To illustrate the bearing-capacity problem, the equations for a beam are considered, including an example of the variations of ice properties through the thickness of an ice beam. The physical behavior of the ice enters the problem through two systems of equations: one which relates the force and deformation of an ice sheet, and the second which is a statement of the stress state which will cause the ice sheet to fail. A full understanding of how the equations depend on such variables as temperature and brine volume are crucial to an understanding of how the applied loads cause the ice sheet to fail.
Discussion
S. F. Ackley: Is there any indication that the crack running through the main AIDJEX Camp is related to the load induced by the presence of the camp or is primarily induced by external geophysical forces?
M. D. Coon: The camp must have added to the existing geophysical stresses in the ice, but to say that the camp caused the crack is very questionable.
J. W. Glen: While of course agreeing with your reply to Dr Ackley, is it true that the presence of a camp markedly increases the probability that a fracture will pass through the camp area ? By now there have been quite a large number of camps on ice. Does the record of cases of fractures through the camp indicate a more-than-random chance suggesting the presence of the camp attracts a crack?
Coon: I do not believe this sort of information on experience with camps on ice has been collected, so it is difficult to definitely say that a camp increases the likelihood of a crack passing through that era.
O. Orheim: I do not think we should dismiss off-hand the possibility that the extra loading can influence the location of the crack. There are other Arctic examples (e.g. Wally Herbert's camp) of sea ice cracking at a camp location. And even the Antarctic ice shelves have calved through a station, for example Little America V and Camp Michigan. It seems possible that the extra load here, too, may have influenced the location of failure. The load in these cases is of course not just the station, but chiefly the snow dome that will have been built up.
P. R. Kry: Do you have a comment on the complexities of defining a strength distribution through an ice sheet (particularly a brackish or fresh ice sheet) with tests on small samples for which strength may depend significantly on sample-to-crystal size ratio?
Coon: There are problems with scale effects in small-scale tests, but these effects can be experimentally investigated.
D. V. Reddy : Are there any references to in-plane elas to-plastic deformation fields for ice sheets impacting structures?
Coon: There are analogous solutions in the literature but none of them have been specifically applied to ice.
D. E. Nevel: In your talk you mentioned the problem of the strength depending upon the biaxial stress state. Recent papers by Reference HaynesHaynes (1973) and Reference Nevel and HaynesNevel and Haynes (1976) have confirmed this fact in the compression-tension quadrant. Data in the tension-tension quadrant would be more important for bearing-capacity problem. Do you know of any such strength data? In addition, uniaxial-creep tension tests have been performed by Reference BurdickBurdick ([c1976]). His results show that the stress level and the time of creep effect the strength . At first the strength decreased, but later under large creep deformations, the strength increases.
Coon: I know of no tension-tension ice test data but agree this will be very important in bearing capacity problems.
