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Functional morphology, biology and sexual strategy of the circumboreal, adventitious crypt-building, Crenella decussata (Bivalvia: Mytiloidea: Crenellidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2015

Brian Morton ,
Grete E. Dinesen  and
Kurt W. Ockelmann
Brian Morton
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Grete E. Dinesen*
Affiliation:
Section for Ecosystem based Marine Management, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund Castle, Jægersborg Allé 1, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
Kurt W. Ockelmann
Affiliation:
Helsingør Marine Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: G. E. Dinesen, Section for Ecosystem based Marine Management, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund Castle, Jægersborg Allé 1, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark email: gdi@aqua.dtu.dk
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Abstract

The anatomy of Crenella decussata (Mytiloidea) is described. Individuals of this circumboreal species occupy granular crypts composed of sand grains held in place by mucus. The swollen basal region of the tubule is occupied by an individual, which connects to the sediment surface by two posterior tubes accommodating the inhalant and exhalant streams. There is reduction in musculature and, most importantly, anterior foreshortening of the outer ctenidial demibranchs and loss of the labial palps. This creates an anterior space in the mantle for the initial brooding of fertilized ova by females to the prodissoconch stage. Subsequently, these larvae are transferred to the exhalant tube of the crypt wherein they attach by a single fine byssal thread and are further brooded until the crawl-away juvenile stage is attained. Experimental studies of larval behaviour suggest that parental pheromones sustain the female/offspring bond. Newly hatched individuals responded to parental exhalant water by actively attaching themselves using a byssal thread. This response persisted for 28 days, but not after 55 days when, we suggest, the pheromonal response ceases and offspring are developed sufficiently to take up life in their own nests. Offspring retrieved from parental crypts and fed continuously reached an average shell length of 500 μm after 7.5 months. Brooded offspring thus appear to rely on embryonal energy resources until post-metamorphosis, after which suspension feeding becomes essential for further growth and development before the parental crypt is vacated.

Keywords

Crypt-dwellingreproductionontogenylarval broodingpheromonal attractiongrowth
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 96 , Issue 8 , December 2016 , pp. 1597 - 1616
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2015 

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