Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T17:14:27.728Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Re(gion)alizing Women's Human Rights in Latin America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 September 2009

Elisabeth Jay Friedman
Affiliation:
University of San Francisco

Abstract

Between 1993 and 2000, nearly every democracy in Latin America passed a law prohibiting domestic violence. Between 2001 and 2006, five countries strengthened their legislation, and Brazil passed its first law. What explains these advances with respect to women's rights? While other work has focused on domestic or international factors, this article brings to light the role of the region. It reveals that the two inter-American women's rights organizations have been active in both establishing regional norms and promoting their national adoption and implementation. While this suggests that regional governance can promote women's social rights, there is no automatic institutionalization of these norms. Case studies on Chile and Brazil illustrate the impact of national context.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abbott, Kenneth W. 2007. “Institutions in the Americas: Theoretical Reflections.” In Governing the Americas: Assessing Multilateral Institutions, ed. Mace, G., Thérien, J.-P., and Haslam, P.. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 237–53.Google Scholar
Alméras, Diane, Bravo, Rosa, Milosavljevic, Vivian, Motaño, Sonia, and María, Nieves Rico. 2004. “Violence against Women in Couples: Latin America and the Caribbean.” Serie mujer y desarrollo 40. Santiago de Chile: UN/ECLAC.Google Scholar
Araujo, Kathya, Guzmán, Virginia, and Mauro, Amalia. 2000. “How Domestic Violence Came to Be Viewed as a Public Issue and Policy Object.” CEPAL Review 70: 137–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldez, Lisa. 2004. “Elected Bodies: Gender Quotas for Female Legislative Candidates in Mexico.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 29 (2): 231–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blofeld, Merike H., and Haas, Liesl. 2005. “Defining a Democracy: Reforming the Laws on Women's Rights in Chile, 1990–2002.” Latin American Politics and Society 47 (3): 3568.Google Scholar
Bruhn, Kathleen. 2003. “Whores and Lesbians: Political Activism, Party Strategies, and Gender Quotas in Mexico.” Electoral Studies 22 (1): 101–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe). 2009. “Estadísticas e indicadores de género.” http://www.eclac.cl/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/mujer/noticias/paginas/3/29273/P29273.xml&xsl=/mujer/tpl/p18f-st.xsl&base=/mujer/tpl/top-bottom-estadistica.xsl (Accessed January 17, 2009).Google Scholar
Chappell, Louise. 2008. “Governing International Law through the International Criminal Court: A New Site for Gender Justice?” In Global Governance: Feminist Perspectives, ed. Rai, S. M. and Waylen, G.. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 160–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiarotti, Susana. 1998. “Violence against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean.” http://www.socialwatch.org/en/informesTematicso/39.html (Accessed April 22, 2006).Google Scholar
CIM (Inter-American Commission of Women). 1994. “Summary of the Process of the Development of the Draft Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women.” VI Special Assembly of Delegates, Washington, DC. OEA/Ser.L.II.3.6, CIM/doc.5/94.Google Scholar
CIM (Inter-American Commission of Women). 1998. “Equal Legal Rights for Women: Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on the Status of Women in the Americas.” CIM/RES. 199 (XXIX-O/98). http://www.oas.org/CIM/English/Assembly%20XXIX%20Resolutions.htm#6 (Accessed February 8, 2009).Google Scholar
CIM (Inter-American Commission of Women). 1999. History of the Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM). Washington, DC: CIM/OAS.Google Scholar
CIM (Inter-American Commission on Women). 2000. “Support for the Special Rapporteur of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on the Rights of Women.” CIM/RES.215(XXX-O/00). http://www.oas.org/CIM/English/Assembly%20XXX%20Resolutions.htm#6 (Accessed February 8, 2009).Google Scholar
CIM (Inter-American Commission on Women). 2002. “Follow-Up to the Convention of Belém do Pará – Results of the Subregional Meetings of Experts – Strategies to Be Followed.” XXXI Assembly of Delegates, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. OAS/Ser.L/II.2.31, CIM/doc.7/02.Google Scholar
CIM (Inter-American Commission on Women). 2007. “Amendment of the Legal Instruments of the Inter-American Commission of Women.” Seventh Special Assembly of Delegates, Washington, DC. OEA/Ser.L/II.3.7, CIM/doc.5/07 rev. 1. http://www.oas.org/CIM/English/Assembly%20VII%20Special%20Documents.htm (Accessed July 26, 2008).Google Scholar
CIM (Inter-American Commission on Women). N.d. History of CIM. http://www.oas.org/cim/English/History2.htm (Accessed March 7, 2008).Google Scholar
CIM/OAS, ICCLR, ILANUD. 2001. Violence in the Americas. Washington, DC: CIM/OAS.Google Scholar
Cooper, Andrew F., and Thérien, Jean-Philippe. 2004. “The Inter-Amerian Regime of Citizenship: Bridging the Institutional Gap between Democracy and Human Rights.” Third World Quarterly 25 (4): 731–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craske, Nikki. 2003. “Gender, Politics and Legislation.” In Gender in Latin America, by Chant, S. with Craske, N.. New Brunswick, NJ: Rugters University Press, 1945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Domestic Violence in Chile. Remarks by the Representatives of the Government of Chile” [videorecording]. 2007. 127th Regular Session IACHR. http://www.oas.org/OASpage/videosondemand/show/video.asp?nCode=07-0066&nCodeDet=1 (Accessed January 2, 2009).Google Scholar
Duhaime, Bernard. 2007. “Protecting Human Rights: Recent Achievements and Challenges.” In Governing the Americas: Assessing Multilateral Institutions, ed. Mace, G., Thérien, J.-P., and Haslam, P.. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 131–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykmann, Klaas. 2004. Philanthropic Endeavors or the Exploitation of an Ideal? The Human Rights Policy of the Organization of American States in Latin America (1970–1991). Madrid: Iberoamericana.Google Scholar
Ellina, Chrystalla A. 2003. Promoting Women's Rights: The Politics of Gender in the European Union. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Espina, Gioconda. 2007. “Beyond Polarization: Organized Venezuelan Women Promote Their Minimum Agenda.” NACLA Report on the Americas 40 (2): 2024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farer, Tom. 1997. “The Rise of the Inter-American Human Rights Regime: No Longer a Unicorn, Not Yet an Ox.” Human Rights Quarterly 19 (3): 510–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franceschet, Susan. 2008. “The Politics of Domestic Violence Policy in Latin America.” Technical Paper No. TP-08001. Institute for Advanced Policy Research, University of Calgary. http://www.iapr.ca/iapr/files/iapr/iapr-tp-08001_0.pdf (Accsessed October 24, 2008).Google Scholar
Friedman, Elisabeth Jay. 1995. “Women's Human Rights: The Emergence of a Movement.” In Women's Rights/Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives, ed. Peters, J. and Wolper, A.. New York: Routledge, 1835.Google Scholar
Friedman, Elisabeth Jay. 2003. “Gendering the Agenda: Women's Transnational Organizing at the UN Conferences of the 1990s.” Women's Studies International Forum 26 (4): 313–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Elisabeth Jay, Hochstetler, Kathryn, and Clark, Ann Marie. 2005. Sovereingty, Democracy, and Global Civil Society: State-Society Relations at UN World Conferences. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Global Legal Information Network. 2008. “Ley contra el Femicidio y otras Formas de Violencia contra la Mujer.” Washington, DC: Library of Congress. http://www.glin.gov; (Accessed January 1, 2009).Google Scholar
Guerrero Caviedes, Elizabeth. 2002. Violencia Contra Las Mujeres en America Latina y El Caribe Espanol 1990–2000: Balance de Una Decada. Santiago de Chile: ISIS Internacional/UNIFEM.Google Scholar
Haas, Liesl. 2006. “The Rules of the Game: Feminist Policymaking in Chile.” Política [Santiago] 46 (Fall): 199225.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Darren, and Humes, Melissa. 2002. “Human Rights and Domestic Violence.” Political Science Quarterly 117 (2): 213–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IACHR (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights). N.d. Rapporteurship on the Rights of Women: Background and Mandate. http://www.cidh.org/women/mandate.htm (Accessed March 15, 2008).Google Scholar
IACHR (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights). 1998. Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on the Status of Women in the Americas. Washington, DC: General Secretariat, OAS.Google Scholar
IACHR (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights). 2003. The Situation of the Rights of Women in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico: The Right to Be Free from Violence and Discrimination. OEA/Ser.L./V/II.117. Doc. 44. http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/2002eng/chap.vi.juarez.htm (Accessed March 15, 2008).Google Scholar
IACHR (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights). 2006a. Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/2006eng/TOC.htm (Accessed March 15, 2008).Google Scholar
IACHR (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights). 2006b. Violence and Discrimination Against Women in the Armed Conflict in Colombia. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 67. http://www.cidh.oas.org/women/Colombia06eng/toccolombiaeng.htm (Accessed March 15, 2008).Google Scholar
IACHR (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights). 2007. Access to Justice for Women Victims of Violence in the Americas. Washington, DC: OAS.Google Scholar
ISIS Internacional/UNIFEM. 2006. Leyes de Violencia Doméstica e Intrafamiliar en América Latina y el Caribe Español. Santiago de Chile: ISIS Internacional.Google Scholar
Kantola, Johanna. 2006. Feminists Theorize the State. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keck, Margaret, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2006. “Reforming Representation: The Diffusion of Gender Candidate Quotas Worldwide.” Politics & Gender 2 (September): 303–27.Google Scholar
Macaulay, Fiona. 2006. “Judicialising and (de)Criminalising Domestic Violence in Latin America.” Social Policy and Society 5 (1): 103–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mace, Gordon, and Thérien, Jean-Phlippe. 2007. “The Inter-American System: A Sisyphean Endeavor?” In Governing the Americas: Assessing Multilateral Institutions, ed. Mace, G., Thérien, J.-P., and Haslam, P.. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 3550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macrae, Heather. 2006. “Rescaling Gender Relations: The Influence of European Directives on the German Gender Regime.” Social Politics 13 (4): 522–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, Gary, and Hooghe, Liesbet. 2005. “Contrasting Visions of Multi-level Governance.” In Multi-level Governance, ed. Bache, I. and Flinders, M.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1530.Google Scholar
Medina, Cecilia. 1998. “The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and Women, with Particular Reference to Violence.” In The Role of the Nation-State in the 21st Century, Human Rights, International Organisations and Foreign Policy, ed. Castermans-Holleman, M., van Hoof, F., and Smith, J.. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 117–34.Google Scholar
Meyer, Mary K. 1999. “Negotiating International Norms: The Inter-American Commission of Women and the Convention on Violence against Women.” In Gender Politics in Global Governance, ed. Meyer, M.K. and Prgül, E.. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 5871.Google Scholar
Miguel Castro-Castro Prison v. Peru. 2006. Series C No. 160 (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, November 25, 2006). http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_160_ing.pdf (Accessed June 24, 2009).Google Scholar
OAS (Organization of American States). 1994. “Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women.” http://www.cidh.org/women/convention.htm (Accessed March 15, 2008).Google Scholar
Poole, Linda J. 1993. “Legal Developments and Reform in the Inter-American System.” In Ours by Right: Women's Rights as Human Rights, ed. Kerr, J.. London: Zed Press, 134–37.Google Scholar
“Reports from around the World: Americas.” 1993. WIN News 19 (4): 70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, Cecilia MacDowell. 2007. “Transnational Legal Activism and the State: Reflections on Cases against Brazil in the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.” Sur-International Journal on Human Rights 7 (4): 2959.Google Scholar
Scheman, L. Ronald. “The Inter-American System: An Overview.” 2007. In Governing the Americas: Assessing Multilateral Institutions, ed. Mace, G., Thérien, J.-P., and Haslam, P.. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1333.Google Scholar
Smith, William C., and Korzeniewicz, Roberto Patricio. 2007. “Insiders, Outsiders, and the Politics of Civil Society.” In Governing the Americas: Assessing Multilateral Institutions, ed. Mace, G., Thérien, J.-P., and Haslam, P.. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 151–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stratigaki, Maria. 2004. “The Co-optation of Gender Concepts in EU Policies: The Case of ‘Reconciliation of Work and Family.’” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society 11 (1): 3056.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Vleuten, Anna. 2005. “Pincers and Prestige: Explaining the Implementation of EU Gender Equality Legislation.” Comparative European Politics 3 (4): 464–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Vleuten, Anna. 2007. The Price of Gender Equality: Member States and Governance in the European Union. Surrey, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Walby, Sylvia. 2004. “The European Union and Gender Equality: Emergent Varieties of Gender Regime.” Social Politics 11 (1): 429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waylen, Georgina. 2008. “Transforming Global Governance: Challenges and Opportunities.” In Global Governance: Feminist Perspectives, ed. Rai, S.M. and Waylen, G.. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 254–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Women and Violence.” 1991. WIN News 17 (3): 38.Google Scholar
Zippel, Kathrin. 2004. “Transnational Advocacy Networks and Policy Cycles in the European Union: The Case of Sexual Harrassment.” Social Politics 11 (1): 5785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zippel, Kathrin. 2006. The Politics of Sexual Harassment: A Comparative Study of the United States, the European Union, and Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zwingel, Susanne. 2005. “From Intergovernmental Negotiations to (sub)National Change.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 7 (3): 400–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar