Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 176
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
July 2009
Print publication year:
2004
Online ISBN:
9780511498541

Book description

Historically, philosophers of biology have tended to sidestep the problem of development by focusing primarily on evolutionary biology and, more recently, on molecular biology and genetics. Quite often too, development has been misunderstood as simply, or even primarily, a matter of gene activation and regulation. Nowadays a growing number of philosophers of science are focusing their analyses on the complexities of development, and in Embryology, Epigenesis and Evolution Jason Scott Robert explores the nature of development against current trends in biological theory and practice and looks at the interrelations between development and evolution (evo-devo), an area of resurgent biological interest. Clearly written, this book should be of interest to students and professionals in the philosophy of science and the philosophy of biology.

Reviews

'The dust jacket of Embryology, Epigenesis, and Evolution suggests a target audience of philosophers of science and of biology, but I hope the book will be more widely read. It might start a productive exchange between biologists and philosophers on how to overcome the limitations of our knowledge.'

Source: Science

'… exceptionally lucid'.

Source: Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews

'Robert is a well published philosopher of biology who has tackled what he sees as genomania in the disciplines of developmental and evolutionary biology. … Robert switches back and forth from philosophical analysis to biological examples, which I found to be an interesting and intellectually stimulating format. … Robert presents his arguments clearly and concisely … I recommend that you read this book for its philosophical analyses and, if you are not already, start taking development seriously.'

Source: TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

Bibliography
Akam, M. (1998). Hox genes, homeosis and the evolution of segment identity: No need for hopeless monsters. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 42, 445–451
Allen, G. E. (1978). Life Science in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Allen, G. E. (1986). T. H. Morgan and the split between embryology and genetics, 1910–35. In A History of Embryology, ed. T. J. Horder, J. A. Witkowski, and C. C. Wylie, pp. 113–146. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Amundson, R. (1989). The trials and tribulations of selectionist explanations. In Issues in Evolutionary Epistemology, ed. K. Hahlweg and C. A. Hooker, pp. 413–432. Albany: State University of New York Press
Amundson, R. (1994). Two conceptions of constraint: Adaptationism and the challenge from developmental biology. Philosophy of Science, 61, 556–578
Amundson, R. (2001). Adaptation and development: On the lack of common ground. In Adaptationism and Optimality, ed. S. H. Orzack and E. Sober, pp. 303–334. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Amundson, R. (5 January 2003). Changing the spin: An evo devo retelling of the birth of evolutionary biology. Paper presented at the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Annual Meeting, Toronto
Apter, M. J., and Wolpert, L. (1965). Cybernetics and development, I: Information theory. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 8, 244–257
Aristotle (1953). On the Generation of Animals, trans. A. L. Peck. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Arnold, S. J., Alberch, P., Csányi, V., Dawkins, R. C., Emerson, S. B., Fritzsch, B., Horder, T. J., Maynard Smith, J., Starck, M., Wagner, G. P., and Wake, D. B. (1989). How do complex organisms evolve? In Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates, ed. D. B. Wake and G. Roth, pp. 403–433. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
Arthur, W. (1997). The Origin of Animal Body Plans: A Study in Evolutionary Developmental Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Arthur, W. (2000). The concept of developmental reprogramming and the quest for an inclusive theory of evolutionary mechanisms. Evolution & Development, 2, 49–57
Arthur, W. (2002). The emerging conceptual framework of evolutionary developmental biology. Nature, 415, 757–764
Atchley, W. R., and Hall, B. K. (1991). A model for development and evolution of complex morphological structures. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 66, 101–157
Bains, W. (2001). The parts list of life. Nature Biotechnology, 19, 401–402
Bateson, W. (1894). Materials for the Study of Variation Treated With Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species. London: Macmillan & Co.
Bechtel, W. (1986). The nature of scientific integration. In Integrating Scientific Disciplines, ed. W. Bechtel, pp. 3–52. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff
Bechtel, W. (1993). Integrating disciplines by creating new disciplines: The case of cell biology. Biology and Philosophy, 8, 277–329
Berrill, N. J. (1941). Spatial and temporal growth patterns in colonial organisms. Growth (Suppl.), 5, 89–111
Bidell, T. R., and Fischer, K. W. (1997). Between nature and nurture: The role of human agency in the epigenesis of intelligence. In Intelligence, Heredity, and Environment, ed. R. J. Sternberg and E. Grigorenko, pp. 193–242. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Bolker, J. A., (1995). Model systems in developmental biology. BioEssays, 17, 451–455
Bolker, J. A. (2000). Modularity in development and why it matters to evo-devo. American Zoologist, 40, 770–776
Bolker, J. A., and Raff, R. A. (1997). Beyond worms, flies and mice: It's time to widen the scope of developmental biology. Journal of NIH Research, 9, 35–39
Brakefield, P. M. (1998). The evolution-development interface and advances with the eyespot patterns of Bicyclus butterflies. Heredity, 80, 265–272
Brakefield, P. M. (2001). Structure of a character and the evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 291, 93–104
Brakefield, P. M., and French, V. (1999). Butterfly wings: The evolution and development of colour patterns. BioEssays, 21, 391–401
Brakefield, P. M., Gates, J., Keys, D., Kesbeke, F., Wijngaarden, P. J., Monteiro, A., French, V., and Carroll, S. B. (1996). Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns. Nature, 384, 236–242
Brakefield, P. M., and Kesbeke, F. (1997). Genotype-environment interactions for insect growth in constant and fluctuating temperature regimes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences, 264, 717–723
Brakefield, P. M., Kesbeke, F., and Koch, P. B. (1998). The regulation of phenotypic plasticity of eyespots in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. American Naturalist, 152, 853–860
Brenner, S. (1974). New directions in molecular biology. Nature, 248, 785–787
Brylski, P., and Hall, B. K. (1988a). Ontogeny of a macroevolutionary phenotype: The external cheek pouches of geomyoid rodents. Evolution, 42, 391–395
Brylski, P., and Hall, B. K. (1988b). Epithelial behaviors and threshold effects in the development and evolution of internal and external cheek pouches in rodents. Zeitschrift fur zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 26, 144–154
Budd, G. (1999). Does evolution in body patterning drive morphological change – or vice versa? BioEssays, 21, 326–332
Burian, R. (1997). On conflicts between genetic and developmental viewpoints – and their attempted resolution in molecular biology. In Structures and Norms in Science, ed. M. L. Dalla Chiara, K. Doets, D. Mundici, and J. van Benthem, pp. 243–264. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Burke, A. C. (1989). Critical features in chelonian development: The ontogeny and phylogeny of a unique tetrapod bauplan. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Burke, A. C. (1991). The development and evolution of the turtle body plan: Inferring intrinsic aspects of the evolutionary process from experimental embryology. American Zoologist, 31, 616–627
Carroll, S. B., Grenier, J. K., and Weatherbee, S. D. (2001). From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science
Chen, L., Krause, M., Draper, B., Weintraub, H., and Fire, A. (1992). Body-wall muscle formation in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos that lack the MyoD homolog hlh-1. Science, 256, 240–243
Danchin, A. (1996). On genomes and cosmologies. In Integrative Approaches to Molecular Biology, ed. J. Collado-Vides, B. Magasanik and T. F. Smith, pp. 91–111. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Darden, L., and Maull, N. (1977). Interfield theories. Philosophy of Science, 44, 43–64
Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species. London: John Murray
Darwin, C. (1881). The Formation of Vegetable Mold Through the Action of Worms With Observations on Their Habits. London: John Murray
Dassow, G., and Munro, E. (1999). Modularity in animal development and evolution: Elements of a conceptual framework for evodevo. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 285, 307–325
Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Dawkins, R. (1986). The Blind Watchmaker. London: Longman
Dennett, D. C. (1995). Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Touchstone/Simon and Schuster
Dover, G. (2000). How genomic and developmental dynamics affect evolutionary processes. BioEssays, 22, 1153–1159
Dunn, L. C. (1917). Nucleus and cytoplasm as vehicles of heredity. American Naturalist, 51, 286–300
Eldredge, N., and Gould, S. J. (1972). Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism. In Models in Paleobiology, ed. T. J. M. Schopf, pp. 82–115. San Francisco: Freeman
Falk, R. (1991). The dominance of traits in genetic analysis. Journal of the History of Biology, 24, 457–484
Fraser, A. (1970). An epigenetic system. In Towards a Theoretical Biology, ed. C. H. Waddington, pp. 57–62. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company
Fusco, G. (2001). How many processes are responsible for phenotypic evolution? Evolution & Development, 3, 279–286
Gaertner, K. (1990). A third component causing random variability beside environment and genotype: A reason for the limited success of a 30 year long effort to standardize laboratory animals? Laboratory Animals, 24, 71–77
Gannett, L. (1999). What's in a cause? The pragmatic dimensions of genetic explanations. Biology & Philosophy, 14, 349–374
Garstang, W. (1922). The theory of recapitulation: A critical restatement of the Biogenetic Law. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology), 35, 81–101
Gasser, S. M., Paro, R., Stewart, F., and Aasland, R. (1998). The genetics of epigenetics. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 54, 1–5
Gerhart, J., and Kirschner, M. (1997). Cells, Embryos and Evolution. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science
Gehring, W. J. (1985). The homeo box: A key to the understanding of development? Cell, 40, 3–5
Gehring, W. J. (1998). Master Control Genes in Development and Evolution: The Homeobox Story. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Gehring, W. J., Halder, G., and Callaerts, P. (1995). Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the Eyeless gene in Drosophila. Science, 267, 1788–1792
Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P. M., and the ABC Research Group. (1999). Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Gilbert, S. F. (1988). Cellular politics: Just, Goldschmidt, and the attempts to reconcile embryology and genetics. In The American Development of Biology, ed. R. Rainger, K. Benson, and J. Maienschein, pp. 311–346. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
Gilbert, S. F. (1991a). Epigenetic landscaping: Waddington's use of cell fate bifurcation diagrams. Biology & Philosophy, 6, 135–154
Gilbert, S. F. (1991b). Induction and the origins of developmental genetics. In A Conceptual History of Modern Embryology, ed. S. F. Gilbert, pp. 181–206. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Gilbert, S. F. (1994). Dobzhansky, Waddington, and Schmalhausen: Embryology and the Modern Synthesis. In The Evolution of Theodosius Dobzhansky: Essays on His Life and Thought in Russia and America, ed. M. B. Adams, pp. 143–154. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Gilbert, S. F. (2000a). Developmental Biology, 6th ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc
Gilbert, S. F. (2000b). Diachronic biology meets evo-devo: C. H. Waddington's approach to evolutionary developmental biology. American Zoologist, 40, 729–737
Gilbert, S. F. (2001). Ecological developmental biology: Developmental biology meets the real world. Developmental Biology, 233, 1–12
Gilbert, S. F. (2003). Evo-devo, devo-evo, and devgen-popgen. Biology & Philosophy, 18, 347–352
Gilbert, S. F., and Bolker, J. A. (2001). Homologies of process and modular elements of embryonic construction. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 291, 1–12
Gilbert, S. F., and Faber, M. (1996). Looking at embryos: The visual and conceptual aesthetics of emerging form. In The Elusive Synthesis: Aesthetics and Science, ed. A. I. Tauber, pp. 125–151. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Gilbert, S. F., and Jorgensen, E. M. (1998). Wormholes: A commentary on K. F. Schaffner's ‘Genes, behavior, and developmental emergentism’. Philosophy of Science, 65, 259–266
Gilbert, S. F., Loredo, G. A., Brukman, A., and Burke, A. C. (2001). Morphogenesis of the turtle shell: The development of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution. Evolution & Development, 3, 47–58
Gilbert, S. F., Opitz, J. M., and Raff, R. A. (1996). Resynthesizing evolutionary and developmental biology. Developmental Biology, 173, 357–372
Gilbert, S. F., and Sarkar, S. (2000). Embracing complexity: Organicism for the 21st century. Developmental Dynamics, 219, 1–9
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2000). Explanatory symmetries, preformation, and developmental systems theory. Philosophy of Science (Proceedings), 67, S322–S331
Goldsmith, H. H., Gottesman, I. I., and Lemery, K. S. (1997). Epigenetic approaches to developmental psychopathology. Development & Psychopathology, 9, 365–387
Gottlieb, G. (1971). Development of Species Identification in Birds: An Inquiry into the Prenatal Determinants of Perception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Gottlieb, G. (1992). Individual Development and Evolution: The Genesis of Novel Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Gottlieb, G. (1995). Some conceptual deficiencies in ‘developmental’ behavior genetics. Human Development, 38, 131–141
Gottlieb, G. (1997). Synthesizing Nature-Nurture: Prenatal Roots of Instinctive Behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Gottlieb, G. (1998). Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: From Central Dogma to probabilistic epigenesis. Psychological Review, 105, 792–802
Gottlieb, G. (2002). On the epigenetic evolution of species-specific perception: The developmental manifold concept. Cognitive Development, 17, 1287–1300
Gould, S. J. (1977). Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Gould, S. J. (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Gould, S. J., and Lewontin, R. C. (1979). The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences, 205, 581–598
Gray, R. (1992). Death of the gene: Developmental systems strikes back. In Trees of Life: Essays in the Philosophy of Biology, ed. P. E. Griffiths, pp. 165–209. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Gray, R. (2001). Selfish genes or developmental systems? In Thinking About Evolution: Historical, Philosophical, and Political Perspectives, ed. R. S. Singh, C. B. Krimbas, D. B. Paul, and J. Beatty, pp. 184–207. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Griesemer, J. (1998). Turning back to go forward. Biology & Philosophy, 13, 103–112
Griesemer, J. (2000). Reproduction and the reduction of genetics. In The Concept of the Gene in Development and Evolution, ed. P. J. Beurton, R. Falk, and H.-J. Rheinberger, pp. 240–285. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Griffiths, P. E., and Gray, R. (1994). Developmental systems and evolutionary explanation. Journal of Philosophy, 91, 277–304
Griffiths, P. E., and Gray, R. (1997). Replicator 2 – Judgement Day. Biology & Philosophy, 12, 471–492
Griffiths, P. E., and Gray, R. (2001). Darwinism and developmental systems. In Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution, ed. S. Oyama, P. E. Griffiths, and R. Gray, pp. 195–218. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Griffiths, P. E., and Knight, R. D. (1998). What is the developmentalist challenge? Philosophy of Science, 65, 253–258
Griffiths, P. E., and Neumann-Held, E. M. (1999). The many faces of the gene. BioScience, 49, 656–674
Hacking, I. (1999). The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Hall, B. K. (1992a). Waddington's legacy in development and evolution. American Zoologist, 32, 113–122
Hall, B. K. (1992b). Evolutionary Developmental Biology. London: Chapman and Hall
Hall, B. K. (1998). Epigenetics: Regulation not replication. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 11, 201–205
Hall, B. K. (1999). Evolutionary Developmental Biology, 2nd ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Hall, B. K. (2000a). Evo-devo or devo-evo – Does it matter? Evolution & Development, 2, 177–178
