The extraordinary DIBs observed toward Herschel 36 (Dahlstrom et al. 2013) have been analyzed (Oka et al. 2013). The analysis led us to a new way to classify the carriers of DIBs depending on whether the molecules are polar or non-polar. The pronounced Extended Tails toward Red (ETR) observed for DIBs λ5780.5, λ5797.1, and λ6613.6 are explained as due to radiative excitation of high rotational levels of polar carrier molecules in an environment with high radiative temperature ~90 K. Other DIBs (e.g., λ5849.8, λ6196.0, and λ6379.3) which do not show ETR are likely due to non-polar molecules. Model calculations taking into account the interplay of radiative and collisional effects reproduce the observed ETR using realistic molecular parameters if the radiative temperature is sufficiently high (~90 K). The calculation suggests that the carriers of DIBs with ETR are likely medium size molecules with 3 - 6 heavy atoms unless the radiative temperature is much higher.

Obscured AGN may correspond to a substantial fraction of the supermassive black hole growth rate. I will present new surveys with the SCUBA-2 instrument on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope of the Chandra Deep Fields and discuss whether we can distinguish obscured AGN in hard X-ray and radio selected samples using submillimeter observations.

MilkyWay@home is a volunteer computing project that allows people from every country in the world to volunteer their otherwise idle processors to Milky Way research. Currently, more than 25,000 people (150,000 since November 9, 2007) contribute about half a PetaFLOPS of computing power to our project. We currently run two types of applications: one application fits the spatial density profile of tidal streams using statistical photometric parallax, and the other application finds the N-body simulation parameters that produce tidal streams that best match the measured density profile of known tidal streams. The stream fitting application is well developed and is producing published results. The Sagittarius dwarf leading tidal tail has been fit, and the algorithm is currently running on the trailing tidal tail and bifurcated pieces. We will soon have a self-consistent model for the density of the smooth component of the stellar halo and the largest tidal streams. The N-body application has been implemented for fitting dwarf galaxy progenitor properties only, and is in the testing stages. We use an Earth-Mover Distance method to measure goodness-of-fit for density of stars along the tidal stream. We will add additional spatial dimensions as well as kinematic measures in a piecemeal fashion, with the eventual goal of fitting the orbit and parameters of the Milky Way potential (and thus the density distribution of dark matter) using multiple tidal streams.

We present the very first detection of N2H+J = (1 – 0) and CH3OH(2k−1k) line emission on 5″ scales in the circumnuclear disk (CND) around Sgr A*. The emission matches the position and shape of the dark clouds in the near-infrared. Our findings suggest that these molecular clouds in the eastern CND are significantly colder and denser than the rest of the CND, and partially shocked. The research on these dark clouds will contribute to understanding the processes of star formation close to a supermassive black hole.

Asteroseismology depends absolutely on the detection of authentic pulsation signatures in stars. A variety of mathematical and statistical tools have been developed to extract such signatures from photometric and spectroscopic time series. The earliest tools were developed on the platform of Fourier analysis, and Fourier-based methodology still plays a major part in the detection of pulsation signatures in the present day. Alternative approaches have been gaining ground in recent years. This article offers a brief but broad review of the various methodologies for detecting authentic periodic signals that have been developed over the past few decades, including examples of their pitfalls and successes.

As part of the Gaia-ESO Survey (GES), a number of clusters will be observed that were chosen specifically for their massive-star content. We report on the procedures we followed to determine the stellar parameters from the massive-star spectra of this survey. We intercompare the results from the different techniques used by the nodes of our group to determine these parameters and discuss some of the problems encountered. We present preliminary results for NGC 6705, NGC 3293, and Trumpler 14. We study microturbulence in A-type stars, we use the repeat observation to investigate binarity, and we determine cluster membership from the radial velocity information. The large number of massive-star spectra obtained by the Gaia-ESO Survey will allow us to critically test stellar evolution modelling.

A large number of observed exoplanets are part of multiple planet systems. Most of these systems are sufficiently close-in to be tidally evolving. In such systems, there is a competition between the excitation caused by planet-planet interactions and tidal damping. Using as an example two multiple planet systems, which host planets in the surface liquid water habitable zone (HZ): Kepler-62 and Kepler-186, we show the importance and effect of both planetary and stellar tides on the dynamical evolution of planets and on the climate of the HZ planets.

