Sleep problems are all too common in children in general but their occurrence is increased in certain high risk subgroups, notably children with a neuro-developmental or psychiatric disorder and those with other chronic pediatric conditions. Recent years have seen increasing interest in sleep disturbance in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the number of whom is now considered much greater than once supposed. An important distinction throughout the range of learning disabilities is that between sleep problems of behavioral origin and those attributable to physical or medical aspects that are part of or associated with the basic condition. The sleep-related breathing disorder usually takes the form of some degree of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but central apnea is also described in the skeletal disorders and the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Neurofibromatosis, an autosomal dominant disorder resulting in tumor growth in neural crest cells, may also be associated with sleep disturbance.