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    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Brookes, K Xu, X Chen, W Zhou, K Neale, B Lowe, N Aneey, R Franke, B Gill, M Ebstein, R Buitelaar, J Sham, P Campbell, D Knight, J Andreou, P Altink, M Arnold, R Boer, F Buschgens, C Butler, L Christiansen, H Feldman, L Fleischman, K Fliers, E Howe-Forbes, R Goldfarb, A Heise, A Gabriëls, I Korn-Lubetzki, I Marco, R Medad, S Minderaa, R Mulas, F Müller, U Mulligan, A Rabin, K Rommelse, N Sethna, V Sorohan, J Uebel, H Psychogiou, L Weeks, A Barrett, R Craig, I Banaschewski, T Sonuga-Barke, E Eisenberg, J Kuntsi, J Manor, I McGuffin, P Miranda, A Oades, R D Plomin, R Roeyers, H Rothenberger, A Sergeant, J Steinhausen, H-C Taylor, E Thompson, M Faraone, S V Asherson, P and Johansson, L 2006. The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes. Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 11, Issue. 10, p. 934.
    Brookes, Keeley J. Chen, Wai Xu, Xiaohui Taylor, Eric and Asherson, Philip 2006. Association of Fatty Acid Desaturase Genes with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 60, Issue. 10, p. 1053.
    2006. Essential fatty acids, behaviour & aggression. Arbor Clinical Nutrition Updates, Vol. 242, Issue. , p. 1.
    Knol, M. J. Twisk, J. W. R. Beekman, A. T. F. Heine, R. J. Snoek, F. J. and Pouwer, F. 2006. Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis. Diabetologia, Vol. 49, Issue. 5, p. 837.
    Beltz, Barbara S. Tlusty, Michael F. Benton, Jeanne L. and Sandeman, David C. 2007. Omega-3 fatty acids upregulate adult neurogenesis. Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 415, Issue. 2, p. 154.
    Garland, Malcolm R. Hallahan, Brian McNamara, Mairead Carney, Philip A. Grimes, Helen Hibbeln, Joseph R. Harkin, Andrew and Conroy, Ronan M. 2007. Lipids and essential fatty acids in patients presenting with self-harm. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 190, Issue. 02, p. 112.
    Hallahan, Brian Hibbeln, Joseph R. Davis, John M. and Garland, Malcolm R. 2007. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with recurrent self-harm. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 190, Issue. 02, p. 118.
    Benton, David 2007. The impact of diet on anti-social, violent and criminal behaviour. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 31, Issue. 5, p. 752.
    Appleton, Katherine M. Peters, Tim J. Hayward, Robert C. Heatherley, Susan V. McNaughton, Sarah A. Rogers, Peter J. Gunnell, David Ness, Andrew R. and Kessler, David 2007. Depressed mood and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake from fish: non-linear or confounded association?. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 42, Issue. 2, p. 100.
    Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K. Belury, Martha A. Porter, Kyle Beversdorf, David Q. Lemeshow, Stanley and Glaser, Ronald 2007. Depressive Symptoms, omega-6:omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Inflammation in Older Adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 69, Issue. 3, p. 217.
    Busch, Betsy 2007. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation for ADHD? Fishy, Fascinating, and Far from Clear. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, Vol. 28, Issue. 2, p. 139.
    2007. Amino Acids and Proteins for the Athlete. Vol. 20071276, Issue. , p. 335.
    Gadoth, Natan 2008. On fish oil and omega-3 supplementation in children: The role of such supplementation on attention and cognitive dysfunction. Brain and Development, Vol. 30, Issue. 5, p. 309.
    Brownawell, Amy M Harris, William S Hibbeln, Joseph R Klurfeld, David M Newton, Ian and Yates, Allison 2009. Assessing the environment for regulatory change for eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid nutrition labeling. Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 67, Issue. 7, p. 391.
    Laasonen, Marja Hokkanen, Laura Leppämäki, Sami Tani, Pekka and Erkkilä, Arja T. 2009. Project DyAdd: Fatty acids and cognition in adults with dyslexia, ADHD, or both. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Vol. 81, Issue. 1, p. 79.
    van der Meeren, Gro Tlusty, Michael F. Metzler, Anita and van der Meeren, Terje 2009. Effects of dietary DHA and EPA on neurogenesis, growth, and survival of juvenile American lobster,Homarus americanus. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 43, Issue. 1, p. 225.
    Oddy, Wendy H. Robinson, Monique Ambrosini, Gina L. O′Sullivan, Therese A. de Klerk, Nicholas H. Beilin, Lawrence J. Silburn, Sven R. Zubrick, Stephen R. and Stanley, Fiona J. 2009. The association between dietary patterns and mental health in early adolescence. Preventive Medicine, Vol. 49, Issue. 1, p. 39.
    Di Pasquale, Mauro G. 2009. The Essentials of Essential Fatty Acids. Journal of Dietary Supplements, Vol. 6, Issue. 2, p. 143.
    Wolfe, Allen R. Ogbonna, Ekeoma M. Lim, Sokny Li, Yanfeng and Zhang, Jian 2009. Dietary linoleic and oleic fatty acids in relation to severe depressed mood: 10 years follow-up of a national cohort. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 33, Issue. 6, p. 972.
    Kendall-Tackett, Kathleen 2010. Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Women's Mental Health in the Perinatal Period and Beyond. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, Vol. 55, Issue. 6, p. 561.
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Essential fatty acids and mental health

