¹ Orations 27. For an English translation and notes see P. Aelius, Aristides, The Complete Works. Volume II. Orations XVII–LIII (translated by Behr, C.A.) (Leiden, 1981), 98–106, 379–82Google Scholar. The relevant passages are reproduced in the Appendix, no. 1.

² Wroth, W., Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Mysia (London, 1892), 47Google Scholar, no. 218 and pl. 12.14. Only the substructures and isolated fragments of ornament survive today; see A. Schulz and E. Winter, ‘Historisch-archäologische Untersuchungen zum Hadrianstempel von Kyzikos’, in Schwertheim, E. (ed.), Mysische Studien (Asia Minor Studien 1) (Bonn, 1990), 33–82Google Scholar.

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⁴ Cass. Dio 70.4.1; Anth. Pal. 9.656; Malalas 11.279.8.

⁵ For the different monuments included at various time in the list of the ‘Seven Wonders’ (originally the ‘Seven Sights’) and the late date of the modern canon, see P. A. Clayton and Price, M. J., The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (London, 1988), esp. pp. 1–12 and 158–65Google Scholar.

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⁷ For these exceptionally large temples, see Coulton, J.J., Greek Architects at Work. Problems of Structure and Design (London, 1977), 74–86Google Scholar on colossal Greek temples, and Hurwit, J.M., The Art and Culture of Early Greece, 1100–480 BC (Ithaca/London, 1985), 179–86Google Scholar on the influence of Egypt.

⁸ Pyramids: Hdt. 2.124–7; Samos: Hdt. 3.60.

⁹ See Brown, B.R., ‘Novelty, ingenuity, self-aggrandizement, ostentation, extravagance, gigantism and kitsch in the art of Alexander the Great and his successors’, in Barasch, M., Sandier, L. Freeman and Egan, P. (eds), Art the Ape of Nature: Studies in Honour of H.W. Janson (New York, 1981), 1–13Google Scholar.

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¹⁴ The height of the columns is reconstructed from their c. 2.1 m lower diameter, assuming the standard proportion of lower diametenheight for Roman Corinthian columns of 1:10, although something less than this is also possible. See Wilson-Jones, M., Principles of Roman Architecture (New Haven/London, 2000), 143–53Google Scholar and table 1.

¹⁵ For the temple and its dimensions, see Schulz, B. and Winnefeld, H., Baalbek: die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898–1905 I (Berlin/Leipzig, 1921), 50–64Google Scholar.

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¹⁸ Diod. Sic. 17.95.1 (see Appendix no. 2); cf. Curtius 9.3.19; Plut. Vit. Alex. 62. 4; Arr. Anab. 5. 29.1.

¹⁹ Excerpta Valesiana 96: ‘While living he had a tomb built for him from squared stone, a work of wondrous size (mirae magnitudinis opus); and he sought out a mighty stone (saxum ingentem) to put on top’. On the building see R. Heidenreich and H. Johannes, Das Grabmal Theodorichs zu Ravenna (Wiesbaden, 1971), and for the problem of the monolithic cupola Korres, M., ‘Wie kann der Kuppelstein auf den Mauerring? Die einzigartige Bauweise des Grabmals Theodorichs des Grossen zu Ravenna und das Bewegen schwerer Lasten’, Mitteilungen den Deutsches Archaologisches Institut, Romische Abteilung 107 (1994), 219–58Google Scholar, and Santillo, R., ‘Il 'saxum ingentem' a Ravenna a copertura del Mausoleo di Teodorico’, Opuscula Romana 20 (1996), 105–33Google Scholar. Krautheimer, R., Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture (Harmondsworth, 1965), 192Google Scholar, rather missed the point when he explained this as ‘a residue of the Germanic tradition’.

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⁵⁷ Amm. Marc. 16.10.15.

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⁶⁵ For discussion see Vitruvius, , De Architectura (edited by Gros, P.; translation and commentary by Corso, A. and Romano, E.) (Turin, 1997), 171–3Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ For example, Cic., Off. 1.151Google Scholar. See Burford, A., Craftsmen in Greek and Roman Society (London, 1972), 29–30Google Scholar for a wider discussion.

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⁶⁸ Cf. Zanker, P., The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor, 1988), 101–56Google Scholar.

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⁷⁰ Discussed by J.P. Ada m and P. Varene, ‘Une peinture romaine représantant une scène de chantier’, Revue Archéologique (1980), 213–38, esp. pp. 216–17. For the Esquiline freize, see now Capelli, R., ‘Il fregio dipinto dell'Esquilino e la propaganda augustea del mito delle origini’, in La Regina, A. (ed.), Museo Nazionale Romano. Palazzo Massimo alle terme (Milan, 1998), 51–8Google Scholar.

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⁷⁵ For example, the extended building and clearance scenes X1/29–XX/46, with the first Dacian prisoner brought in at 43, and cf. XXXIX/99–XL/102, LII/129–31, LX/145–LXI/148, LXVIII/173–LXIX/175, CXXVII/344–CXXX/349. See Lepper and Frere, Trajan's Column (above, n. 33).

⁷⁶ Coulston, J.C.N., ‘The architecture and construction scenes on Trajan's Column’, in Henig, M. (ed.), Architecture and Architectural Sculpture in the Roman Empire (Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 29) (Oxford, 1990), 39–50, esp. p. 44Google Scholar, although Coulston put this down simply to ‘artistic convention’.

⁷⁷ Cf. Mazzolani, L. Storoni, The Idea of the City in Roman Thought. From Wall City to Spiritual Commonwealth (translated by O'Donnell, S.) (London, 1970), 175–6Google Scholar.

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⁸⁶ Novara, : CIL V 6513Google Scholar and DeLaine, J., ‘Benefactions and urban renewal: bath buildings in Roman Italy’, in DeLaine, J. and Johnson, D. (eds), Roman Baths and Bathing. I. Bathing and Society (Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 37) (Portsmouth (RI), 1999), 65–72, esp. pp. 72–3 for a discussion of its significanceGoogle Scholar.

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