Hostname: page-component-f554764f5-246sw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-21T16:51:44.392Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Summary of the Snowmastodon Project Special Volume A high-elevation, multi-proxy biotic and environmental record of MIS 6–4 from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Ian M. Miller ,
Jeffrey S. Pigati ,
R. Scott Anderson ,
Kirk R. Johnson ,
Shannon A. Mahan ,
Thomas A. Ager ,
Richard G. Baker ,
Maarten Blaauw ,
Jordon Bright  and
Peter M. Brown
...Show all authors
Ian M. Miller*
Affiliation:
Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, USA
Jeffrey S. Pigati
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
R. Scott Anderson
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
Kirk R. Johnson
Affiliation:
Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, USA National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Box 37012, MRC 106, Washington, DC 20013, USA
Shannon A. Mahan
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-974, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Thomas A. Ager
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Richard G. Baker
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Maarten Blaauw
Affiliation:
School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen's University Belfast, BT7 1NN Belfast, UK
Jordon Bright
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Peter M. Brown
Affiliation:
Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, 2901 Moore Lane, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
Bruce Bryant
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Zachary T. Calamari
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Paul E. Carrara
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Michael D. Cherney
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
John R. Demboski
Affiliation:
Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, USA
Scott A. Elias
Affiliation:
Geography Department, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
Daniel C. Fisher
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Harrison J. Gray
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-974, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Danielle R. Haskett
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
Jeffrey S. Honke
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Stephen T. Jackson
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA Southwest Climate Science Center, Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, 715N. Park Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno
Affiliation:
Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Fuente Nueva s/n, 18002 Granada, Spain
Douglas Kline
Affiliation:
Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, USA
Eric M. Leonard
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
Nathaniel A. Lifton
Affiliation:
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, and Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Carol Lucking
Affiliation:
Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, USA
H. Gregory McDonald
Affiliation:
Museum Management Program, National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
Dane M. Miller
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
Daniel R. Muhs
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Stephen E. Nash
Affiliation:
Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, USA
Cody Newton
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
James B. Paces
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-963, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Lesley Petrie
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
Mitchell A. Plummer
Affiliation:
Idaho National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA
David F. Porinchu
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
Adam N. Rountrey
Affiliation:
University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Centre for Marine Futures, Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, M470 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Eric Scott
Affiliation:
San Bernardino County Museum, 2024 Orange Tree Lane, Redlands, CA 92374, USA
Joseph J.W. Sertich
Affiliation:
Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, USA
Saxon E. Sharpe
Affiliation:
Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
Gary L. Skipp
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Laura E. Strickland
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Richard K. Stucky
Affiliation:
Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, USA
Robert S. Thompson
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, MS-980, Denver, CO 80225, USA
Jim Wilson
Affiliation:
Aeon Laboratories, LLC, 5835 N Genematas Drive, Tucson, AZ 85704, USA
*
⁎Corresponding author.E-mail address:ian.miller@dmns.org (I.M. Miller).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In North America, terrestrial records of biodiversity and climate change that span Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 are rare. Where found, they provide insight into how the coupling of the ocean–atmosphere system is manifested in biotic and environmental records and how the biosphere responds to climate change. In 2010–2011, construction at Ziegler Reservoir near Snowmass Village, Colorado (USA) revealed a nearly continuous, lacustrine/wetland sedimentary sequence that preserved evidence of past plant communities between ~140 and 55 ka, including all of MIS 5. At an elevation of 2705 m, the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site also contained thousands of well-preserved bones of late Pleistocene megafauna, including mastodons, mammoths, ground sloths, horses, camels, deer, bison, black bear, coyotes, and bighorn sheep. In addition, the site contained more than 26,000 bones from at least 30 species of small animals including salamanders, otters, muskrats, minks, rabbits, beavers, frogs, lizards, snakes, fish, and birds. The combination of macro- and micro-vertebrates, invertebrates, terrestrial and aquatic plant macrofossils, a detailed pollen record, and a robust, directly dated stratigraphic framework shows that high-elevation ecosystems in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are climatically sensitive and varied dramatically throughout MIS 5.

