Altman, EG, Hedeker, DR, Janicak, PG, Peterson, JL, Davis, JM (1994). The Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania (CARS-M): development, reliability, and validity. Biological Psychiatry
36, 124–134.
Altshuler, LL, Gitlin, MJ, Mintz, J, Leight, KL, Frye, MA (2002). Subsyndromal depression is associated with functional impairment in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
63, 807–811.
Altshuler, LL, Ventura, J, van Gorp, WG, Green, MF, Theberge, DC, Mintz, J (2004). Neurocognitive function in clinically stable men with bipolar I disorder or schizophrenia and normal control subjects. Biological Psychiatry
56, 560–569.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing: Arlington, VA.
Anaya, C, Torrent, C, Caballero, FF, Vieta, E, Bonnin, CDM, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, CIBERSAM Functional Remediation Group (2016). Cognitive reserve in bipolar disorder: relation to cognition, psychosocial functioning and quality of life. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
133, 386–398.
Arango, C, Fraguas, D, Parellada, M (2014). Differential neurodevelopmental trajectories in patients with early-onset bipolar and schizophrenia disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin
40 (Suppl. 2), S138–S146.
Arts, B, Jabben, N, Krabbendam, L, van Os, J (2008). Meta-analyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine
38, 771–785.
Baş, TÖ, Poyraz, CA, Baş, A, Poyraz, BÇ, Tosun, M (2015). The impact of cognitive impairment, neurological soft signs and subdepressive symptoms on functional outcome in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders
174, 336–341.
Bonnín, C del Mar, González-Pinto, A, Solé, B, Reinares, M, González-Ortega, I, Alberich, S, Crespo, JM, Salamero, M, Vieta, E, Martínez-Arán, A, Torrent, C, CIBERSAM Functional Remediation Group (2014). Verbal memory as a mediator in the relationship between subthreshold depressive symptoms and functional outcome in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders
160, 50–54.
Bora, E, Pantelis, C (2015). Meta-analysis of cognitive impairment in first-episode bipolar disorder: comparison with first-episode schizophrenia and healthy controls. Schizophrenia Bulletin
41, 1095–1104.
Bora, E, Veznedaroğlu, B, Vahip, S (2016). Theory of mind and executive functions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a cross-diagnostic latent class analysis for identification of neuropsychological subtypes. Schizophrenia Research
176, 500–505.
Bora, E, Yucel, M, Pantelis, C (2009). Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives. Journal of Affective Disorders
113, 1–20.
Bowie, CR, Depp, C, McGrath, JA, Wolyniec, P, Mausbach, BT, Thornquist, MH, Luke, J, Patterson, TL, Harvey, PD, Pulver, AE (2010). Prediction of real-world functional disability in chronic mental disorders: a comparison of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry
167, 1116–1124.
Burdick, KE, Goldberg, JF, Harrow, M (2010). Neurocognitive dysfunction and psychosocial outcome in patients with bipolar I disorder at 15-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
122, 499–506.
Burdick, KE, Goldberg, TE, Cornblatt, BA, Keefe, RS, Gopin, CB, Derosse, P, Braga, RJ, Malhotra, AK (2011). The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery in patients with bipolar I disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology
36, 1587–1592.
Burdick, KE, Russo, M, Frangou, S, Mahon, K, Braga, RJ, Shanahan, M, Malhotra, AK (2014). Empirical evidence for discrete neurocognitive subgroups in bipolar disorder: clinical implications. Psychological Medicine
44, 3083–3096.
Clementz, BA, Sweeney, JA, Hamm, JP, Ivleva, EI, Ethridge, LE, Pearlson, GD, Keshavan, MS, Tamminga, CA (2016). Identification of distinct psychosis biotypes using brain-based biomarkers. American Journal of Psychiatry
173, 373–384.
Daban, C, Martinez-Aran, A, Torrent, C, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Balanzá-Martínez, V, Salazar-Fraile, J, Selva-Vera, G, Vieta, E (2006). Specificity of cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder versus schizophrenia. A systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
75, 72–84.
First, MB, Spitzer, RL, GIbbon, M, Williams, JBW (2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition. (SCID-I/P). Biometric Research: New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute: New York.
Hamilton, M (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
6, 278–296.
Jensen, JH, Knorr, U, Vinberg, M, Kessing, LV, Miskowiak, KW (2016). Discrete neurocognitive subgroups in fully or partially remitted bipolar disorder: associations with functional abilities. Journal of Affective Disorders
205, 378–386.
Lewandowski, KE, Sperry, SH, Cohen, BM, Ongür, D (2014). Cognitive variability in psychotic disorders: a cross-diagnostic cluster analysis. Psychological Medicine
44, 3239–3248.
Lichtenstein, P, Yip, BH, Björk, C, Pawitan, Y, Cannon, TD, Sullivan, PF, Hultman, CM (2009). Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet
373, 234–239.
Martino, DJ, Strejilevich, SA, Scápola, M, Igoa, A, Marengo, E, Ais, ED, Perinot, L (2008). Heterogeneity in cognitive functioning among patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders
109, 149–156.
Mokhtari, M, Narayanan, B, Hamm, JP, Soh, P, Calhoun, VD, Ruaño, G, Kocherla, M, Windemuth, A, Clementz, BA, Tamminga, CA, Sweeney, JA, Keshavan, MS, Pearlson, GD (2016). Multivariate genetic correlates of the auditory paired stimuli-based P2 event-related potential in the psychosis dimension from the BSNIP study. Schizophrenia Bulletin
42, 851–862.
Narayanan, B, Ethridge, LE, O'Neil, K, Dunn, S, Mathew, I, Tandon, N, Calhoun, VD, Ruaño, G, Kocherla, M, Windemuth, A, Clementz, BA, Tamminga, CA, Sweeney, JA, Keshavan, MS, Pearlson, GD (2015). Genetic sources of subcomponents of event-related potential in the dimension of psychosis analyzed from the B-SNIP study. American Journal of Psychiatry
172, 466–478.
Nuechterlein, KH, Green, MF, Kern, RS, Baade, LE, Barch, DM, Cohen, JD, Essock, S, Fenton, WS, Frese, FJ, Gold, JM, Goldberg, T, Heaton, RK, Keefe, RSE, Kraemer, H, Mesholam-Gately, R, Seidman, LJ, Stover, E, Weinberger, DR, Young, AS, Zalcman, S, Marder, SR (2008). The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity. American Journal of Psychiatry
165, 203–213.
Reichenberg, A, Harvey, PD, Bowie, CR, Mojtabai, R, Rabinowitz, J, Heaton, RK, Bromet, E (2009). Neuropsychological function and dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin
35, 1022–1029.
Reser, MP, Allott, KA, Killackey, E, Farhall, J, Cotton, SM (2015). Exploring cognitive heterogeneity in first-episode psychosis: what cluster analysis can reveal. Psychiatry Research
229, 819–827.
Sanchez-Moreno, J, Martinez-Aran, A, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Torrent, C, Vieta, E, Ayuso-Mateos, JL (2009). Functioning and disability in bipolar disorder: an extensive review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
78, 285–297.
Solé, B, Jiménez, E, Torrent, C, Del Mar Bonnin, C, Torres, I, Reinares, M, Priego, Á, Salamero, M, Colom, F, Varo, C, Vieta, E, Martínez-Arán, A (2016). Cognitive variability in bipolar II disorder: who is cognitively impaired and who is preserved. Bipolar Disorders
18, 288–299.
Strauss, E, Sherman, E, Spreen, O (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary. Oxford University Press: USA.
Torres, IJ, Boudreau, VG, Yatham, LN (2007). Neuropsychological functioning in euthymic bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 17–26.
Van Rheenen, TE, Lewandowski, KE, Tan, EJ, Ospina, LH, Ongur, D, Neill, E, Gurvich, C, Pantelis, C, Malhotra, AK, Rossell, SL, Burdick, KE (2017). Characterizing cognitive heterogeneity on the schizophrenia-bipolar disorder spectrum. Psychological Medicine, 1–17. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717000307.
Van Rheenen, TE, Rossell, SL (2014). Objective and subjective psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder: an investigation of the relative importance of neurocognition, social cognition and emotion regulation. Journal of Affective Disorders
162, 134–141.
Wilkinson, GS (1993). WRAT-3: Wide Range Achievement Test Administration Manual. Wide Range, Inc.: Wilmington, Del.
Yim, O, Ramdeen, K (2015). Hierarchical cluster analysis: comparison of three linkage measures and application to psychological data. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology
11, 8–21.