Hall, B. K. (2000b). Balfour, Garstang and de Beer: The first century of evolutionary embryology. American Zoologist, 40, 718–728
Hall, B. K. (2003). Opening the black box between genotype and phenotype: Cells and cell condensations as fundamental units of evolutionary developmental biology. Biology & Philosophy, 18, 219–247
Hall, B. K., and Miyake, T. (1992). The membranous skeleton: The role of cell condensations in vertebrate skeletogenesis. Anatomy and Embryology, 186, 107–124
Hall, B. K., and Miyake, T. (1995). Divide, accumulate, differentiate: Cell condensation in skeletal development revisited. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 39, 881–893
Hall, B. K., and Miyake, T. (2000). All for one and one for all: Condensations and the initiation of skeletal development. BioEssays, 22, 138–147
Hall, B. K., and Olson, W. M., eds. (2003). Keywords and Concepts in Evolutionary Developmental Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Hamburger, V. (1980). Embryology and the Modern Synthesis in evolutionary theory. In The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology, ed. E. Mayr and W. B. Provine, pp. 97–112. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Hamer, D. (2002). Rethinking behavior genetics. Science, 298, 71–72
Hamer, D., and Copeland, P. (1998). Living with Our Genes: The Groundbreaking Book about the Science of Personality, Behavior, and Genetic Destiny. New York: Anchor/Doubleday
Harrison, R. G. (1918). Experiments on the development of the fore limb of Amblystoma, a self-differentiating equipotential system. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 25, 413–461
Harrison, R. G. (1937). Embryology and its relations. Science, 85, 369–374
Henikoff, S., and Matzke, M. A. (1997). Exploring and explaining epigenetic effects. Trends in Genetics, 13, 293–295
Heyningen, V. (2000). Gene games of the future. Nature, 408, 769–771
Hoagland, S. L. (1988). Lesbian Ethics. Palo Alto, CA: Institute of Lesbian Studies
Holliday, R. (1987). The inheritance of epigenetic defects. Science, 238, 163–170
Holliday, R. (1994). Epigenetics: An overview. Developmental Genetics, 15, 453–457
Hull, D. L. (1998). A clash of paradigms or the sound of one hand clapping. Biology & Philosophy, 13, 587–595
Humphreys, P. (1996). Aspects of emergence. Philosophical Topics, 24, 53–70
Ingram, D. (2000). Group Rights: Reconciling Equality and Difference. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. (2001). Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 409, 860–921
Jablonka, E., and Lamb, M. J. (1995). Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Jablonka, E., and Lamb, M. J. (1998). Epigenetic inheritance in evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 11, 159–183
Jablonka, E., and Lamb, M. J. (2002). Creating bridges or rifts? Developmental systems theory and evolutionary developmental biology. BioEssays, 24, 290–291
Jacob, F. (1973). The Logic of Life: A History of Heredity, trans. B. E. Spillmann. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Jeffery, W. R. (2001). Cavefish as a model system in evolutionary developmental biology. Developmental Biology, 231, 1–12
Johnston, T. D., (1987). The persistence of dichotomies in the study of behavioral development. Developmental Review, 7, 149–182
Johnston, T. D., and Edwards, L. (2002). Genes, interactions, and the development of behaviour. Psychological Review, 109, 26–34
Johnston, T. D., and Gottlieb, G. (1990). Neophenogenesis: A developmental theory of phenotypic evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 147, 471–495
Keller, E. F. (1994). Master molecules. In Are Genes Us? The Social Consequences of the New Genetics, ed. C. F. Cranor, pp. 89–98. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
Keller, E. F. (1995). Refiguring Life: Metaphors of Twentieth-Century Biology. New York: Columbia University Press
Keller, E. F. (1998). Structures of heredity. Biology & Philosophy, 13, 113–118
Keller, E. F. (1999). Understanding development. Biology & Philosophy, 14, 321–330
Keller, E. F. (2000). The Century of the Gene. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Keller, E. F. (2001). Beyond the gene but beneath the skin. In Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution, ed. S. Oyama, P. E. Griffiths, and R. Gray, pp. 299–312. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Keller, E. F. (2002). Making Sense of Life: Explaining Biological Development with Models, Metaphors, and Machines. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Keller, L., and Ross, K. G. (1993). Phenotypic plasticity and ‘cultural transmission’ of alternative social organisations in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Behavioural Ecology & Sociobiology, 33, 121–129
Keys, D. N., Lewis, D. L., Selegue, J. E., Pearson, B. J., Goodrich, L. V., Johnson, R. L., Gates, J., Scott, M. P., and Carroll, S. B. (1999). Recruitment of a hedgehog regulatory circuit in butterfly eyespot evolution. Science, 283, 532–534
Kim, J. (1999). Making sense of emergence. Philosophical Studies, 95, 3–36
Kirschner, M., and Gerhart, J. (1998). Evolvability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 95, 8420–8427
Kitcher, P. (2001). Battling the undead: How (and how not) to resist genetic determinism. In Thinking About Evolution: Historical, Philosophical, and Political Perspectives, ed. R. S. Singh, C. B. Krimbas, D. B. Paul, and J. Beatty, pp. 396–414. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Krimsky, S. (2000). Hormonal Chaos: The Scientific and Social Origins of the Environmental Endocrine Hypothesis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Laland, K. N., Odling-Smee, F. J., and Feldman, M. W. (1999). Evolutionary consequences of niche construction and their implications for ecology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 96, 10242–10247
Laland, K. N., Odling-Smee, F. J., and Feldman, M. W. (2001). Niche construction, ecological inheritance, and cycles of contingency in evolution. In Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution, ed. S. Oyama, P. E. Griffiths, and R. Gray, pp. 117–126. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Laubichler, M. D., and Wagner, G. P. (2001). How molecular is molecular developmental biology? A reply to Alex Rosenberg's ‘Reductionism redux: Computing the embryo’. Biology & Philosophy, 16, 53–68
Lehrman, D. S. (1965). Interaction between internal and external environments in the regulation of the reproductive cycle of the ring dove. In Sex and Behavior, ed. F. A. Beach, pp. 335–369, 378–380. New York: John Wiley & Sons
Lehrman, D. S. (1970). Semantic and conceptual issues in the nature-nurture problem. In Development and Evolution of Behavior, ed. L. R. Aronson, D. S. Lehrman, E. Tobach, and J. S. Rosenblatt, pp. 17–52. San Francisco: Freeman
Levins, R., and Lewontin, R. C. (1985). The Dialectical Biologist. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Lewin, B. (1997). Genes VI. New York: Oxford University Press
Lewin, B. (1998). The mystique of epigenetics. Cell, 93, 301–303
Lewis, E. B. (1978). A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila. Nature, 276, 565–570
Lewis, E. B. (1994). Homeosis: The first 100 years. Trends in Genetics, 10, 341–343
Lewontin, R. C. (1970). The units of selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1, 1–18
Lewontin, R. C. (1974). The analysis of variance and the analysis of causes. American Journal of Human Genetics, 26, 400–411
Lewontin, R. C. (1978). Adaptation. Scientific American, 239, 156–169
Lewontin, R. C. (1983). Gene, organism, and environment. In Evolution from Molecules to Men, ed. D. S. Bendall, pp. 273–285. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Lickliter, R. (2000). An ecological approach to behavioral development: Insights from comparative psychology. Ecological Psychology, 12, 319–334
Lloyd, E. A. (1999). Evolutionary psychology: The burden of proof. Biology & Philosophy, 14, 211–233
Love, A. C. (2003). Evolutionary morphology, innovation, and the synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology. Biology & Philosophy, 18, 309–345
L⊘vtrup, S. (1974). Epigenetics: A Treatise on Theoretical Biology. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons
L⊘vtrup, S. (1988). Epigenetics. In Ontogeny and Systematics, ed. C. J. Humphries, pp. 189–227. New York: Columbia University Press
Mahner, M. and Bunge, M. (1997). Foundations of Biophilosophy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Maienschein, J. (1986). Preformation or new formation – or neither or both? In A History of Embryology, ed. T. J. Horder, J. A. Witkowski, and C. C. Wylie, pp. 73–108. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Maienschein, J. (1991a). Transforming Traditions in American Biology, 1880–1915. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Maienschein, J. (1991b). The origins of Entwicklungsmechanik. In A Conceptual History of Embryology, ed. S. F. Gilbert, pp. 43–61. New York: Plenum Press
Marshall, E. (2000). Rival genome sequencers celebrate a milestone together. Science, 288, 2294–2295
Smith, Maynard J. (1990). Models of a dual inheritance system. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 143, 41–53
Smith, Maynard J. (2000a). The concept of information in biology. Philosophy of Science, 67, 177–194
Smith, Maynard J. (2000b). Reply to commentaries. Philosophy of Science, 67, 214–218
Mayr, E. (1960). The emergence of evolutionary novelties. In Evolution After Darwin, Volume 1: The Evolution of Life, its Origin, History and Future, ed. S. Tax, pp. 349–380. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Mayr, E. (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Mayr, E. (1997). This is Biology: The Science of the Living World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Mazzeo, J. A., ed. (1977). Introduction. In O. Hertwig, The Biological Problem of To-day: Preformation or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development. Oceanside, NJ: Dabor Science Publications
McCain, R. A. (1980). Critical reflections on sociobiology. Review of Social Economy, 38, 123–139
McClendon, J. F. (1910). The development of isolated blastomeres of the frog's egg. American Journal of Anatomy, 10, 425–430
McGinnis, W., Levine, M. S., Hafen, E., Kuroiwa, A., and Gehring, W. J. (1984). A conserved DNA sequence in homeotic genes of the Drosophila antennapedia and Bithorax complex. Nature, 308, 428–433
Medawar, P. S., and Medawar, J. S. (1977). The Life Science. New York: Harper and Row
Medawar, P. S., and Medawar, J. S. (1983). From Aristotle to Zoos: A Philosophical Dictionary of Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Molenaar, P. C. M., Boomsma, D. I., and Dolan, C. V. (1993). A third source of developmental differences. Behavior Genetics, 23, 519–524
Monod, J. (1971). Chance and Necessity, trans. A. Wainhouse. New York: Knopf
Moore, J. A. (1993). Science as a Way of Knowing: The Foundations of Modern Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Morgan, T. H. (1907). Sex-determining factors in animals. Science, 25, 382–384
Morgan, T. H. (1909). What are ‘factors’ in Mendelian explanations? American Breeders’ Association, 5, 365–368
Morgan, T. H. (1919). The Physical Basis of Heredity. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
Morgan, T. H. (1926). The Theory of the Gene. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Morgan, T. H. (1932a). The rise of genetics, I. Science, 76, 261–267
