Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T18:34:42.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Parasites of wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) on UK farms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

J. P. Webster
Affiliation:
Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS
D. W. Macdonald
Affiliation:
Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS

Summary

Wild brown rats (Rattus norvegiens) from 11 rural UK farmsteads were found to carry 13 zoonotic and 10 non-zoonotic parasitic species, many of which (e.g. Cryptosporidium, Pasteurella, Listeria, Yersinia, Coxiella and Hantavirus) have rarely or never been previously investigated for wild rats. The study suggests that wild brown rats, serving as vectors of disease, represent a serious risk to the health of humans and domestic animals in the UK.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Atkinson, R. D., Macdonald, D. W. & Johnson, P. J. (1995). The status of the European mole (Talpa enropaea) as a pest, and its management. Mammal Review 24, 7390.Google Scholar
Bennet, M., Baxby, D., Gaskell, R. M., Gaskell, C. J. & Kelly, D. F. (1985). The laboratory diagnosis of orthopoxvirus infection in the domestic cat. Journal of Small Animal Practice 26, 653–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beverley, J. K. A. (1976). Toxoplasmosis in animals. Veterinary Record 99, 123–7.Google Scholar
Blaxland, J. D. (1947). Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis infection in turkeys. Veterinary Record 59, 317–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Calhoun, J. B. (1962). The Ecology and Sociology of the Norway Rat. U.S. Dept. Health, Education and Welfare P.H.S. no. 1008. Bethesda, Maryland.Google Scholar
Cameron, T. M. W. (1949). Diseases carried by house mice. Pest Control 17, 911.Google ScholarPubMed
Casemore, D. P. (1991). Broadsheet 128: laboratory methods for diagnosing cryptosporidiosis. Journal of Clinical Pathology 44, 445–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaiyabutr, N. (1979). Hepatic capillariasis in Rattus norvegicus. Journal of the Science Society, Thailand 5, 48–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomel, B. B. (1992). Zoonoses of house pets other than dogs, cats and birds. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal 11, 479–87.Google Scholar
Cotteleer, C., Fameree, L. & Abbeele, Van Der, O. (1982). Les Parasites de l'appareil digestif du Surmulot (Rattus norvegicus) et du Rat musque (Ondatra zibethica) en Belgique. Incidence sanitaire pour l'homme et les animaux domestiques. Schweiser Archiv für Tierheilkunde 124, 447–55.Google Scholar
Cox, F. E. G. (1970). Parasitic protozoa of British wild mammals. Mammal Review 1, 128.Google Scholar
Cox, F. E. G. (1980). Human babesiosis. Nature, London 285, 535–6.Google Scholar
Curtis, P. E., Ollerhead, G. E. & Ellis, C. E. (1983). Pasteurella multocida infection of poultry from rats. Veterinary Record 107, 326–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Defoe, D. (1972). A Journal of the Plague Year. Original publication. Republished by Nickerson, Boston, 1903.Google Scholar
Desmonts, G. & Couvreur, J. (1974). Congenital toxoplasmosis: a prospective study of 378 pregnancies. New England Journal of Medicine 290, 1110–16.Google Scholar
Elton, C., Ford, E. B., Baker, J. R. & Gardner, A. D. (1931). The health and parasites of a wild mouse population. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 108, 657721.Google Scholar
Ferguson, I. R. (1990). Human leptospirosis. State Veterinary Journal 44, 131–44.Google Scholar
Gajdusek, D. C. (1962). Virus hemorrhagic fevers. Special reference to hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (epidemic hemorrhagic fever). Journal of Pediatrics 60, 841–57.Google Scholar
Gibbs, C. J. Jr., Takaenak, G. A., Franko, M., Gajdusek, D. C., Griffin, M. D., Guilds, J., Korch, G. W. & Wartzok, D. (1982). Seroepidemiology of hantaan virus. Lancet 18, 1406–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glass, G. E., Childs, J. E., Korch, G. W. & Leduc, J. W. (1988). Association of intraspecific wounding with hantaviral infection in wild rats (Rattus norvegiens). Epidemiology and Infection 101, 459–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golding, c. (1990). Rats, the New Plague. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Healing, T. D. (1981). Infections with blood parasites in the small British rodents Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus agrestis. Parasitology 83, 179–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henriksen, S. A. & Pohlenz, J. F. L. (1981). Staining of Cyptosporidium by a modified Ziehl-Neelson technique. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 22, 594–6.Google Scholar
Hinton, M. A. C. (1918). Rats and Mice as Enemies of Mankind. British Museum (Natural History) London:Google Scholar
Iseki, M. (1986). Two species of Cryptosporidium naturally infecting house rats, Rattus norvegicus. Japanese Journal of Parasitology 35, 251.Google Scholar
Jackson, M. H., Hutchison, W. M. & Shm, J. Chr. (1986). Toxoplasmosis in a wild rodent population of central Scotland and a possible explanation of the mode of transmission. Journal of Zoology 209, 549–57.Google Scholar
