–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁴⁴ Groessens, E., ‘L'exploitation et l'emploi du marbre noir de Dinant sous ‘Ancien Regime’’, in Lorenz, J. (ed.), Carrières et constructions en France et dans les pays limitrophes III (119^e congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques, 1994 Amiens) (Paris, 1996), 73–87Google Scholar.

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⁴⁷ Anderson and Groessens, ‘Black altars’ (above, n. 36), 132.

⁴⁸ Groessens, ‘L'industrie’ (above, n. 37), 228; Anderson and Groessens, ‘Black altars’ (above, n. 36), 133. For the Mosan marble itinerary column, see Cumont, F., Catalogues des sculptures et inscriptions antiques (monuments lapidaries) des Musées Royaux du Cinquantenaire (Brussels, 1913), 235–8, no. 196Google Scholar.

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⁵⁰ About 300 altars (or fragments of altars) were recovered from the site (most made of ‘white’ limestone); Stuart, P. and Bogaers, J.E., Nehalennia. Römische Steindenkmäler aus der Oosterschelde bei Colijnsplaat (Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani, Nederland 2, Collections of the National Museum of Antiquities at Leiden IX), 2 vols (Leiden, 2001), I, 18, 132–7, 147–8, 156–7, 184, tav. 91–2, 101Google Scholar.

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⁵² The most important studies of the aristocratic families of the early medieval Meuse region are: Werner, M., Der Lütticher Raum in Frühkarolingischer Zeit: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte einer Karolingischen Stammlandschaft (Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte 62) (Göttingen, 1980)Google Scholar; Gerberding, R.A., The Rise of the Carolingians and the ‘Liber Historiae Francorum’ (Oxford, 1987), 116–45 and map 2Google Scholar; Theuws, ‘Maastricht’ (above, n. 46), 186–93 and fig. 8.

⁵³ Gerberding, Rise of the Carolingians (above, n. 52), 125–8.

⁵⁴ Fouracre, P., The Age of Charles Martel (Harlow, 2000), 61–4Google Scholar; Gerberding, Rise of the Carolingians (above, n. 52), 180; Theuws, ‘Maastricht’ (above, n. 46), 180.

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⁵⁶ Gerberding, Rise of the Carolingians (above, n. 52), 99, 125; Theuws, ‘Maastricht’ (above, n. 46), 188–90 and n. 100.

⁵⁷ For the possible boundaries of the estate, see Despy, G., ‘Henri IV et la fondation du chapitre de Sclayn’, in Mélanges Félix Rousseau: études sur l'histoire du pays mosan au moyen âge (Brussels, 1958), 221–36, at pp. 233–6Google Scholar. Seilles is later mentioned as Carolingian property; the Annales Regni Francorum s.a. 806 say that Charlemagne met his eldest son and the army there; Kurze, F. (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum (Berlin, 1895), 122Google Scholar; Theuws, ‘Maastricht’ (above, n. 46), 209.

⁵⁸ Theuws, ‘Maastricht’ (above, n. 46), 192–3, 209.

⁵⁹ Werner, Der Lütticher Raum (above, n. 52), map 14; Theuws, ‘Maastricht’ (above, n. 46), 208–13; M. Untermann, ‘Opere mirabile constructa: die Aachener ‘Residenz’ Karl des Grossen’, in C. Stiegemann and M. Wemhoff (eds), 799, Kunst und Kultur der Karolingerzeit: Karl der Groβe und Papst Leo III in Paderborn. Beiträge zum Katalog der Austellung (Mainz, 1999), 152–64; J.L. Nelson, ‘Aachen as a place of power’, in De Jong, Theuws and van Rhijn (eds), Topographies of Power (above, n. 46), 217–41.

⁶⁰ See especially the sarcophagus of Saint Chrodoara at Amay; F. Tourneur, ‘Le travail de la pierre’, in Plumier-Torfs et al., Mosa Nostra (above, n. 51), 40, 56–7.

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⁶⁸ The church was reconstructed by Sergius I in 689; Coates-Stephens, R., ‘Dark age architecture in Rome’, Papers of the British School at Rome 65 (1997), 177–232, at p. 180CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The columns were moved to the stairs of the Vatican Museums in the eighteenth century. Fragments of black porphyry are known from the pavement of the Domus Flavia in Rome and other pieces were reused in twelfth century panels in San Saba, Rome, and the cathedral at Salerno; Gnoli, Marmora romana (above, n. 22), 77, 138; Borghini (ed.), Marmi antichi (above, n. 22), 272–3.

⁶⁹ Peacock, ‘Charlemagne's black stones’ (above, n. 64), 713.

⁷⁰ Perhaps the building known as the ‘Palace of Theoderic’; Codex Carolinus (ed. Gundlach, F.W.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica Epistolae Karolini Ævi I (Berlin, 1892), no. 81Google Scholar; Ricci, C., ‘Marmi ravennati erratici’, Ausonia 4 (1909), 247–89, at pp. 247–8Google Scholar; Jacobsen, W., ‘Spolien in der karolingischen Architektur’, in Poeschke, J. (ed.), Antike Spolien in der Architektur des Mittelalters und der Renaissance (Munich, 1996), 155–77Google Scholar.

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⁷² McClendon, ‘The revival of opus sectile pavements’ (above, n. 71), 162–5, with reference to opus sectile floors at Centula (Cologne), St Germain (Auxerre), Lorsch and Germigny-des-Près. For spolia at the palace sites, see Stiegemann and Wemhoff (eds), 799, Kunst und Kultur (above, n. 63), I, no. 11.59–63, 65 (Ingelheim), no. 11.67–70 (Aachen), but note the doubts over the dates of some of the capitals and column bases.

⁷³ Stiegemann and Wemhoff (eds), 799, Kunst und Kultur (above, n. 63), I, no. II.67–8 (Aachen); II, no. VIII.49d–g (Corvey), no. VIII.50g–j (Münster).

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⁷⁵ Peacock, ‘Charlemagne's black stones’ (above, n. 64), 709–10.