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Chapter 21 - Botulinum Toxin in Ophthalmology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2023

By
Bettina Wabbels
Edited by
Daniel Truong ,
Dirk Dressler ,
Mark Hallett ,
Christopher Zachary  and
Mayank Pathak
Daniel Truong
Affiliation:
University of California, Riverside
Dirk Dressler
Affiliation:
Hannover Medical School
Mark Hallett
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Christopher Zachary
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Mayank Pathak
Affiliation:
Truong Neuroscience Institute
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Summary

In ophthalmology, botulinum toxin injections are the treatment of choice in essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. However, there are many other indications for botulinum toxin around the eye and orbit, such as several forms of strabismus, especially sixth nerve palsy and vertical strabismus in Graves’ disease, convergence spasm, injection in the lacrimal gland for crocodile tears and lacrimal outflow obstruction, eyelid retraction in thyroid eye disease, protective ptosis in lagophtalmos and corneal wounds and entropion. The injection technique is explained in detail including electromyography (EMG) recordings from the eye muscles and injections in the lacrimal gland and the upper eyelid.

Keywords

Botulinum toxinBoNTstrabismussixth nerve palsyGraves diseaseconvergence spasmcrocodile tearslacrimal glandEyelid retractionprotective ptosislagophthalmosspastic entropionEMG
Type
Chapter
Information
Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy , pp. 180 - 187
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

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References

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