  • Brian Hallahan (a1) and Malcolm R. Garland (a1)
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Abstract

Copyright

COPYRIGHT: © 2005 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Corresponding author

Malcolm R. Garland, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland and the Department of Psychiatry, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland, UK. Tel: 00 353 1 8093354; fax: 00 353 1 8376982; e-mail: mgarland@ireland.com

References

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De la Pressa Owens, S. & Innis, S. M. (1999) Docosahexanoic and arachidonic acid prevent a decrease in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitters in frontal cortex caused by a linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid deficient diet in formula-fed piglets. Journal of Nutrition, 129, 2088–2093.
Eaton, S. B., Eaton, S. B. 3rd, Sinclair, A., et al (1998) Dietary intake of long chain fatty acids during the palaeolithic. The return of omega-3 fatty acids to the food supply. I: Land-based animal products and their health effects. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 83, 12–23.
Garland, M., Hickey, D., Corvin, A., et al (2000) Total serum cholesterol in relation to psychological parameters in parasuicide. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 77–83.
Gesch, C. B., Hammond, S. M., Hampson, S. E., et al (2002) Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 22–28.
Hallahan, B. & Garland, M. R. (2004) Essential fatty acids and their role in the treatment of impulsivity disorders. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 71, 211–216.
Hamilton, M. (1960) A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 23, 56–62.
Hibbeln, J. R. (1998) Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet, 351, 1213.
Hirayama, T. (1990) Life Style and Mortality. A Large Census-Based Cohort Study in Japan. Basel: Karger.
Joy, C. B., Mumby-Croft, R. & Joy, L. A. (2003) Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 2, CD001257.
Kalmijn, S., Feskens, E. J., Launer, L. J., et al (1997) Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and cognitive function in very old men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 145, 33–41.
Peet, M. & Horrobin, D. F. (2001) A dose-ranging study of ethyl-eicosapentonate in treatment-unresponsive depression. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 15 (suppl.), A12.
Peet, M., Laugharne, J., Rangarajan, N., et al (1995) Depleted red cell membrane essential fatty acids in drug-treated schizophrenic patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 29, 227–232.
Peet, M., Murphy, B., Shay, J., et al (1998) Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biological Psychiatry, 43, 315–319.
Pischon, T., Hankinson, S., Hotamisligil, G. S., et al (2003) Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women. Circulation, 108, 155–160.
Richardson, A. J. & Puri, B. K. (2000) The potential role of fatty acids in attention-deficit/hyper activity disorder. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 63, 79–87.
Stoll, A. L., Severus, E., Freeman, M. P., et al (1999) Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 407–412.
Tanskanen, A., Hibbeln, J. R., Hintikka, J., et al (2001) Fish consumption and depression and suicidality in a general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 512–513.
Tully, A.M., Roche, H.M., Doyle, R., et al (2003) Low serum cholesteryl ester-docosahexaenoic acid levels in Alzheimer's disease: a case–control study. British Journal of Nutrition, 89, 483–489.
Vaddadi, K. S., Soosai, E., Chiu, E., et al (2002) A randomised, placebo-controlled, double blind study of treatment of Huntington's disease with unsaturated fatty acids. Neuroreport, 13, 29–33.
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  • Cited by 59
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Brookes, K Xu, X Chen, W Zhou, K Neale, B Lowe, N Aneey, R Franke, B Gill, M Ebstein, R Buitelaar, J Sham, P Campbell, D Knight, J Andreou, P Altink, M Arnold, R Boer, F Buschgens, C Butler, L Christiansen, H Feldman, L Fleischman, K Fliers, E Howe-Forbes, R Goldfarb, A Heise, A Gabriëls, I Korn-Lubetzki, I Marco, R Medad, S Minderaa, R Mulas, F Müller, U Mulligan, A Rabin, K Rommelse, N Sethna, V Sorohan, J Uebel, H Psychogiou, L Weeks, A Barrett, R Craig, I Banaschewski, T Sonuga-Barke, E Eisenberg, J Kuntsi, J Manor, I McGuffin, P Miranda, A Oades, R D Plomin, R Roeyers, H Rothenberger, A Sergeant, J Steinhausen, H-C Taylor, E Thompson, M Faraone, S V Asherson, P and Johansson, L 2006. The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes. Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 11, Issue. 10, p. 934.
    Brookes, Keeley J. Chen, Wai Xu, Xiaohui Taylor, Eric and Asherson, Philip 2006. Association of Fatty Acid Desaturase Genes with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 60, Issue. 10, p. 1053.
    2006. Essential fatty acids, behaviour & aggression. Arbor Clinical Nutrition Updates, Vol. 242, Issue. , p. 1.
    Knol, M. J. Twisk, J. W. R. Beekman, A. T. F. Heine, R. J. Snoek, F. J. and Pouwer, F. 2006. Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis. Diabetologia, Vol. 49, Issue. 5, p. 837.
    Beltz, Barbara S. Tlusty, Michael F. Benton, Jeanne L. and Sandeman, David C. 2007. Omega-3 fatty acids upregulate adult neurogenesis. Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 415, Issue. 2, p. 154.
    Garland, Malcolm R. Hallahan, Brian McNamara, Mairead Carney, Philip A. Grimes, Helen Hibbeln, Joseph R. Harkin, Andrew and Conroy, Ronan M. 2007. Lipids and essential fatty acids in patients presenting with self-harm. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 190, Issue. 02, p. 112.
    Hallahan, Brian Hibbeln, Joseph R. Davis, John M. and Garland, Malcolm R. 2007. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with recurrent self-harm. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 190, Issue. 02, p. 118.
    Benton, David 2007. The impact of diet on anti-social, violent and criminal behaviour. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 31, Issue. 5, p. 752.
    Appleton, Katherine M. Peters, Tim J. Hayward, Robert C. Heatherley, Susan V. McNaughton, Sarah A. Rogers, Peter J. Gunnell, David Ness, Andrew R. and Kessler, David 2007. Depressed mood and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake from fish: non-linear or confounded association?. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 42, Issue. 2, p. 100.
    Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K. Belury, Martha A. Porter, Kyle Beversdorf, David Q. Lemeshow, Stanley and Glaser, Ronald 2007. Depressive Symptoms, omega-6:omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Inflammation in Older Adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 69, Issue. 3, p. 217.
    Busch, Betsy 2007. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation for ADHD? Fishy, Fascinating, and Far from Clear. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, Vol. 28, Issue. 2, p. 139.
    2007. Amino Acids and Proteins for the Athlete. Vol. 20071276, Issue. , p. 335.
    Gadoth, Natan 2008. On fish oil and omega-3 supplementation in children: The role of such supplementation on attention and cognitive dysfunction. Brain and Development, Vol. 30, Issue. 5, p. 309.
    Brownawell, Amy M Harris, William S Hibbeln, Joseph R Klurfeld, David M Newton, Ian and Yates, Allison 2009. Assessing the environment for regulatory change for eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid nutrition labeling. Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 67, Issue. 7, p. 391.
    Laasonen, Marja Hokkanen, Laura Leppämäki, Sami Tani, Pekka and Erkkilä, Arja T. 2009. Project DyAdd: Fatty acids and cognition in adults with dyslexia, ADHD, or both. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Vol. 81, Issue. 1, p. 79.
    van der Meeren, Gro Tlusty, Michael F. Metzler, Anita and van der Meeren, Terje 2009. Effects of dietary DHA and EPA on neurogenesis, growth, and survival of juvenile American lobster,Homarus americanus. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 43, Issue. 1, p. 225.
    Oddy, Wendy H. Robinson, Monique Ambrosini, Gina L. O′Sullivan, Therese A. de Klerk, Nicholas H. Beilin, Lawrence J. Silburn, Sven R. Zubrick, Stephen R. and Stanley, Fiona J. 2009. The association between dietary patterns and mental health in early adolescence. Preventive Medicine, Vol. 49, Issue. 1, p. 39.
    Di Pasquale, Mauro G. 2009. The Essentials of Essential Fatty Acids. Journal of Dietary Supplements, Vol. 6, Issue. 2, p. 143.
    Wolfe, Allen R. Ogbonna, Ekeoma M. Lim, Sokny Li, Yanfeng and Zhang, Jian 2009. Dietary linoleic and oleic fatty acids in relation to severe depressed mood: 10 years follow-up of a national cohort. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 33, Issue. 6, p. 972.
    Kendall-Tackett, Kathleen 2010. Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Women's Mental Health in the Perinatal Period and Beyond. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, Vol. 55, Issue. 6, p. 561.
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