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Direct onshore wind predicts daily swimmer's itch (avian schistosome) incidence at a Michigan beach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2020

Jason P. Sckrabulis Open the ORCID record for Jason P. Sckrabulis [Opens in a new window] ,
Alan R. Flory  and
Thomas R. Raffel
Jason P. Sckrabulis*
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, 118 Library Drive, Rochester, Michigan, 48309, USA
Alan R. Flory
Affiliation:
Crystal Lake Watershed Association, P.O. Box 89, Beulah, Michigan, 49617, USA
Thomas R. Raffel
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, 118 Library Drive, Rochester, Michigan, 48309, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Jason P. Sckrabulis, E-mail: jason.sckrabulis@gmail.com
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Abstract

Swimmer's itch (SI) is a painful rash caused by skin penetration by free-swimming infectious cercariae of avian schistosomes, snail-borne helminth parasites related to the causative agents of human schistosomiasis. The goal of this study was to determine if commonly collected environmental data could be used to predict daily fluctuations in SI incidence at an inland beach in northwestern Michigan. Lifeguards collected daily data over four summers, including the number of self-reported SI cases, total swimmers, water temperature, wind speed and wind direction. Mixed-effects binomial regression revealed that wind direction, wind speed and time of day were the best predictors of daily SI risk. Swimmers entering the water in the morning or on days with direct onshore wind perpendicular to the shoreline had the greatest SI risk. However, there was a negative effect of wind speed after accounting for direction, where SI risk was greatest on days with a gentle breeze originating directly offshore. These results suggest that at this beach, direct onshore winds generate a surface-water current that causes SI cercariae to aggregate in the shallow waters used by swimmers. Data are needed from additional sites to confirm whether the onshore wind is a generally important driver of SI incidence.

Keywords

Lymnaea catescopium [ = Stagnicola emarginata]Trematode parasitesTrichobilharzia spp
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 147 , Issue 4 , April 2020 , pp. 431 - 440
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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