Keywords

Rocky MountainsSangamon interglacialPleistocene megafaunaPaleoclimateZiegler ReservoirMarine Oxygen Isotope StageMammut americanumMammuthus columbi
Type
Articles
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 82 , Issue 3 , November 2014 , pp. 618 - 634
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adam, D.P., and Robinson, S.W. Palynology of two Upper Quaternary cores from Clear Lake, Lake County, California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 1363, (1988). (86 pp.)Google Scholar
Adam, D.P., Sims, J.D., and Throckmorton, C.K. 130,000-yr continuous pollen record from Clear Lake, Lake County, California. Geology 9, (1981). 373–377.Google Scholar
Anderson, R.S., Jiménez-Moreno, G., Ager, T., and Porinchu, D. High-elevation paleoenvironmental change during MIS 6–4 in the central Rockies of Colorado as determined from pollen analysis. Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 542–552. (in this volume) CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, R.G. Sangamonian (?) and Wisconsinan paleoenvironments in Yellowstone National Park. Geological Society of America Bulletin 97, (1986). 717–736.Google Scholar
Balco, G., Stone, J.O., Lifton, N.A., and Dunai, T.J. A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements. Quaternary Geochronology 3, (2008). 174–195.Google Scholar
Bell, C.J., Lundelius, E.L. Jr., Barnosky, A.D., Graham, R.W., Lindsay, E.H., Ruez, D.R. Jr., Semken, H.A. Jr., Webb, S.D., and Zakrzewski, R.J. The Blancan, Irvingtonian, and Rancholabrean mammal ages. Woodburne, M.O. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America. (2004). Columbia University Press, New York. 232–314.Google Scholar
Berger, A.L., and Loutre, M.F. Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, (1991). 297–317.Google Scholar
Blaauw, M., and Christen, J.A. Flexible paleoclimate age–depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis 6, (2011). 457–474.Google Scholar
Brown, P.M., Nash, S.E., and Kline, D. Identification and dendrochronology of wood found at the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Colorado, USA. Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 575–579. (in this volume) Google Scholar
Bryant, B. (1972). Geologic map of the Highland Peak quadrangle. Pitkin County, Colorado., U.S. Geological Survey Map GC-932, 1:24,000 scale.Google Scholar
CAPE-Last Interglacial Project Members Last Interglacial Arctic warmth confirms polar amplification of climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, (2006). 1383–1400.Google Scholar
Coplen, T.B., Winograd, I.J., Landwehr, J.M., and Riggs, A.C. 500,000-Year stable carbon isotopic record from vein calcite in Devils Hole, Nevada. Science 263, (1994). 361–365.Google Scholar
Cutler, K.B., Edwards, R.L., Taylor, F.W., Cheng, H., Adkins, J., Gallup, C.D., Cutler, P.M., Burr, G.S., and Bloom, A.L. Rapid sea-level fall and deep-ocean temperature change since the last interglacial period. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 206, (2003). 253–271.Google Scholar
Elias, S.A. Environmental interpretation of fossil insect assemblages from MIS 5 at Ziegler Reservoir, Snowmass Village, Colorado. Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 592–603. (in this volume) Google Scholar
EPICA community members Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 429, (2004). 623–628.Google Scholar
Fawcett, P.J., Werne, J.P., Anderson, R.S., Heikoop, J.M., Brown, E.T., Berke, M.A., Smith, S., Goff, F., Hurley, L., Cisneros-Dozal, L.M., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Huang, Y., Toney, J., Fessenden, J., WoldeGabriel, G., Atudorei, V., Geissman, J.W., and Allen, C.D. Extended megadroughts in the southwestern United States during Pleistocene interglacials. Nature 470, (2011). 518–521.Google Scholar
Fisher, D.C., Cherney, M.D., Newton, C., Rountrey, A.N., Calamari, Z.T., Stucky, R., Lucking, C., and Petrie, L. Taxonomic overview and tusk growth analyses of Ziegler Reservoir proboscideans. Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 518–532. (in this volume) CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, R.W., and Lundelius, J.E.L. FAUNMAP II: New Data for North America with a Temporal Extension for the Blancan, Irvingtonian and Early Rancholabrean. (2010). (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/faunmap/about/index.html ) Google Scholar
Haskett, D.R., and Porinchu, D.F. A quantitative midge-based reconstruction of mean July air temperature from a high-elevation site in central Colorado, USA, for MIS 6 and 5. Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 580–591. (in this volume) CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heusser, L.E. Pollen stratigraphy and paleoecologic interpretation of the 160-K.Y. record from Santa Barbara Basin, Hole 893A. Kennett, J.P., Baldauf, J.G., and Lyle, M. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. (1995). 265–277.Google Scholar
Heusser, L.E. Rapid oscillations in western North America vegetation and climate during oxygen isotope stage 5 inferred from pollen data from Santa Barbara Basin (Hole 893A). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161, (2000). 407–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heusser, L.E., and Oppo, D. Millennial- and orbital-scale climate variability in southeastern United States and in the subtropical Atlantic during marine isotope stage 5: evidence from pollen and isotopes in ODP site 1059. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 214, (2003). 483–490.Google Scholar
Jiménez-Moreno, G., and Anderson, R.S. Pollen and macrofossil evidence of late Pleistocene and Holocene tree line fluctuations from an alpine lake in Colorado, USA. The Holocene 23, (2012). 68–77.Google Scholar
Jiménez-Moreno, G., Anderson, R.S., and Fawcett, P.J. Orbital- and millennial-scale vegetation and climate changes of the past 225 ka from Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho (USA). Quaternary Science Reviews 26, (2007). 1713–1724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiménez-Moreno, G., Anderson, R.S., Atudorei, V., and Toney, J.L. A high-resolution record of vegetation, climate, and fire regimes in the mixed conifer forest of northern Colorado (USA). Geological Society of America Bulletin 123, (2011). 240–254.Google Scholar
Johnson, K.R., and Miller, I.M. Digging Snowmastodon: Discovering an Ice Age World in the Colorado Rockies. (2012). Denver Museum of Nature and Science and People's Press, Denver.Google Scholar
Kaufman, D.S., Bright, J., Dean, W.E., Rosenbaum, J.G., Moser, K., Anderson, R.S., Colman, S.M., Heil, C.W.J., Jimenez-Moreno, G., Reheis, M.C., and Simmons, K.R. A quarter-million years of paleoenvironmental change at Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho. Geological Society of America Special Papers 450, (2009). 311–351.Google Scholar
Keigwin, L.D., Curry, W.B., Lehman, S.J., and Johnson, S. The role of the deep ocean in North Atlantic climate change between 70 and 130 kyr ago. Nature 371, (1994). 323–325.Google Scholar
Kleman, J., Jansson, K., de Angelis, H., Stroeven, A.P., Hattestrand, C., Alm, G., and Glasser, N. North American ice sheet build-up during the last glacial cycle, 115–21 kyr. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, (2010). 2036–2051.Google Scholar
Krell, F.T. Pleistocene dung beetles from MIS 5 at Ziegler Reservoir, Snowmass Village, Colorado (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Denver Museum of Nature and Science Annals 5, (2014). 1–12.Google Scholar
Kukla, G.J., Bender, M.L., de Beaulieu, J.-L., Bond, G., Broecker, W.S., Cleveringa, P., Gavin, J.E., Herbert, T.D., Imbrie, J., Jouzel, J., Keigwin, L.D., Knudsen, K.-L., McManus, J.F., Merkt, J., Muhs, D.R., Muller, H., Poore, R.Z., Porter, S.C., Seret, G., Shackleton, N.J., Turner, C., Tzedakis, P.C., and Winograd, I.J. Last interglacial climates. Quaternary Research 58, (2002). 2–13.Google Scholar
Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A.C.M., and Levrard, B. A long term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astronomy and Astrophysics 428, (2004). 261–285.Google Scholar
Leonard, E.A., Plummer, M.A., and Carrara, P.E. Numerical modeling of the Snowmass Creek paleoglacier, Colorado, and climate in the Rocky Mountains during the Bull Lake glaciation (MIS 6). Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 533–541. (in this volume) Google Scholar
Licciardi, J.M., and Pierce, K.L. Cosmogenic exposure age chronologies of Pinedale and Bull Lake glaciations in greater Yellowstone and the Teton Range, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, (2008). 814–831.Google Scholar
Lisiecki, L.E., and Raymo, M.E. A Pliocene–Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 20, (2005). 1–17.Google Scholar
Litwin, R.J., Smoot, J.P., Pavich, M.J., Markewich, H.W., Brook, G., and Durika, N.J. 100,000-year-long terrestrial record of millennial-scale linkage between eastern North America mid-latitude paleovegetation shifts and Greenland ice-core oxygen isotope trends. Quaternary Research 80, (2013). 291–315.Google Scholar
Loutre, M.F., and Berger, A. Stage 11 as an analogue for the present interglacial. Global and Planetary Change 36, (2003). 209–217.Google Scholar
Lucking, C., Johnson, K.R., Pigati, J.S., and Miller, I.M. Primary Mapping and Stratigraphic Data and Field Methods for the Snowmastodon Project. (2012). Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO. 102 Google Scholar
Lyle, M., Heusser, L.E., Herbert, T., Mix, A., and Barron, J. Interglacial theme and variations: 500 k.y. of orbital forcing and associated responses from the terrestrial and marine biosphere, U.S. Pacific Northwest. Geology 29, (2001). 1115–1118.Google Scholar
Mahan, S.A., Gray, H.J., Pigati, J.S., Wilson, J., Lifton, N.A., Paces, J.B., and Blaauw, M. A geochronologic framework for the Ziegler Reservior fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado. Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 490–503. (in this volume) Google Scholar
Martinson, D.G., Pisias, N.G., Hays, J.D., Imbrie, J., Moore, T.C.J., and Shackleton, N.J. Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research 27, (1987). 1–29.Google Scholar
Miller, D.M., Miller, I.M., and Jackson, S.T. Biogeography of Pleistocene conifer species from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado. Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 567–574. (in this volume) Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., Ager, T.A., and Begét, J.E. Vegetation and paleoclimate of the last interglacial Period, central Alaska. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, (2001). 41–61.Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., Simmons, K.R., and Steinke, B. Timing and warmth of the Last Interglacial Period: new U-series evidence from Hawaii and Bermuda and a new fossil compilation for North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, (2002). 1355–1383.Google Scholar
Peteet, D., Rind, D., and Kukla, G.J. Wisconsin ice-sheet initiation: Milankovitch forcing, paleoclimatic data, and global climate modeling. Geological Society of America Special Papers 270, (1992). 53–70.Google Scholar
Pigati, J.S., Miller, I.M., Johnson, K.R., Honke, J.S., Carrara, P.E., Muhs, D.R., Skipp, G., and Bryant, B. Geologic setting and stratigraphy of the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado. Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 477–489. (in this volume) Google Scholar
Pinsof, J.D. Current status of North American Sangamonian local faunas and vertebrate taxa. Stewart, K.M., and Seymour, K.L. Palaeoecology and Palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals. (1996). University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 156–190.Google Scholar
Pinsof, J.D. A Late Pleistocene Sangamonian vertebrate fauna from eastern Texas. Texas Journal of Science 491, (1997). 3–22.Google Scholar
