Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-15T05:23:31.327Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evaluation of Epicuticular Wax Removal from Whole Leaves with Chloroform

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Thomas A. Bewick ,
Donn G. Shilling  and
Robert Querns
Thomas A. Bewick
Affiliation:
Hortic. Sci. Dep., Univ. Fla., Gainesville, 32611
Donn G. Shilling
Affiliation:
Agron. Dep., Univ. Fla., Gainesville, 32611
Robert Querns
Affiliation:
Agron. Dep., Univ. Fla., Gainesville, 32611
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Leaves of torpedograss and American black nightshade were extracted with chloroform at room temperature. A 2-s dip was sufficient to remove most of the epicuticular wax from torpedograss. However, epicuticular hydrocarbon weight represented only 6.4% of the total extract weight and 6.94 μg g−1 fresh weight of chlorophyll were found in the 2-s extract. This represented 25% of the chlorophyll detected in the 232-h extract. In American black nightshade, epicuticular hydrocarbons continued to be removed from the leaf surface up to 6 h of extraction. Epicuticular hydrocarbons represented 0.6% of total extract weight. In the 6-h extract, 4.02 μg g−1 fresh weight of chlorophyll were found. This represented 17% of the chlorophyll detected in the 232-h extract. Evaluation of leaf surfaces using scanning electron microscopy indicated that epicuticular wax was being removed from torpedograss leaves up to 1 h. However, there was little visible evidence for wax extraction from the surface of American black nightshade leaves.

Keywords

American black nightshade, Solanum americanum Mill., # SOLAMtorpedograss, Panicum repens L., # PANRECuticle removalsolvent removalPanicum repensSolanum americanumPANRESOLAM
Type
Research
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 7 , Issue 3 , September 1993 , pp. 706 - 716
Copyright
Copyright © 1993 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Arnon, D. I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris . Plant Physiol. 24:1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Baker, E. A. and Chamel, A. R. 1990. Herbicide penetration across isolated and intact leaf cuticles. Pestic. Sci. 29:187–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Baker, E. A. 1982. Chemistry and morphology of plant epicuticular waxes. p. 135–165 in Cutler, D. F., Alvin, K. L., and Price, C. E., eds. The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
4. Beckett, T. H. and Stoller, E. W. 1991. Effects of methylammonium and urea ammonium nitrate on foliar uptake of thifensulfuron in velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Sci. 39:333–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Bergman, D. L. and Liebl, R. A. 1990. Isolation of intact cuticles by Chrysopora lingulacella, the goosefoot leafminer, for use in herbicide penetration studies. Abstr. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 30:67.Google Scholar
6. Bishop, T., Powles, S. B., and Comic, G. 1987. Mechanism of paraquat resistance in Hordeum glaucum. II. Paraquat uptake and translocation. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 14:539–547.Google Scholar
7. Crafts, A. S. and Foy, C. L. 1962. The chemical and physical nature of plant surfaces in relation to the use of pesticides and to their residues. Residue Rev. 1:112–139.Google Scholar
8. Cranmer, J. R. and Linscott, D. L. 1991. Effects of droplet composition on glyphosate absorption and translocation in velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Sci. 39:251–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Devine, M. D., Bestman, H. D., and Vanden Bom, W. H. 1990. Physiological basis for the different mobilities of chlorsulfuron and clopyralid. Weed Sci. 38:1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Flore, J. A. and Bukovac, M. J. 1978. Pesticide effects on the plant cuticle: III. EPTC effects on the qualitative composition of Brassica oleracea L. leaf cuticle. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 103:297–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Flore, J. A. and Bukovac, M. J. 1974. Pesticide effects on the plant cuticle: I. Response of Brassica oleracea L. to EPTC as indexed by epicuticular wax production. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 99:34–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Foy, C. L. 1964. Review of herbicide penetration through plant surfaces. Agric. Food Chem. 12:473–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Hess, F. D. 1985. Herbicide absorption and translocation and their relationship to plant tolerances and susceptibility. p. 191–214 in Duke, S. O., ed. Herbicide Physiology. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
14. Kolattukudy, P. E. 1984. Biochemistry and function of cutin and suberin. Can. J. Bot. 62:2918–2933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Lawson, D. R., Danehower, D. A., Shilling, D. G., Menterez, M. L., and Spurr, H. W. Jr. 1988. Allelochemical properties of Nicotiana tabacum leaf surface compounds. p. 363–377 in Cutler, H. E., ed. Biologically Active Compounds. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. No. 380.Google Scholar
16. Martin, J. T. 1960. Determination of the components of plant cuticles. J. Sci. Food Agric. 11:635–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Norris, R. F. 1974. Penetration of 2,4-D in relation to cuticle thickness. Am. J. Bot. 61:74–79.Google Scholar
18. Norris, R. F. and Bukovac, M. J. 1968. Structure of the pear leaf cuticle with special reference to cuticular penetration. Am. J. Bot. 55:975–983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Price, C. E. 1982. A review of the factors influencing the penetration of pesticides through plant leaves. p. 237–252 in Cutler, D. F., Alvin, K. L., and Price, C. E., eds. The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
20. Riderer, M. and Schönherr, J. 1986. Covalent binding of chlorophenoxyacetic acids to plant cuticles. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15:97–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Riderer, M. and Schönherr, J. 1984. Accumulation and transport of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid in plant cuticles: I. Sorption in the cuticular membrane and its components. Ecotoxicol. and Environ. Safety 8:236–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Sanders, G. E. and Pallett, K. E. 1987. Comparison of the uptake, movement, and metabolism of fluroxypyr in Stellaria media and Viola arvensis . Weed Res. 27:159–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. SAS Institute, Inc. SAS/STAT Guide for Personal Computers, Version 6. p. 700–701.Google Scholar
24. Schönherr, J. and Bukovac, M. J. 1973. Ion exchange properties of isolated tomato fruit cuticular membrane: exchange capacity, nature of fixed charges, and cation selectivity. Planta 109:73–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Shafer, W. E. 1990. Sorption of the cytokinin N6-benzyladenine by leaf cuticles: prediction from n-octanol:water partition coefficients. Physiol. Plant. 78:43–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Shafer, W. E. and Bukovac, M. J. 1989. Studies on the octylphenoxy surfactants. 7. Effects of Triton X-100 on the sorption of 2-(1-naphthyl)acetic acid by tomato fruit cuticles. J. Agric. Food Chem. 37:486–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Sherrick, S. L., Holt, H. A., and Hess, F. D. 1986. Effects of adjuvants and environment during plant development on glyphosate absorption and translocation in field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). Weed Sci. 34:811–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Silcox, D. and Holloway, P. J. 1986. A simple method for the removal and assessment of foliar deposits of agrochemicals using cellulose acetate film stripping. Aspects Appl. Biol. 11:13–17.Google Scholar
29. Taylor, F. E., Davies, L. G., and Cobb, A. H. 1981. An analysis of the epicuticular wax of Chenopodium album leaves in relation to environmental change, leaf wettability and the penetration of the herbicide bentazon. Ann. Appl. Biol. 98:471–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Tyree, M. T., Scherbatskoy, T. D., and Tabor, C. A. 1990. Leaf cuticles behave as asymmetric membranes; evidence from the measurement of diffusion potentials. Plant Physiol. 92:103–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31. Whitehouse, P., and Holloway, P. J. 1982. The epicuticular wax of wild oats in relation to foliar entry of the herbicides diclofop-methyl and difenzoquat. p. 315–330 in Cutler, D. F., Alvin, K. L., and Price, C. E., eds. The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
32. Wyrill, J. B. and Burnside, O. C. 1976. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 2,4-D and glyphosate in common milkweed and hemp dogbane. Weed Sci. 24:557–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar