Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ttngx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-21T00:34:58.804Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 13 - Emotional Labor in Parenting

from Part IV - Current Trends

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2024

By
Gao-Xian Lin  and
Dorota Szczygieł
Edited by
Isabelle Roskam ,
James J. Gross  and
Moïra Mikolajczak
Isabelle Roskam
Affiliation:
Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
James J. Gross
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Moïra Mikolajczak
Affiliation:
Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
Get access

Summary

Today’s parents are subject to strict rules about how to raise their children. Some rules focus on parents’ emotions: Parents are bound by emotional display rules, according to which “ideal parents” should be “emotionally perfect” – showing positive emotions and refraining from negative ones while interacting with their children. This chapter introduces Lin and colleagues’ pioneering efforts in borrowing the emotional labor framework to shed light on the consequences for parents of their subjection to these emotional display rules. The emotional labor framework, initially proposed by sociologists, holds that employees must consciously align their feelings with emotional display rules when interacting with customers. This framework provides insight into the mechanisms underlying the relation between emotional labor performed by employees and their well-being. This chapter presents the application of the emotional labor framework to the parenting context and outlines future research directions that this approach opens. We believe that extending the emotional labor framework to the context of parenting opens a promising research avenue in the parenting field.

Keywords

parenthoodpositive parentingdisplay rulesemotion workemotion regulationregulatory effortsurface actingdeep actingparental burnout
Type
Chapter
Information
Emotion Regulation and Parenting , pp. 244 - 263
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, R. (1999). Emotional dissonance in organizations: Conceptualizing the roles of self‐esteem and job‐induced tension. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 20(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739910251152Google Scholar
Adams, G. A., & Webster, J. R. (2013). Emotional regulation as a mediator between interpersonal mistreatment and distress. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(6), 697–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.698057Google Scholar
Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88–115. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1993.3997508Google Scholar
Austin, E. J., Saklofske, D. H., & Egan, V. (2005). Personality, well-being and health correlates of trait emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(3), 547–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.009Google Scholar
Bai, S., Repetti, R. L., & Sperling, J. B. (2016). Children’s expressions of positive emotion are sustained by smiling, touching, and playing with parents and siblings: A naturalistic observational study of family life. Developmental Psychology, 52(1), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039854CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barkawi, T. (2006). Globalization and war. Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Bono, J. E., & Vey, M. A. (2005). Toward understanding emotional management at work: A quantitative review of emotional labor research. In Härtel, C. E., Zerbe, W. J., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (Eds.), Emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 213–233). Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. (2015). Children’s parents. In Bornstein, M. H. & Leventhal, T. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Vol. 4. Ecological settings and processes (7th ed., pp. 55–132). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Brianda, M. E., Roskam, I., Gross, J. J., Franssen, A., Kapala, F., Gérard, F., & Mikolajczak, M. (2020). Treating parental burnout: Impact of two treatment modalities on burnout symptoms, emotions, hair cortisol, and parental neglect and violence. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 330–332. https://doi.org/10.1159/000506354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brotheridge, C. M., & Grandey, A. A. (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of “people work.” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(1), 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1815Google Scholar
Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.1.57Google Scholar
Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & McBride-Chang, C. (2003). Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(4), 598–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.598Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Haines, J., Charlton, B. M., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2019). Positive parenting improves multiple aspects of health and well-being in young adulthood. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(7), 684–691. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0602-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D. (2016). Socioemotional, personality, and biological development: Illustrations from a multilevel developmental psychopathology perspective on child maltreatment. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 187–211. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033259Google Scholar
Cropanzano, R., Weiss, H. M., & Elias, S. M. (2003). The impact of display rules and emotional labor on psychological well-being at work. In Perrewe, P. L. & Ganster, D. C. (Eds.), Emotional and physiological processes and positive intervention strategies (Vol. 3, pp. 45–89). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(03)03002-6Google Scholar
Deaton, A., & Stone, A. A. (2014). Evaluative and hedonic wellbeing among those with and without children at home. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(4), 1328–1333. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1311600111Google Scholar
Diefendorff, J. M., Richard, E. M., & Croyle, M. H. (2006). Are emotional display rules formal job requirements? Examination of employee and supervisor perceptions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(2), 273–298. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317905X68484Google Scholar
Diefendorff, J. M., Richard, E. M., & Yang, J. (2008). Linking emotion regulation strategies to affective events and negative emotions at work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(3), 498–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.09.006Google Scholar
Dijk, P. A. V., & Brown, A. K. (2006). Emotional labour and negative job outcomes: An evaluation of the mediating role of emotional dissonance. Journal of Management & Organization, 12(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2006.12.2.101Google Scholar
Dix, T., Gershoff, E. T., Meunier, L. N., & Miller, P. C. (2004). The affective structure of supportive parenting: Depressive symptoms, immediate emotions, and child-oriented motivation. Developmental Psychology, 40(6), 1212–1227. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1212Google Scholar
Douglas, S. J., & Michaels, M. W. (2004). The mommy myth: The idealization of motherhood and how it has undermined all women. Free Press.Google Scholar
Duncombe, M. E., Havighurst, S. S., Holland, K. A., & Frankling, E. J. (2012). The contribution of parenting practices and parent emotion factors in children at risk for disruptive behavior disorders. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 43(5), 715–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0290-5Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241–273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents’ reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relations to children’s social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67(5), 2227–2247.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Reiser, M. (1999). Parental reactions to children’s negative emotions: Longitudinal relations to quality of children’s social functioning. Child Development, 70(2), 513–534.Google Scholar
Furedi, F. (2002). Paranoid parenting: Why ignoring the experts may be best for your child. Chicago Review Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1994). Living in a post-traditional society. In Beck, U., Giddens, A., & Lash, S., Reflexive modernization: Politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order (pp. 56–109). Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1999). Risk and responsibility. Modern Law Review, 62(1), 1–10.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Doubleday.Google Scholar
Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95Google Scholar
Grandey, A. A. (2003). When “the show must go on”: Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.5465/30040678Google Scholar
Grandey, A. A., & Gabriel, A. S. (2015). Emotional labor at a crossroads: Where do we go from here? Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2(1), 323–349. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111400Google Scholar
Grandey, A. A., & Melloy, R. C. (2017). The state of the heart: Emotional labor as emotion regulation reviewed and revised. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000067Google Scholar
Grandey, A. A., & Sayre, G. M. (2019). Emotional labor: Regulating emotions for a wage. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418812771Google Scholar
Grandey, A. A., Diefendorffand, J. M., & Rupp, D. E. (Eds.). (2013). Emotional labor in the 21st century: Diverse perspectives on the psychology of emotion regulation at work. Routledge.Google Scholar
Grandey, A. A., Fisk, G. M., Mattila, A. S., Jansen, K. J., & Sideman, L. A. (2005). Is “service with a smile” enough? Authenticity of positive displays during service encounters. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 96(1), 38–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.08.002Google Scholar
Habib, I. (1995). Capitalism in history. Social Scientist, 23(7–9), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/3517858Google Scholar
Hajal, N. J., & Paley, B. (2020). Parental emotion and emotion regulation: A critical target of study for research and intervention to promote child emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000864Google Scholar
Hartel, C. E. J., Hsu, A. C. F., & Boyle, M. V. (2002). A conceptual examination of the causal sequences of emotional labor, emotional dissonance, and emotional exhaustion: The argument for the role of contextual and provider characteristics. In Ashkanasy, N. M., Zerbe, W. J., & Hartel, C. E. J. (Eds.), Managing emotions in the workplace (pp. 251–275). M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hendrick, H. (2016). Narcissistic parenting in an insecure world: A history of parenting culture 1920s to present. Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447322559.001.0001Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. (1995). The age of extremes: A history of the world, 1914–1991. Abacus.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hoghughi, M. (2004). Parenting – an introduction. In Hoghughi, M. & Long, N. (Eds.), Handbook of parenting: Theory and research for practice (pp. 1–18). Sage.Google Scholar
Holman, D., Martinez-Iñigo, D., & Totterdell, P. (2008). Emotional labour and employee well-being: An integrative review. In Ashkanasy, N. M. & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.), Research companion to emotion in organizations (pp. 315–340). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781845426378.00029.xmlGoogle Scholar
Hülsheger, U. R., & Schewe, A. F. (2011). On the costs and benefits of emotional labor: A meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(3), 361–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022876Google Scholar
Huppertz, A. V., Ute, R. H., Velozo, J. D. C., & Schreurs, B. H. (2020). Why do emotional labor strategies differentially predict exhaustion?: Comparing psychological effort, authenticity, and relational mechanisms. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(3), 214–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000179Google Scholar
Jansz, J., & Timmers, M. (2002). Emotional dissonance: When the experience of an emotion jeopardizes an individual’s identity. Theory & Psychology, 12(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354302121005Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method. Science, 306(5702), 1776–1780. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103572Google Scholar
Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Rubenstein, A. L., Long, D. M., Odio, M. A., Buckman, B. R., Zhang, Y., & Halvorsen-Ganepola, M. D. K. (2013). A Meta-analytic structural model of dispositional affectivity and emotional labor. Personnel Psychology, 66(1), 47–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karnilowicz, H. R., Waters, S. F., & Mendes, W. B. (2019). Not in front of the kids: Effects of parental suppression on socialization behaviors during cooperative parent–child interactions. Emotion, 19(7), 1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000527Google Scholar
Kerr, M. L., Rasmussen, H. F., Buttitta, K. V., Smiley, P. A., & Borelli, J. L. (2021). Exploring the complexity of mothers’ real-time emotions while caregiving. Emotion, 21(3), 545–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000719CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kettenacker, L., & Riotte, T. (2011). The legacies of two world wars: European societies in the twentieth century. Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Korczynski, M. (2005). Skills in service work: An overview. Human Resource Management Journal, 15(2), 3–14.Google Scholar
Kruml, S. M., & Geddes, D. (2000). Exploring the dimensions of emotional labor: The heart of Hochschild’s work. Management Communication Quarterly, 14(1), 8–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318900141002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1991). Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.132Google Scholar
Le, B. M., & Impett, E. A. (2016). The costs of suppressing negative emotions and amplifying positive emotions during parental caregiving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(3), 323–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216629122Google Scholar
Lee, E. (2014a). Experts and parenting culture. In Lee, E., Bristow, J., Faircloth, C., & Macvarish, J. (Eds.), Parenting culture studies (pp. 51–75). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137304612_3Google Scholar
Lee, E. (2014b). Introduction. In Lee, E., Bristow, J., Faircloth, C., & Macvarish, J. (Eds.), Parenting culture studies (pp. 1–22). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137304612_1Google Scholar
Lin, G.-X., & Szczygieł, D. (2022). Perfectionistic parents are burnt out by hiding emotions from their children, but this effect is attenuated by emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 184, 111187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111187Google Scholar
Lin, G.-X., Goldenberg, A., Arikan, G., Brytek-Matera, A., Czepczor-Bernat, K., Manrique-Millones, D., Mikolajczak, M., Overbye, H., Roskam, I., Szczygieł, D., Ustundag-Budak, A. M., & Gross, J. J. (2022). Reappraisal, social support, and parental burnout. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 1089–1102. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12380Google Scholar
Lin, G.-X., Hansotte, L., Szczygieł, D., Meeussen, L., Roskam, I., & Mikolajczak, M. (2021). Parenting with a smile: Display rules, regulatory effort, and parental burnout. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(9), 2701–2721. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211019124Google Scholar
Lin, G.-X., Mikolajczak, M., Keller, H., Akgun, E., Arikan, G., Aunola, K., Barham, E., Besson, E., Blanchard, M. A., Boujut, E., Brianda, M. E., Brytek-Matera, A., César, F., Chen, B.-B., Dorard, G., dos Santos Elias, L. C., Dunsmuir, S., Egorova, N., Escobar, M. J., … Roskam, I. (2023). Parenting culture(s): Ideal-parent beliefs across 37 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 54(1), 4–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221123043Google Scholar
Luong, A. (2005). Affective service display and customer mood. Journal of Service Research, 8(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670505279341Google Scholar
Manassis, K., Bradley, S., Goldberg, S., Hood, J., & Swinson, R. P. (1994). Attachment in mothers with anxiety disorders and their children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(8), 1106–1113. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199410000-00006Google Scholar
Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. S. (2012). Culture and emotion: The integration of biological and cultural contributions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(1), 91–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111420147Google Scholar
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In Salovey, P. & Sluyter, D. J. (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3–31). Basic Books.Google Scholar
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., DeChurch, L. A., & Wax, A. (2012). Moving emotional labor beyond surface and deep acting: A discordance–congruence perspective. Organizational Psychology Review, 2(1), 6–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386611417746Google Scholar
Mikolajczak, M., Brianda, M. E., Avalosse, H., & Roskam, I. (2018). Consequences of parental burnout: Its specific effect on child neglect and violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80, 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.025Google Scholar
Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J. J., & Roskam, I. (2019). Parental burnout: What is it and why does it matter? Clinical Psychological Science, 7(6), 1319–1329.Google Scholar
Mikolajczak, M., Menil, C., & Luminet, O. (2007). Explaining the protective effect of trait emotional intelligence regarding occupational stress: Exploration of emotional labour processes. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(5), 1107–1117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.01.003Google Scholar
Mikolajczak, M., Tran, V., Brotheridge, C. M., & Gross, J. J. (2009). Chapter 11: Using an emotion regulation framework to predict the outcomes of emotional labor. In Charmine, E. J. H, Neal, M. A, & Wilfred, J. Z (Eds.), Emotions in groups, organizations and cultures (Vol. 5, pp. 245–273). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1746-9791(2009)0000005013Google Scholar
Minnotte, K. L., Pedersen, D. E., Mannon, S. E., & Kiger, G. (2010). Tending to the emotions of children: Predicting parental performance of emotion work with children. Marriage & Family Review, 46(3), 224–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2010.490199Google Scholar
Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Silk, J. S., & Houltberg, B. J. (2017). The impact of parenting on emotion regulation during childhood and adolescence. Child Development Perspectives, 11(4), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12238Google Scholar
Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 986–1010. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9704071861Google Scholar
Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1997). Managing emotions in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Issues, 9(3), 257–274.Google Scholar
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. (2021). Positive parenting tips. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Nomaguchi, K., & Milkie, M. A. (2020). Parenthood and well-being: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 198–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12646Google Scholar
Olszanowski, M., Wróbel, M., & Hess, U. (2020). Mimicking and sharing emotions: A re-examination of the link between facial mimicry and emotional contagion. Cognition and Emotion, 34(2), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1611543Google Scholar
Overy, R. (2009). The morbid age: Britain and the crisis of civilisation, 1919–1939. Penguin UK.Google Scholar
Pugh, S. D. (2001). Service with a smile: Emotional contagion in the service encounter. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1018–1027. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069445Google Scholar
Pursell, C. (2007). Technology in postwar America: A history. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/purs12304Google Scholar
Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1990). Busy stores and demanding customers: How do they affect the display of positive emotion? Academy of Management Journal, 33(3), 623–637. https://doi.org/10.5465/256584Google Scholar
Rodrigo, M. J. (2010). Promoting positive parenting in Europe: New challenges for the European society for developmental psychology. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7(3), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405621003780200Google Scholar
Rubin, R. S., Tardino, V. M. S., Daus, C. S., & Munz, D. C. (2005). A reconceptualization of the emotional labor construct: On the development of an integrated theory of perceived emotional dissonance and emotional labor. In Hartel, C. E. J., Zerbe, W. J., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (Eds.), Emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 189–211). Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Rueger, S. Y., Katz, R. L., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2011). Relations between parental affect and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Parenting, 11(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2011.539503Google Scholar
Schaubroeck, J., & Jones, J. R. (2000). Antecedents of workplace emotional labor dimensions and moderators of their effects on physical symptoms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200003)21:2<163::AID-JOB37>3.0.CO;2-LGoogle Scholar
Scott, B. A., & Barnes, C. M. (2011). A multilevel field investigation of emotional labor, affect, work withdrawal, and gender. Academy of Management Journal, 54(1), 116–136. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.59215086Google Scholar
Sliter, M., Jex, S., Wolford, K., & McInnerney, J. (2010). How rude! Emotional labor as a mediator between customer incivility and employee outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(4), 468–481. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020723Google Scholar
Sutton, R. I., & Rafaeli, A. (1988). Untangling the relationship between displayed emotions and organizational sales: The case of convenience stores. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 461–487. https://doi.org/10.5465/256456Google Scholar
Szczygieł, D., & Bazińska, R. (2021). Emotional intelligence mitigates the effects of customer incivility on surface acting and exhaustion in service occupations: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.506085Google Scholar
Thoits, P. A. (2004). Emotion norms, emotion work, and social order. In Manstead, A. S. R., Frijda, N., & Fischer, A. (Eds.), Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam Symposium (pp. 359–378). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2003). Emotion regulation in customer service roles: Testing a model of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8(1), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.8.1.55Google Scholar
Tsai, W.-C. (2001). Determinants and consequences of employee displayed positive emotions. Journal of Management, 27(4), 497–512. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700406Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdfGoogle Scholar
von Scheve, C. (2012). Emotion regulation and emotion work: Two sides of the same coin? Frontiers in Psychology, 3. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00496Google Scholar
Waters, S. F., Karnilowicz, H. R., West, T. V., & Mendes, W. B. (2020). Keep it to yourself? Parent emotion suppression influences physiological linkage and interaction behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(7), 784–793. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000664CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wharton, A. S., & Erickson, R. J. (1993). Managing emotions on the job and at home: Understanding the consequences of multiple emotional roles. The Academy of Management Review, 18(3), 457–486. https://doi.org/10.2307/258905Google Scholar
Wharton, A. S., & Erickson, R. J. (1995). The consequences of caring: Exploring the links between women’s job and family emotion work. The Sociological Quarterly, 36(2), 273–296.Google Scholar
Zapf, D., & Holz, M. (2006). On the positive and negative effects of emotion work in organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500412199Google Scholar
Zerbe, W. J. (2000). Emotional dissonance and employee well-being. In Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory, and practice (pp. 189–214). Quorum Books/Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Cole, P. M., & Ram, N. (2023). The role of strategy-use and parasympathetic functioning in maternal emotion regulation. Journal of Family Psychology, 37(1), 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001017Google Scholar
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Rudolph, J., Kerin, J., & Bohadana-Brown, G. (2022). Parent emotional regulation: A meta-analytic review of its association with parenting and child adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254211051086Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×