In addition to the hundreds of known visual-wavelength Diffuse Interstellar Bands (DIBs), a number of DIBs in the near-infrared (NIR) are now also known to exist. We present here high-resolution UKIRT echelle spectroscopy of two of the NIR DIBs toward sightlines exhibiting a range of visual extinctions. Variations in the strengths and profile shapes of the bands are considered in the context of known properties of the narrow DIBs at visual wavelengths.

In the presently favored picture of star formation, mass is transferred from disk to star via magnetospheric accretion and out of the system via magnetically driven outflows. This magnetically mediated mass flux is a fundamental process upon which the evolution of the star, disk, and forming planetary system depends. Our current understanding of these processes is heavily rooted in young solar analogs, T Tauri Stars (TTS). We have come to understand recently, however, that the higher mass pre-main sequence (PMS) Herbig AeBe (HAeBe) stars have dramatically weaker dipolar fields than their lower mass counterparts. We present our current observational and theoretical efforts to characterize magnetospherically mediated mass transfer within HAeBe star+disk systems. We have gathered a rich spectroscopic and interferometric data set for several dozen HAeBe stars in order to measure accretion and mass loss rates, assess wind and magnetospheric accretion properties, and determine how spectral lines and interferometric visibilities are diagnostic of these processes. For some targets, we have observed spectral line variability and will discuss ongoing time-series spectroscopic efforts.

Resonances with spiral density waves or the Galactic bar can cause structure in local velocity distributions (also known as phase space). Because resonances are narrow, it is possible to place tight constraints on a pattern speed or the shape of the underlying gravitational potential.

Interference between multiple spiral patterns can cause localized bursts of star formation and discontinuities or kinks in the spiral arm morphology. Numerical simulations suggest that boundaries between different dominant patterns in the disk can manifest in local velocity distributions as gaps that are associated with specific orbital periods or angular momentum values. Recent studies have detected age gradients that may be associated with the appearance of spiral features such as armlets and spurs.

When patterns grow or vary in speed, resonances can be swept through the disk causing changes in the velocity distributions. Evidence of resonance capture or resonance crossing can be used to place constraints on the past history of patterns in the disk. The X-shaped Galactic bulge may have been caused by stars captured into vertical resonance with the Bar.

Disturbances in the Galactic disk, such as from a past merger, can cause an uneven distribution of disk stars in action angles. Subsequently the stellar distribution becomes more tightly wound in phase space. Phase wrapping can cause a series of shell like features in either real space or in a local velocity distribution. The spacing between features is dependent on the time since the disturbance.

The power of asteroseismology relies on the ability to infer the stellar structure from the unambiguous frequency identification of the corresponding pulsation mode. Hence, the use of a Fourier transform is in the basis of asteroseismic studies. Nevertheless, the difficulties with the interpretation of the frequencies found in many stars lead us to reconsider whether Fourier analysis is the most appropriate technique to identify pulsation modes. We have found that the data, usually analyzed using Fourier techniques, present a non-analyticity originating from the lack of connectivity of the underlying function describing the physical phenomena. Therefore, the conditions for the Fourier series to converge are not fulfilled. In the light of these results, we examine in this talk some stellar light curves from different asteroseismology space missions (CoRoT, Kepler and SoHO) in which the interpretation of the data in terms of Fourier frequencies becomes difficult. We emphasize the necessity of a new interpretation of the stellar light curves in order to identify the correct frequencies of the pulsation modes.

We present the first results from a mid-infrared survey of local Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) using the CanariCam (CC) instrument on the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC). We are obtaining sub-arcsecond angular resolution (0.3 − 0.6 arcsec) mid-IR imaging and spectroscopic observations of a sample of 100 local AGN, which are complemented with data taken with T-ReCS, VISIR, and Michelle. The full sample contains approximately 140 AGN, covers nearly six orders of magnitude in AGN luminosity, and includes low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN), Seyfert 1s and 2s, QSO, radio galaxies, and (U)LIRGs. The main goals of this project are: (1) to test whether the properties of the dusty tori of the AGN Unified Model depend on the AGN type, (2) to study the nuclear star formation activity and obscuration of local AGN, and (3) to explore the role of the dusty torus in LLAGN.

