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    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Wharewera-Mika, Julie PhD Cooper, Erana PhD Wiki, Nick RN Field, Trudie RN Haitana, Jason Toko, Mike Edwards, Erika and McKenna, Brian RN BA MHSc PhD 2016. Strategies to reduce the use of seclusion with tāngata whai i te ora (Māori mental health service users). International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 25, Issue. 3, p. 258.
    Asthana, Sheena Gibson, Alex Bailey, Trevor Moon, Graham Hewson, Paul and Dibben, Chris 2016. Equity of utilisation of cardiovascular care and mental health services in England: a cohort-based cross-sectional study using small-area estimation. Health Services and Delivery Research, Vol. 4, Issue. 14, p. 1.
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    Singh, S. P. Burns, T. Tyrer, P. Islam, Z. Parsons, H. and Crawford, M. J. 2014. Ethnicity as a predictor of detention under the Mental Health Act. Psychological Medicine, Vol. 44, Issue. 05, p. 997.
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    Barrett, Barbara Waheed, Waquas Farrelly, Simone Birchwood, Max Dunn, Graham Flach, Clare Henderson, Claire Leese, Morven Lester, Helen Marshall, Max Rose, Diana Sutherby, Kim Szmukler, George Thornicroft, Graham Byford, Sarah and Laks, Jerson 2013. Randomised Controlled Trial of Joint Crisis Plans to Reduce Compulsory Treatment for People with Psychosis: Economic Outcomes. PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, Issue. 11, p. e74210.
    Singh, SP Islam, Z Brown, LJ Gajwani, R Jasani, R Rabiee, F and Parsons, H 2013. Ethnicity, detention and early intervention: reducing inequalities and improving outcomes for black and minority ethnic patients: the ENRICH programme, a mixed-methods study. Programme Grants for Applied Research, Vol. 1, Issue. 3, p. 1.
    Weich, Scott Griffith, Laura Commander, Martin Bradby, Hannah Sashidharan, S. P. Pemberton, Sarah Jasani, Rubina and Bhui, Kamaldeep Singh 2012. Experiences of acute mental health care in an ethnically diverse inner city: qualitative interview study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 47, Issue. 1, p. 119.
    Hatch, Stephani L. and Thornicroft, Graham 2012. Report From England I. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 200, Issue. 10, p. 843.
    Norum, Jan Bjerke, Fred Emil Nybrodahl, Inger and Olsen, Aina 2012. Admission and stay in psychiatric hospitals in northern Norway among Sami and a control group. A registry-based study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 66, Issue. 6, p. 422.
    DUMAIS, A. LARUE, C. DRAPEAU, A. MÉNARD, G. and GIGUÈRE ALLARD, M. 2011. Prevalence and correlates of seclusion with or without restraint in a Canadian psychiatric hospital: a 2-year retrospective audit. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 18, Issue. 5, p. 394.
    Douzenis, Athanassios Apostolopoulos, Athanassios Seretis, Dionisios Rizos, Emmanouil N Christodoulou, Christos and Lykouras, Lefteris 2011. The effect of ethnicity on prescribing practice and treatment outcome in inpatients suffering from schizophrenia in Greece. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 11, Issue. 1,
    Bhui, Kamaldeep 2011. Cultural psychiatry and epidemiology: Researching the means, methods and meanings. Transcultural Psychiatry, Vol. 48, Issue. 1-2, p. 90.
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    O’Donoghue, B. Lyne, J. Hill, M. Larkin, C. Feeney, L. and O’Callaghan, E. 2011. Physical coercion, perceived pressures and procedural justice in the involuntary admission and future engagement with mental health services. European Psychiatry, Vol. 26, Issue. 4, p. 208.
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Ethnicity and coercion among involuntarily detained psychiatric in-patients

  • Olive Bennewith (a1), Tim Amos (a1), Glyn Lewis (a1), Christina Katsakou (a2), Til Wykes (a3), Richard Morriss (a4) and Stefan Priebe (a5)...
Summary

We assessed whether adult Black and minority ethnic (BME) patients detained for involuntary psychiatric treatment experienced more coercion than similar White patients. We found no evidence of this from patient interviews or from hospital records. The area (mental health trust) where people were treated was strongly associated with both the experience of coercion and the recording of a coercive measure in their records. Regarding charges of institutional racism in psychiatry, this study highlights the importance of investigating the role of area characteristics when assessing the relationship between ethnicity and patient management.

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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2010 
Corresponding author
Olive Bennewith, Academic Unit of Psychiatry, Cotham House, Cotham Hill, Bristol BS6 6JL, UK. Email: O.M.Bennewith@bristol.ac.uk
Footnotes
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The study was funded by a grant from the Policy Research Programme of the UK Department of Health, Commission No. 0230072, and supported by the National Institute for Health Research UK Mental Health Research Network. The project was coordinated by the Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, which received funding from the Department of Health. The views expressed here are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health.

Declaration of interest

None.

Footnotes
References
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1 Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire Health Authority. Independent Inquiry into the Death of David Bennett. Cambridgeshire Health Authority, 2003.
2 Sabshin, M, Diesenhaus, H, Wilkeson, R. Dimensions of institutional racism in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1970; 127: 787–93.
3 Sashidharan, SP. Institutional racism in British psychiatry. Psychiatr Bull 2001; 25: 244–7.
4 Gudjonsson, GH, Rabe-Hesketh, S, Szmukler, G. Management of psychiatric in-patient violence: patient ethnicity and use of medication, restraint and seclusion. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184: 258–62.
5 Bowers, L, Douzenis, A, Galeazzi, GM, Forghieri, M, Tsopelas, C, Simpson, A, et al. Disruptive and dangerous behaviour on acute psychiatric wards in three European centres. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005; 40: 822–8.
6 Flaherty, J, Meager, R. Measuring racial bias in inpatient treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1980; 137: 679–82.
7 Priebe, S, Katsakou, C, Amos, T, Leese, M, Morriss, R, Rose, D, et al. Patients' views and readmissions 1 year after involuntary hospitalisation. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194: 49–54.
8 Iversen, KI, Høyer, G, Sexton, H, Grønli, OK. Perceived coercion among patients admitted to acute wards in Norway. Nord J Psychiatry 2002; 56: 433–9.
9 Cantril, H. The Pattern of Human Concerns. Rutgers University Press, 1965.
10 Bindman, J, Reid, Y, Szmukler, G, Tiller, J, Thornicroft, G, Leese, M. Perceived coercion at admission to psychiatric hospital and engagement with follow-up: a cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005; 40: 160–6.
11 Singh, SP. Ethnicity in psychiatric epidemiology: need for precision. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 171: 305–8.
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  • Cited by 16
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Wharewera-Mika, Julie PhD Cooper, Erana PhD Wiki, Nick RN Field, Trudie RN Haitana, Jason Toko, Mike Edwards, Erika and McKenna, Brian RN BA MHSc PhD 2016. Strategies to reduce the use of seclusion with tāngata whai i te ora (Māori mental health service users). International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 25, Issue. 3, p. 258.
    Asthana, Sheena Gibson, Alex Bailey, Trevor Moon, Graham Hewson, Paul and Dibben, Chris 2016. Equity of utilisation of cardiovascular care and mental health services in England: a cohort-based cross-sectional study using small-area estimation. Health Services and Delivery Research, Vol. 4, Issue. 14, p. 1.
    Joseph, Ameil J. 2014. A Prescription for Violence: The Legacy of Colonization in Contemporary Forensic Mental Health and the Production of Difference. Critical Criminology, Vol. 22, Issue. 2, p. 273.
    Farrelly, Simone Clement, Sarah Gabbidon, Jheanell Jeffery, Debra Dockery, Lisa Lassman, Francesca Brohan, Elaine Henderson, R Claire Williams, Paul Howard, Louise M and Thornicroft, Graham 2014. Anticipated and experienced discrimination amongst people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 14, Issue. 1,
    Singh, S. P. Burns, T. Tyrer, P. Islam, Z. Parsons, H. and Crawford, M. J. 2014. Ethnicity as a predictor of detention under the Mental Health Act. Psychological Medicine, Vol. 44, Issue. 05, p. 997.
    STEWART, D. and BOWERS, L. 2013. Inpatient verbal aggression: content, targets and patient characteristics. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 20, Issue. 3, p. 236.
    Barrett, Barbara Waheed, Waquas Farrelly, Simone Birchwood, Max Dunn, Graham Flach, Clare Henderson, Claire Leese, Morven Lester, Helen Marshall, Max Rose, Diana Sutherby, Kim Szmukler, George Thornicroft, Graham Byford, Sarah and Laks, Jerson 2013. Randomised Controlled Trial of Joint Crisis Plans to Reduce Compulsory Treatment for People with Psychosis: Economic Outcomes. PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, Issue. 11, p. e74210.
    Singh, SP Islam, Z Brown, LJ Gajwani, R Jasani, R Rabiee, F and Parsons, H 2013. Ethnicity, detention and early intervention: reducing inequalities and improving outcomes for black and minority ethnic patients: the ENRICH programme, a mixed-methods study. Programme Grants for Applied Research, Vol. 1, Issue. 3, p. 1.
    Weich, Scott Griffith, Laura Commander, Martin Bradby, Hannah Sashidharan, S. P. Pemberton, Sarah Jasani, Rubina and Bhui, Kamaldeep Singh 2012. Experiences of acute mental health care in an ethnically diverse inner city: qualitative interview study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 47, Issue. 1, p. 119.
    Hatch, Stephani L. and Thornicroft, Graham 2012. Report From England I. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 200, Issue. 10, p. 843.
    Norum, Jan Bjerke, Fred Emil Nybrodahl, Inger and Olsen, Aina 2012. Admission and stay in psychiatric hospitals in northern Norway among Sami and a control group. A registry-based study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 66, Issue. 6, p. 422.
    DUMAIS, A. LARUE, C. DRAPEAU, A. MÉNARD, G. and GIGUÈRE ALLARD, M. 2011. Prevalence and correlates of seclusion with or without restraint in a Canadian psychiatric hospital: a 2-year retrospective audit. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 18, Issue. 5, p. 394.
    Douzenis, Athanassios Apostolopoulos, Athanassios Seretis, Dionisios Rizos, Emmanouil N Christodoulou, Christos and Lykouras, Lefteris 2011. The effect of ethnicity on prescribing practice and treatment outcome in inpatients suffering from schizophrenia in Greece. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 11, Issue. 1,
    Bhui, Kamaldeep 2011. Cultural psychiatry and epidemiology: Researching the means, methods and meanings. Transcultural Psychiatry, Vol. 48, Issue. 1-2, p. 90.
    Katsakou, Christina Marougka, Stamatina Garabette, Jonathan Rost, Felicitas Yeeles, Ksenija and Priebe, Stefan 2011. Why do some voluntary patients feel coerced into hospitalisation? A mixed-methods study. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 187, Issue. 1-2, p. 275.
    O’Donoghue, B. Lyne, J. Hill, M. Larkin, C. Feeney, L. and O’Callaghan, E. 2011. Physical coercion, perceived pressures and procedural justice in the involuntary admission and future engagement with mental health services. European Psychiatry, Vol. 26, Issue. 4, p. 208.
    ×
  • Access

Ethnicity and coercion among involuntarily detained psychiatric in-patients

  • Olive Bennewith (a1), Tim Amos (a1), Glyn Lewis (a1), Christina Katsakou (a2), Til Wykes (a3), Richard Morriss (a4) and Stefan Priebe (a5)...
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