Pisias, N.G., Mix, A.C., and Heusser, L.E. Millennial scale climate variability of the northweast Pacific Ocean and northwest North America based on radiolaria and pollen. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, (2001). 1561–1567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reheis, M.C., Bright, J., Lund, S.P., Miller, D.M., Skipp, G., and Fleck, R.J. A half-million-year record of paleoclimate from the Lake Manix core, Mojave Desert, California. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 365–366, (2012). 11–37.Google Scholar
Rohling, E.J., Braun, K., Grant, K., Kucera, M., Roberts, A.P., Siddall, M., and Trommer, G. Comparison between Holocene and marine isotope stage-11 sea-level histories. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 291, (2010). 97–105.Google Scholar
Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Eynaud, F., and Shackleton, N.J. High resolution palynological record off the Iberian margin: direct land–sea correlation of the Last Interglacial complex. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 171, (1999). 123–137.Google Scholar
Scherer, R.P., Bohaty, S.M., Dunbar, R.B., Esper, O., Flores, J.-A., Gersonde, R., Harwood, D.M., Roberts, A.P., and Taviani, M. Antarctic records of precession-paced insolation-driven warming during early Pleistocene marine isotope stage 31. Geophysical Research Letters 35, (2008). (L03505) Google Scholar
Scott, W.E., Pierce, K.L., Bradbury, J.P., and Forester, R.M. Revised Quaternary stratigraphy and chronology in the American Falls area, southeastern Idaho. Bonnichsen, B., and Breckenridge, R.M. Cenozoic Geology of Idaho. (1982). Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin, Moscow, ID. 581–595.Google Scholar
Sertich, J.J.W., Stucky, R., McDonald, H.G., Newton, C., Fisher, D.C., Scott, E., Demboski, J.R., Lucking, C., McHorse, B.K., and Davis, E.B. High-elevation late Pleistocene (MIS 6–5) vertebrate faunas from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado. Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 504–517. (in this volume) Google Scholar
Sharpe, S.E., and Bright, J. A high-elevation MIS 5 hydrologic record using mollusks and ostracodes from Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA. Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 604–617. (in this volume) Google Scholar
Strickland, L.E., Baker, R.G., Thompson, R.S., and Miller, D.M. Last interglacial plant macrofossils and climates from Ziegler Reservoir, Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA. Quaternary Research 82, (2014). 553–566. (in this volume) Google Scholar
Tzedakis, P.C. The MIS 11–MIS 1 analogy, southern European vegetation, atmospheric methane and the “early anthropogenic hypothesis”. Climate of the Past 6, (2010). 131–144.Google Scholar
Whitlock, C., and Bartlein, P.J. Vegetation and climate change in northwest America during the past 125 kyr. Nature 388, (1997). 57–61.Google Scholar
Williams, J.W., and Jackson, S.T. Novel climates, no-analog plant communities, and ecological surprises: past and future. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5, (2007). 475–482.Google Scholar
Williams, J.W., Shuman, B.N., Webb, T. III, Bartlein, P.J., and Leduc, P.L. Late-Quaternary vegetation dynamics in North America: scaling from taxa to biomes. Ecological Monographs 74, (2004). 309–334.Google Scholar
Winograd, I.J., Coplen, T.B., Landwehr, J.M., Riggs, A.C., Ludwig, K.R., Szabo, B.J., Kolesar, P.T., and Revesz, K.M. Continuous 500,000-year climate record from vein calcite in Devils Hole, Nevada. Science 258, (1992). 255–260.Google Scholar
Woolfenden, W.B.A. 180,000-Year record from Owens Lake, CA: terrestrial vegetation change on orbital scales. Quaternary Research 59, (2003). 430–444.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Miller et al. supplementary material

Supplementary Material

Download Miller et al. supplementary material(File)
File 1.9 MB