Morgan, T. H. (1932b). The rise of genetics, II. Science, 76, 285–288
Morgan, T. H. (1934). Embryology and Genetics. New York: Columbia University Press
Moss, L. (1992). A kernel of truth? On the reality of the genetic program. PSA 1992: Philosophy of Science Association (Proceedings), vol. 1, pp. 335–348
Moss, M. L. (1981). Genetics, epigenetics, and causation. American Journal of Orthodontics, 80, 366–375
Müller, W. A. (1996). From the Aristotelian soul to genetic and epigenetic information: The evolution of the modern concepts in developmental biology at the turn of the century. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 40, 21–26
Nagel, E. (1961). The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World
Needham, J. (1959). A History of Embryology, 2nd ed. New York: Abelard-Schuman
Neumann-Held, E. M. (1999). The gene is dead – Long live the gene! Conceptualizing genes the constructionist way. In Sociobiology and Bioeconomics: The Theory of Evolution in Biological and Economic Theory, ed. P. Koslowski, pp. 105–137. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Newman, S. A., and Müller, G. B. (2000). Epigenetic mechanisms of character origination. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 288, 304–317
Nijhout, H. F. (1990). Metaphors and the role of genes in development. BioEssays, 12, 441–446
Nijhout, H. F. (1991). The Development and Evolution of Butterfly Wing Patterns. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press
Nijhout, H. F. (1996). Focus on butterfly eyespot development. Nature, 384, 209–210
Odling-Smee, F. J., Laland, K. N., and Feldman, M. W. (1996). Niche construction. American Naturalist, 147, 641–648
Oosterhout, C., and Brakefield, P. M. (1999). Quantitative genetic variation in Bicyclus anynana metapopulation. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 49, 67–80
Oyama, S. (1985). The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Oyama, S. (1999). Locating development: Locating developmental systems. In Conceptual Development: Piaget's Legacy, ed. E. K. Scholnick, K. Nelson, S. A. Gelman, and P. H. Miller, pp. 185–208. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Oyama, S. (2000a). Evolution's Eye: A Systems View of the Biology-Culture Divide. Durham, NC: Duke University Press
Oyama, S. (2000b). The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution, rev. ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press
Oyama, S., Griffiths, P. E., and Gray, R., eds. (2001). Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Oyama, S., Griffiths, P. E., and Gray, R. (2001). Introduction: What is developmental systems theory? In Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution, ed. S. Oyama, P. E. Griffiths, and R. Gray, pp. 1–11. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Patel, N. H. (1994). Developmental evolution: Insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science, 266, 581–590
Pennisi, E. (2000). Embryonic lens prompts eye development. Science, 289, 522–523
Peterson, K., and Sapienza, C. (1993). Imprinting the genome: Imprinted genes, imprinting genes, and a hypothesis for their interaction. Annual Review of Genetics, 27, 7–31
Petronis, A. (2001). Human morbid genetics revisited: Relevance of epigenetics. Trends in Genetics, 17, 142–146
Pigliucci, M. (2001). Phenotypic Plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Pigliucci, M., and Schlichting, C. D. (1997). On the limits of quantitative genetics for the study of phenotypic evolution. Acta Biotheoretica, 45, 143–160
Pinto-Correia, C. (1997). The Ovary of Eve: Egg and Sperm and Preformation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Pinto-Correia, C. (1999). Strange tales of small men: Homunculi in reproduction. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 42, 225–244
Plotkin, H. (1994). Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge. Toronto: Penguin Press
Poerksen, U. (1995). Plastic Words: The Tyranny of a Modular Language, trans. J. Mason and D. Cayley. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press
Raff, R. A. (1996). The Shape of Life: Genes, Development, and the Evolution of Animal Form. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Rehmann-Sutter, C. (1996). Frankensteinian knowledge? The Monist, 79, 264–279
Riedl, R. (1977). A systems-analytical approach to macro-evolutionary phenomena. Quarterly Review of Biology, 52, 351–370
Rieppel, O. (2001). Turtles as hopeful monsters. BioEssays, 23, 987–991
Riggs, A. D., and Porter, T. N. (1996). Overview of epigenetic mechanisms. In Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation, ed. V. E. A. Russo, R. A. Martienssen, and A. D. Riggs, pp. 29–45. Plainview, TX: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Robert, J. S. (2000a). Schizophrenia epigenesis? Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 21, 191–215
Robert, J. S. (2000b). Wild ontology: Elaborating environmental pragmatism. Ethics & the Environment, 5, 191–209
Robert, J. S. (2000c). Fastidious, foundational heresies. Biology & Philosophy, 15, 133–145
Robert, J. S. (2000d). Synthetic biology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Part C: Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 31, 599–614
Robert, J. S. (2001a). Interpreting the homeobox: Metaphors of gene action and activation in development and evolution. Evolution & Development, 3, 287–295
Robert, J. S. (2001b). Genomes, hormones and health. Literary Review of Canada, 9.4, 18–21
Robert, J. S. (2002). How developmental is evolutionary developmental biology?Biology & Philosophy, 17, 591–611
Robert, J. S. (2003). Developmental systems and animal behaviour. Biology & Philosophy, 18, 477–489
Robert, J. S. (in preparation a). Healthy Genomes, Healthy Folks?