Supernovae of Type IIn (narrow line) appear to be explosions that had strong mass loss before the event, so that the optical luminosity is powered by the circumstellar interaction. If the mass loss region has an optical depth >c/vs, where vs is the shock velocity, the shock breakout occurs in the mass loss region and a significant fraction of the explosion energy can be radiated. The emission from the superluminous SN 2006gy and the normal luminosity SN 2011ht can plausibly be attributed to shock breakout in a wind, with SN 2011ht being a low energy event. Superluminous supernovae of Type I may derive their luminosity from interaction with a mass loss region of limited extent. However, the distinctive temperature increase to maximum luminosity has not been clearly observed in Type I events. Suggested mechanisms for the strong mass loss include pulsational pair instability, gravity-waves generated by instabilities in late burning phases, and binary effects.

We have used the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) 12 m telescope at 218 GHz to observe molecular clouds simultaneously in the JKaKc = 303→202, 322→221, and 321→220 transitions of para-H2CO to determine kinetic temperatures of the dense gas in the central molecular zone of the Galaxy. Gas kinetic temperatures for individual molecular clouds range from 55 to 125 K or even higher. The molecular clouds at high temperatures may be heated by turbulent dissipation and/or cosmic-rays.

The aim of this study is to analyse and determine elemental abundances for a large sample of distant B stars in the outer Galactic disk in order to constrain the chemical distribution of the Galactic disk and models of chemical evolution of the Galaxy. Here, we present preliminary results on a few stars along with the adopted methodology based on securing simultaneous O and Si ionization equilibria with consistent NLTE model atmospheres.

A limited list of new results of the searches for the new magnetic stars among late B and early A stars is in this work. Continual observations with spectroscopic devices of the 6m Russian telescope BTA led to successful detection of about 10 new magnetic stars that occupy different parts of evolutional tracks for the stars of 2–3 solar masses. Measurements of the longitudinal magnetic field show weak and medium strength magnetic field in all program stars.

We present the first results of an exploratory VLT/X-Shooter survey of near-infrared diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) in diffuse to translucent interstellar clouds. These observations confirm the presence of recently discoved NIR DIBs and provide more accurate rest wavelengths and line widths. Example spectra are shown for the reddened, AV ~ 10 mag, line-of-sight towards the distant binary system 4U 1907+09.

We study the theoretical properties of the regular spacings found in the oscillation spectra of δ Scuti stars. A linear relation between the large separation and the mean density is predicted to be found in the low-frequency domain (i.e. radial orders spanning from 1 to 8, approximately) of the main-sequence δ Scuti stars' oscillation spectrum. This implies an independent direct measure of the average density of δ Scuti stars, analogous to that of the Sun, and places tight constraints on the mode identification and hence on the stellar internal structure and dynamics, and allows a determination the radii of planets orbiting around δ Scuti stars with unprecedented precision. This opens the way for studying the evolution of regular patterns in pulsating stars, and its relation to stellar structure and evolution.

The stellar spin orientation relative to the orbital planes of multiplanet systems are becoming accessible to observations. For example, 55 Cancri is a system composed of 5 planets orbiting a member of a stellar binary for which a projected obliquity of 72±12 ° relative to the orbit of the innermost planet has been reported (Bourrier & Hébrard 2014). This large obliquity has been attributed to the perturbation induced by the binary. Here we describe the secular evolution of similar systems and we discuss the case of the 55 Cancri system more deeply. We provide two different orbital configurations compatible with the currently available observations.

Core-collapse supernovae can produce X-rays through a variety of mechanisms, which are briefly reviewed. Through a combination of targeted searches of specific supernovae and archival searches for serendipitous coverage of supernovae, the number of known X-ray supernovae has grown by a factor of five in the past 13 years, when the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton were launched. The Swift satellite has contributed greatly to the discovery of X-ray emitted supernovae, but care must taken with all Swift detections given its spatial resolution and the number of X-ray binaries typically seen in external galaxies. About half of the reported Swift detections of X-ray emission from supernovae are in fact not due to the supernovae but from unrelated nearby sources in the host galaxies.