Jones, T. c. (1967). Pathology of the liver of rats and mice. In Pathology of Laboratory Rats and Mice (ed. Cotchin, E. & Roe, F. J. C.), pp. 123. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Kaneko, K.-I., Hamada, S., Kasai, Y. & Hashimoto, N. (1979). Smouldering epidemic of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in barn rats. Applied Environmental Microbiology 37, 12.Google Scholar
Leduc, J. W. (1987). Epidemiology of Hantaan and related viruses. Laboratory Animal Science 37, 413–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Levine, N. D. & Tadros, W. (1980). Named species and hosts of Sarcocystis (Protozoa: Apicomptera: Sarcocystidae). Systematic Parasitology 2, 4159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, J. w. (1968). Studies on the helminth parasites of the Long-tailed field mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus from Wales. Journal of Zoology 154, 287312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marrie, T. J. (1990). Q-fever-a review. Canadian Veterinary Journal 3, 555–64.Google Scholar
Matuschka, F., Fisher, P., Heiler, M., Richter, D. & Spielman, A. (1992). Capacity of European animals as reservoir hosts for the lyme disease Spirochete. Journal of Infectious Diseases 165, 479–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meehan, A. P. (1984). Rats and Mice: their Biology and Control. Tonbridge, Kent: The Rentokil Library, Rentokil Ltd. Brown Knight & Truscott Ltd.Google Scholar
Nakashima, R. S., Wetzler, T. F. & Nordin, J. P. (1978). Some microbial threats posed by Seattle rats to the community's health. Journal of Environmental Health 40, 264–7.Google Scholar
Ogneva, N. S. (1962). Listeria infection among rodents in a large city. Veterinary Bulletin 32, 339.Google Scholar
Oldham, J. N. (1967). Helminths, ectoparasites, and protozoa in rats and mice. In Pathology of Laboratory Rats and Mice (ed. Cotchin, E. & Roe, F. J. C.), pp. 641679. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Owen, D. G. (1992). Parasites of Laboratory Animals. Laboratory Animals Handbook, No. 12. London.Google Scholar
Perryman, L. E. (1990). Cryptosporidittm in rodents. In Cryptosporidiosis of Man and Animals (ed. Dubey, J. P., Speer, C. A. & Fayer, R.), pp. 125132. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Pether, J. V. S. & Lloyd, G. (1993). The clinical spectrum of human hantavirus infection in Somerset. Epidemiology and Infection 111, 171–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pritchard, D. G. (1986). National situation of leptospirosis in the U.K. In The Present State of Leptospirosis Diagnosis and Control (ed. Ellis, W. A. & Little, T. W. A.), pp. 221233. Netherlands: Martimes Nighift, CEC Publications, EVR 95555.Google Scholar
Rokey, N. W. & Erling, H. G. (1960). Natural occurrences of Salmonella dublin in Arizona. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 136, 381–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosa, P. A., Hogan, D. & Chwan, T. G. (1991). Polymerase chain reaction analysis to identify two distinct classes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 3, 524–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, G. D. & Roberts, L. S. (1989). Foundations of Parasitology, 4th edn.St Louis Times Mirror/Mosby College publications.Google Scholar
Sheedy, J. A., Froed, H. F., Bateson, H. A., Conley, C. G., Murphy, J. P., Hunter, R. B., Gugell, D. W., Giles, R. B., Bershadsky, S. C., Vester, J. W. & Yoe, R. H. (1954). The clinical course of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. American Journal of Medicine 16, 619–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thienpont, D., Ruchette, F. & Vanpanjs, O. F. J. (1979). Diagnosing Helminthiasis through Coprological Examination. Janseen Research Foundation.Google Scholar
Waitkins, S. A. (1991). Rats as a source of leptospirosis — Weil's disease. Sorex Technical Paper No. 4. Sorex Ltd., Cheshire.Google Scholar
Webster, J. P. (1994). Prevalence and transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in wild brown rats, Rattus norvegicus. Parasitology 108, 37–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, J. P., Ellis, W. A. & Macdonald, D. W. (1995). Prevalence of Leptospira in wild brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations in the UK. Epidemiology and Infection 114, 195201.Google Scholar
Webster, J. P., Lloyd, G. & Macdonald, D. W. (1995). Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) reservoir in wild brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations in the UK. Parasitology 110, 31–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, J. P. & Macdonald, D. W. (1995). Cryptosporidiosis reservoir in wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the UK. Epidemiology and Infection (in the Press).Google Scholar
Welch, J. s. (1972). Parasitology field studies. 27th Annual Report for Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane (1971) vol 24.Google Scholar
Wentworth, B. B. (1987). Diagnostic Procedures for Bacterial Infection, 7th edn.Baltimore, Maryland: American Public Health Association, Port City Press.Google Scholar
Yadav, M. P., Rarotra, J. R. & Sethl, M. S. (1979). The occurrence of coxiellosis among rodents and shrews in the Taraie area of Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 15, 1114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar