Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T15:12:32.104Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Genesis of a red-light district: prostitution in Nantes between 1750 and 1810

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2013

MARION PLUSKOTA*
Affiliation:
Institute for History, Leiden University, Huizinga Building, Room 2.11, Doelensteeg 16, 2311 VL Leiden, The Netherlands

Abstract:

This article examines the origins of a red-light district in a French provincial city before the implementation of official regulation. It aims at redefining the role of prostitutes, police and society in the development of ‘reserved districts’. Based on the study of judicial archives over a 60-year period, the mapping of the spatial distribution of prostitutes in Nantes reveals the spread of prostitution in most of the city's districts. However, the migrations and movement of prostitutes within the city show a gradual clustering over two districts: this was motivated by economic rationales and was initiated by the prostitutes and, only later in the century, encouraged by the police and community.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Parent-Duchâtelet, A., De la prostitution dans la ville de Paris (Paris, 1857), 486–7Google Scholar.

2 Respectively numbers XVI and XIV on Figures 1, 2 and 4.

3 Archives Municipales de Nantes (AMN), FF 269, 270, 272.

4 AMN, FF 291.

5 Corfield, P., ‘Walking the city streets: the urban Odyssey in eighteenth-century England’, Journal of Urban History, 16 (1990), 132–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 148.

6 Benabou, E.-M., La prostitution et la police des mœurs (Paris, 1987), 205Google Scholar; Henderson, T., Disorderly Women in Eighteenth-Century London: Prostitution and Control in the Metropolis, 1730–1830 (New York, 1999), 5760Google Scholar; Carter, S., Purchasing Power: Representing Prostitution in Eighteenth-Century English Popular Print Culture (Aldershot, 2004), 910Google Scholar.

7 Roche, D., ‘Paris capitale des pauvres: quelques réflexions sur le paupérisme parisien entre XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle’, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Moyen-Âge, temps modernes, 99 (1987), 829–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 859.

8 Gilfoyle, T., City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution and the Commercialisation of Sex, 1790–1920 (New York, 1992), 120Google Scholar.

9 Bradbury, B. and Myers, T., Negotiating Identities in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Montreal (Vancouver, 2005), 12Google Scholar.

10 Vazquez Garcia, F. and Moreno Mengibar, A., Poder y prostitucion en Sevilla, vol. II (Seville, 1996), 239Google Scholar, 252; Gabbert, A., ‘Prostitution and moral reform in the borderlands: El Paso, 1890–1920’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 12 (2003), 575604CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 577.

11 Sanders, T., O'Neill, M. and Pitcher, J., Prostitution, Sex Work, Policy and Politics (Los Angeles, 2009), 19Google Scholar; Werth, P.W., ‘Through the prism of prostitution: state, society and power’, Social History, 19 (1994), 115CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hubbard, P. and Sanders, T., ‘Making space for street work: female street prostitution and the production of urban space’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27 (2003), 7589CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 75.

12 Ibid., 75.

13 Lefebvre, H., La production de l'espace (Paris, 1974)Google Scholar; Rémy, J. and Voyé, L., La ville: vers une nouvelle definition? (Paris, 1992), 168Google Scholar.

14 Code Pénal, 1810, art. 394.

15 For a comparison with the city of Bristol in terms of the density of population, the socio-economic development of the districts and the importance these districts had in the general movement of population in such a large city, see my Ph.D. thesis, M. Pluskota, ‘Prostitution in Bristol and Nantes, 1750–1815: a comparative study’, unpublished University of Leicester Ph.D. thesis, 2011.

16 Farge, A., La vie fragile: violence, pouvoirs et solidarités à Paris au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1986), 8Google Scholar.

17 Cases involving prostitution are scattered throughout the judicial archives in Nantes record office, but there are three sets of records FF 269, 270 and 272 which specifically refer to affaires de mœurs.

18 The analysis of the capitation (tax) in Bois, P., Histoire de Nantes (Paris, 1977), 182Google Scholar, reveals this specificity in the northern city parishes.

19 On architectural changes in Nantes in the eighteenth century, see Lelièvre, P., Nantes au XVIIIe siècle. Urbanisme et architecture (Nantes, 1942)Google Scholar; F. Bodet, ‘The suburb of la Fosse’ (unpublished Travail de fin d'études École d'Architecture de Nantes, 1993).

20 Société Académique de Nantes et de Loire-Atlantique, Les annales de Nantes et du Pays Nantais: L'Isle Gloriette (Nantes, 1985), 24.

21 Ibid., 24.

22 Guépin, A., Nantes au XIXe siècle (Nantes, 1835), 81Google Scholar.

23 The concept of parish in transition is taken from the work of E. Baigent on Bristol and reflects the social and economic developments of the parishes which at this specific time were not strictly defined by an urban function. E. Baigent, ‘Bristol society in the later eighteenth century with special reference to the handling by computer of fragmentary historical sources’, unpublished University of Oxford Ph.D. thesis, 1985.

24 On poverty in the Marchix, see Bois, Histoire de Nantes, 216.

25 Jones, C., ‘Prostitution and the ruling class in eighteenth-century Montpellier’, History Workshop Journal, 6 (1978), 728CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 19.

26 The average number of prostitutes by house (they were not always considered disorderly houses) was thus calculated: number of prostitutes between 1804 and 1808 / number of different addresses recorded.

27 AMN, FF 272.

28 AMN, FF 270.

29 AMN, I1 C66 D1.

30 AMN, I2 R30.

31 AMN, I1 C62 D1.

32 AMN, FF 272.

33 Destranges, E., Le theatre à Nantes depuis ses origines jusqu'à nos jours (Paris, 1893), 37Google Scholar.

34 Ibid., 78, 109; according to Destranges, the entry prices went from 12 sols to 3 livres in 1788 but with the start of the Revolution and the lack of gold and silver, the prices increased dramatically, making it impossible for plebeians to attend.

35 Hart, A., ‘(Re)constructing a Spanish red-light district: prostitution, space and power’, in Bell, D. and Valentine, G. (eds.), Mapping Desire: Geographies of Sexualities (London, 1995), 214–28Google Scholar, at 218.

36 See Gatrell, V., City of Laughter, Sex and Satire in Eighteenth-Century London (London, 2006), 82110Google Scholar, on Covent Garden and the middling-sort.

37 Destranges, Le theatre à Nantes, 38.

38 Bois, Histoire de Nantes, 160.

39 Ibid.., 164.

40 The police recorded them as ‘dans leurs meubles’.

41 In 1806, the average number of prostitutes was four per house; however, this is distorted by the fact that seven women were living in one house and one woman was living alone.

42 The figure of 15 lodgers per house is taken from the case of Sieur Mime in 1778 and the complaints made by the 20 neighbours (presumably they had children) of prostitutes living in two houses on rue Rubens, an II. AMN, FF 272, I1 C66 D1.

43 Bois, Histoire de Nantes, 164.

44 AMN, I1 C62 D1.

45 AMN, FF 272; see also Bodinier, J.-L., Le quai de La Fosse (Rennes, 1997), 40Google Scholar, who quotes a short report of the municipality in 1852 on the state of these streets: ‘des cloaques, une humidité constante, pavage défectueux, les eaux ménagères et matières excrémentielles s'y écoulent’.

46 AMN, FF 269.

47 Bois, Histoire de Nantes, 182.

48 See Figure 2.

49 Howell, P., ‘A private Contagious Diseases Act: prostitution and public space in Victorian Cambridge’, Journal of Historical Geography, 26 (2000), 376402CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 381.

50 AMN, FF 269, 270, 272; Archives Départementales de Loire-Atlantique (ADLA), C633.

51 Werth, ‘Through the prism of prostitution’, 2, 14.

52 AMN, FF 272.

53 AMN, I1 C62 D1.

54 Howell, ‘A private Contagious Diseases Act’, 380–1.

55 de St Fargeau, E. Girault, Histoire nationale et Dictionnaire géographique de toutes les communes de la France (Paris, 1829), 101Google Scholar.

56 Hubbard, P., ‘Community action and the displacement of street prostitution: evidence from British cities’, Geoforum, 29 (1998), 269–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 272.

57 Symanski, R., The Immoral Landscape: Female Prostitution in Western Societies (Toronto, 1981), 3Google Scholar.

58 O'Neill, M., ‘Prostitute women now’, in Scambler, G. and Scambler, S. (eds.), Rethinking Prostitution: Purchasing Sex in the 1990s (London, 1997), 328Google Scholar.

59 ADLA, 4M – Police.

60 See Guépin, Nantes au XIXe siècle, 635–48.

61 Laite, J., Common Prostitutes and Ordinary Citizens: Commercial Sex in London, 1885–1960 (London, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 See current debates on prostitution, space and policing in Europe: Sexuality, Research and Social Policy, 9 (2012).