Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-06T07:33:08.512Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Validating an electronic snacking questionnaire among New Zealand adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes – feasibility study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2024

S. Styles
Affiliation:
Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
J. Haszard
Affiliation:
Biostatistics Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
S. Rose
Affiliation:
Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, 6021 New Zealand
A. Barea
Affiliation:
Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
B. Wheeler
Affiliation:
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand Paediatric Department, Te Whatu Ora Southern, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by a deficiency in insulin production and consequent hyperglycaemia. A glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) value < 53 mmol/mol (< 7%) is recommended to reduce the risk for diabetes-specific complications(1). However, most adolescents and young adults (AYAs) have an HbA1c above the target(2). Dietary behaviours, including a routine meal plan with snacks, play a significant role in self-management(3). Snacks without an insulin bolus, grazing or snacking to cope with stress contribute to out-of-target glucose levels. Although modifying AYAs’ snacking behaviours could be a low-cost, equitable, and effective approach to improving glycaemic control, there is a dearth of evidence to inform effective snacking interventions. Importantly, no brief, validated tool exists to assess snacking behaviour among individuals with T1D. This research explored the acceptability and feasibility of validating a snacking questionnaire adapted for AYAs with T1D; a crucial step before a larger validation study. Twenty-five AYAs (aged 13-20 years) with T1D and receiving diabetes care through Te Whatu Ora Southern were invited to participate in a feasibility study. Purposive sampling was used for maximum variability in participants’ demographic characteristics. All study procedures were completed remotely, with electronic questionnaires administered in the morning via a secure web platform. On days 1 and 8 of the 8-day study, participants completed a 30-item snacking questionnaire that assessed the timing and frequency of snacking and types of food or drinks consumed as a snack in the past seven days. The snacking questionnaire was adapted from questionnaires previously used in population-level surveys. An experienced diabetes dietitian ensured that items reflected foods commonly consumed by AYAs with T1D. Before recruitment, two diabetes dietitians and a young adult with T1D critically reviewed the adapted snacking questionnaire. On days 2-8, participants recalled their snacking behaviour (timing, frequency, food/drink consumed) over the previous day. The proportion of completed snacking questionnaires assessed feasibility, defined as a response rate ≥ 80%. The ease of completing the snacking questionnaires was self-reported on a Likert-type scale (1-completely agree, 5-completely disagree) to assess acceptability, defined as ≤ 20% of participants reporting the questionnaires were not easy to complete. Participants (n = 10) were aged 16.2 ± 1.69 years, 60% male, and 90% self-identified as New Zealand or Other European. All participants completed the proposed validation study. Most (95%) of the snacking questionnaires were completed. All (100%) daily snacking behaviour questionnaires were completed. All participants (100%) agreed that the questionnaires were easy to complete. The snacking behaviours questionnaire validation procedures are feasible and acceptable to New Zealand and Other European AYAs with T1D. Feasibility and acceptability must be explored among ethnically diverse AYAs before conducting a larger rigorous validation study.

Type
Abstract
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society

References

de Bock, M, Codner, E, Craig, ME et al. (2022) Pediatr Diabetes 23, 12701276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, S, Perry, L, Low, J et al. (2022) Pediatr Diabetes 23, 736741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Annan, SF, Higgins, LA, Jelleryd, E et al. (2022) Pediatr Diabetes 23, 12971321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed