As elsewhere in the global history of colonial health, public health and the control of infectious diseases turned Indigenous bodies and lands into sites where the state sought to assert greater control – and met significant resistance. This chapter considers these dynamics through a focus on vaccines, quarantines, and efforts to forcibly relocate sick northerners between 1900 and 1920. Particular attention is given to smallpox epidemics that spread widely and were a main vehicle for public health measures, but caused few deaths.