Robert, J. S. (in preparation b). Integrating biological disciplines
Robert, J. S., Hall, B. K., and Olson, W. M. (2001). Bridging the gap between developmental systems theory and evolutionary developmental biology. BioEssays, 23, 954–962
Roll-Hansen, N. (1984). E. S. Russell and J. H. Woodger: The failure of two twentieth-century opponents of mechanistic biology. Journal of the History of Biology, 17, 399–428
Rose, S. (1997). Lifelines: Biology Beyond Determinism. New York: Oxford University Press
Rosenberg, A. (1997). Reductionism redux: Computing the embryo. Biology & Philosophy, 12, 445–470
Roskam, J. C., and Brakefield, P. M. (1999). Seasonal polyphenism in Bicyclus (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) butterflies: Different climates need different cues. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 66, 345–356
Roux, W. (1894). The problems, methods, and scope of developmental mechanics, trans. W. M. Wheeler. In Wood's Holl Biological Lectures for 1894, pp. 149–190. Boston: Ginn & Company. Original edition, 1895
Ruse, M. (1975). Woodger on genetics: A critical evaluation. Acta Biotheoretica, 24, 1–13
Russell, E. S. (1916). Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology. London: John Murray
Russell, E. S. (1930). The Interpretation of Development and Heredity. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Russell, E. S. (1933). The limitations of analysis in biology. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 33, 147–158
Russo, V. E. A., Martienssen, R. A., and Riggs, A. D., eds. (1996). Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation. Cold Spring Harbour, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Sander, K. (1986). The role of genes in ontogenesis – evolving concepts from 1883 to 1983 as perceived by an insect embryologist. In A History of Embryology, ed. T. J. Horder, J. A. Witkowski, and C. C. Wylie, pp. 363–395. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Sapp, J. (1987). Beyond the Gene: Cytoplasmic Inheritance and the Struggle for Authority in Genetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Sapp, J. (1991). Concepts of organization: The leverage of ciliate protozoa. In A Conceptual History of Modern Embryology, ed. S. F. Gilbert, pp. 229–258. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Sarkar, S. (1996a). Biological information: A skeptical look at some central dogmas of molecular biology. In The Philosophy and History of Molecular Biology: New Perspectives, ed. S. Sarkar, pp. 187–231. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Sarkar, S. (1996b). Decoding ‘coding’ – information and DNA. BioScience, 46, 857–864
Sarkar, S. (1998). Genetics and Reductionism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Sarkar, S. (1999). From the Reaktionsnorm to the adaptive norm: The norm of reaction, 1909–1960. Biology & Philosophy, 14, 235–252
Sarkar, S., and Robert, J. S. (2003). Editors' introduction [to a special issue on evolution and development]. Biology & Philosophy, 18, 209–217
Schaffner, K. F. (1998). Genes, behavior, and developmental emergentism: One process, indivisible? Philosophy of Science, 65, 209–252
Schank, J. C., and Wimsatt, W. C. (1986). Generative entrenchment and evolution. PSA-1986: Philosophy of Science Association (Proceedings), Vol. 2, 33–60
Schank, J. C., and Wimsatt, W. C. (2001). Evolvability, adaptation, and modularity. In Thinking About Evolution: Historical, Philosophical, and Political Perspectives, ed. R. S. Singh, C. B. Krimbas, D. B. Paul, and J. Beatty, pp. 322–335. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Schlichting, C. D., and Pigliucci, M. (1998). Phenotypic Evolution: A Reaction Norm Perspective. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc
Schrödinger, E. (1944). What Is Life? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Schwartz, J. H. (1999). Sudden Origins: Fossils, Genes, and the Emergence of Species. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons
Scriver, C. R., and Waters, P. J. (1999). Monogenic traits are not simple: Lessons from phenylketonuria. Trends in Genetics, 15, 267–272
Shishkin, M. A. (1992). Evolution as a maintenance of ontogenetic stability. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 191, 37–42
Smith, K. C. (1992). The new problem of genetics: A response to Gifford. Biology & Philosophy, 7, 431–452
Smith, K. C. (1993). Neo-Rationalism vs. Neo-Darwinism: Integrating development and evolution. Biology & Philosophy, 7, 431–451
Smith, K. K., and Schneider, R. A. (1998). Have gene knockouts caused evolutionary reversals in the mammalian first arch? BioEssays, 20, 245–255
Sober, E. (2000). Appendix I: The meaning of genetic causation. In A. Buchanan, D. W. Brock, N. Daniels, and D. Wikler, From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice, pp. 347–370. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Solé, R. V., Salazar-Ciudad, I., and Newman, S. A. (2000). Gene network dynamics and the evolution of development. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15, 479–480
Spencer-Smith, R. (1994–1995). Reductionism and emergent properties. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 95, 113–129
Sterelny, K. (2000a). The ‘genetic program’ program: A commentary on Maynard Smith on information in biology. Philosophy of Science, 67, 195–201
Sterelny, K. (2000b). Development, evolution, and adaptation. Philosophy of Science, 67 (Supplement: Proceedings of the 1998 Biennial Meetings of the Philosophy of Science Association; Part ↑: Symposia Papers), S369–S387
Sterelny, K. (2001). Niche construction, developmental systems, and the extended replicator. In Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution, ed. S. Oyama, P. Griffiths, and R. Gray, pp. 333–349. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Sterelny, K., and Griffiths, P. E. (1999). Sex and Death: An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Sterelny, K., and Kitcher, P. (1988). The return of the gene. Journal of Philosophy, 85, 339–361
Sterelny, K., Smith, K. C. and Dickison, M. (1996). The extended replicator. Biology & Philosophy, 11, 377–403
Stern, D. L. (2000). Evolutionary developmental biology and the problem of variation. Evolution, 54, 1079–1091
Strohman, R. C. (1993). Ancient genomes, wise bodies, unhealthy people: Limits of a genetic paradigm in biology and medicine. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 37, 112–145
Strohman, R. C. (1997). Profit margins and epistemology. Nature Biotechnology, 15, 1224–1226
Szathmáry, E. (1999). When the means do not justify the end. Nature, 399, 745
Thom, R. (1989). An inventory of Waddingtonian concepts. In Theoretical Biology: Epigenetic and Evolutionary Order from Complex Systems, ed. B. Goodwin and P. Saunders, pp. 1–7. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., and Myers, E. W. (2001). The sequence of the human genome. Science, 291, 1304–1351
Vinci, T., and Robert, J. S. (in preparation). Aristotle and modern genetics
Vogel, G. (2000). A mile-high view of development. Science, 288, 2119–2120
Waddington, C. H. (1952). The Epigenetics of Birds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Waddington, C. H. (1961). Genetic assimilation. Advances in Genetics, 10, 257–293
Waddington, C. H. (1975). The Evolution of an Evolutionist. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Wade, N. (2002). Scientist reveals genome secret: It's his. New York Times (27 April), available online at <http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/27/science/27GENO.html>
Wagner, G. P. (2000). What is the promise of developmental evolution? Part I: Why is developmental biology necessary to explain evolutionary innovations? Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 288, 95–98
Wagner, G. P. (2001). What is the promise of developmental evolution? Part II: A causal explanation of evolutionary innovations may be impossible. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 291, 305–309
Wagner, G. P., Laubichler, M., and Chiu, C.-H. (2000). Developmental evolution as a mechanistic science: The inference from developmental mechanisms to evolutionary processes. American Zoologist, 40, 819–831
Wahlsten, D., (1990). Insensitivity of the analysis of variance to heredity-environment interaction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13, 109–161
Wahlsten, D., and Gottlieb, G. (1997). The invalid separation of effects of nature and nurture: Lessons from animal experimentation. In Intelligence, Heredity, and Environment, ed. R. J. Sternberg and E. Grigorenko, pp. 163–192. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Wallace, B. (1986). Can embryologists contribute to an understanding of evolutionary mechanisms? In Integrating Scientific Disciplines, ed. W. Bechtel, pp. 149–163. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff
van der Weele, C. (1999). Images of Development: Environmental Causes in Ontogeny. Albany: State University of New York Press
Weismann, A. (1893). The Germ Plasm, trans. W. Newton Parker and H. Rönnfeldt. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
Weiss, K. M., and Fullerton, S. M. (2000). Phenogenetic drift and the evolution of genotype-phenotype relationships. Theoretical Population Biology, 57, 187–195
West, M. J., and King, A. P. (1987). Settling nature and nurture into an ontogenetic niche. Developmental Psychobiology, 20, 549–562
West-Eberhard, M.-J. (1998). Evolution in the light of developmental and cell biology, and vice versa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 95, 8417–8419
Whitman, C. O. (1894). Evolution and epigenesis. In Wood's Holl Biological Lectures for 1894, pp. 205–224. Boston: Ginn & Company
Williams, G. C. (1992). Natural Selection: Domains, Levels and Challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Wilson, E. B. (1925). The Cell in Development and Inheritance, 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan & Co.
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Wimsatt, W. C. (1980). Reductionistic research strategies and their biases in the units of selection controversy. In Scientific Discovery, Vol. 2: Case Studies, ed. T. Nickles, pp. 213–259. Dordrecht: D. Reidel
Wimsatt, W. C. (1986a). Forms of aggregativity. In Human Nature and Natural Knowledge, ed. A. Donagan, N. Perovich, and M. Wedin, pp. 259–293. Dordrecht: D. Reidel
Wimsatt, W. C. (1986b). Developmental constraints, generative entrenchment, and the innate-acquired distinction. In Integrating Scientific Disciplines, ed. W. Bechtel, pp. 185–208. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff
Wimsatt, W. C. (1986c). Heuristics and the study of human behavior. In Metatheory in Social Science: Pluralisms and Subjectivities, ed. D. W. Fiske and R. A. Shweder, pp. 293–314. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Wimsatt, W. C. (1987). False models as means to truer theories. In Neutral Models in Biology, ed. M. H. Nitecki and A. Hoffman, pp. 23–55. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Wimsatt, W. C. (1997). Aggregativity: Reductive heuristics for finding emergence. Philosophy of Science, 64 (Supplement: Proceedings of the 1996 Biennial Meetings of the Philosophy of Science Association; Part II: Symposia Papers), S372–S384
Wimsatt, W. C. (1999). Genes, memes and cultural heredity. Biology & Philosophy, 14, 279–310
Wimsatt, W. C. (2001). Generative entrenchment and the developmental systems approach to evolutionary processes. In Cycles of Contingency, ed. S. Oyama, P. E. Griffiths, and R. Gray, pp. 219–237. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Wimsatt, W. C., and Schank, J. C., (1988). Two constraints on the evolution of complex adaptations and the means for their avoidance. In Evolutionary Progress, ed. M. Nitecki, pp. 231–273. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Winther, R. G. (2001). Varieties of modules: kinds, levels, origins and behaviors. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 291, 116–129
Wolf, U. (1995). The genetic contribution to the phenotype. Human Genetics, 95, 127–148
Wolffe, A. P. (1998). Introduction. Epigenetics: Novartis Foundation Symposium, 214, 1–5
Wolpert, L. (1991). The Triumph of the Embryo. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Wolpert, L. (1994). Do we understand development? Science, 266, 571–572
Wolpert, L. (1995). Development: Is the egg computable, or could we generate an angel or a dinosaur? In What Is Life? The Next Fifty Years: Speculations on the Future of Biology, ed. M. P. Murphy and L. A. J. O'Neill, pp. 57–66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Woodger, J. H. (1952). Biology and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Woodger, J. H. (1959). Studies in the foundation of genetics. In The Axiomatic Method with Special Reference to Geometry and Physics, ed. L. Henkin, P. Suppes, and A. Tarski, pp. 408–428. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.
Yamamoto, Y., and Jeffery, W. R. (2000). Central role for the lens in cave fish eye degeneration. Science, 289, 631–633

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.