Babalola, A.B., McIntosh, S.K., Dussubieux, L. and Rehren, T. 2017. Ife-Ife and Igbo Olokun in the history of glass in West Africa. Antiquity 91 (357): 732–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bass, G.F., Brill, R.H., Lledó, B. and Matthews, S.D. 2009. Serçe Liman, Volume II: The Glass of an Eleventh-Century Shipwreck. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar

Brill, R.H. 1987. Chemical analyses of some early Indian glasses. In Bhardwaj, H.C. (ed.), Archaeometry of Glass – Proceedings of the Archaeometry Session of the XIV International Congress on Glass – 1986, New Delhi, India: Indian Ceramic Society, 1–27.Google Scholar

Brill, R.H. 1988. Scientific investigations of the Jalame glass and related finds. In Weinberg, G.D. (ed.), Excavations at Jalame: Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 257–94.Google Scholar

Brill, R.H. 1994. Chemical analysis of some glasses from Jenné-jeno. In McIntosh, S.K. (ed.), Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season, Berkeley: University of California Press, 252–56.Google Scholar

Brill, R.H. 1999. Chemical Analyses of Early Glasses. New York: Corning Museum of Glass.Google Scholar

Chittick, N. 1984. Manda, Excavations at an Island Port on the Kenyan Coast, Nairobi. The British Institute in Eastern Africa, Memoir Number 9.Google Scholar

Cissé, M., McIntosh, S.K., Dussubieux, L., Fenn, T., Gallagher, D. and Chipps Smith, A. 2013. Excavations at Gao-Saney: new evidence for settlement growth, trade, and interaction on the Niger Bend in the first millennium CE. Journal of African Archaeology 11.1: 9–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Daggett, A., Wood, M. and Dussubieux, L. 2017. Glass trade beads at Thaba Di Masego, Botswana: analytical results and some implications. In Sadr, K., Esterhuysen, A., Sievers, C. (eds), African Archaeology without Frontiers: Papers from the 14th Congress of the Pan African Association for Archaeology and Related Disciplines, Johannesburg 2014, Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 127–42.Google Scholar

Davison, C.C. 1972. Glass Beads in African Archaeology: Results of Neutron Activation Analysis, Supplemented by Results of X-ray Fluorescence Analysis. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Denbow, J., Klehm, C. and Dussubieux, L. 2015. The glass beads of Kaitshàa: new insights on pre-Islamic trade into the far interior of southern Africa. Antiquity 39.344: 361–77.Google Scholar

Dussubieux, L. 2001. L’apport de l’ablation laser couplée à l’ICP-MS à l’étude du verre archéologique de l’Océan Indien. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Université d’Orléans.Google Scholar

Dussubieux, L. and Gratuze, B. 2004. Non-destructive characterization of glass beads: application to the study of glass trade between India and Southeast Asia. In Karlström, A. and Kallén, A. (eds), Fishbones and Glittering Emblems. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Sigtuna, Sweden, 135–48.Google Scholar

Dussubieux, L., Robertshaw, P. and Glascock, M.D. 2009. LA-ICP-MS analysis of African glass beads: laboratory inter-comparison with an emphasis on the impact of corrosion on data interpretation. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 284: 152–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dussubieux, L., Gratuze, B. and Blet-Lemarquand, M. 2010. Mineral soda alumina glass: occurrence and meaning. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 1645–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fenn, T.R. 2010. Applications of Heavy Isotope Research to Archaeological Problems of Provenance and Trade on Cases from Africa and the New World. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, The University of Arizona.Google Scholar

Freestone, I.C. (2006). An indigenous technology? A commentary on lankton et al. “Early primary glass production in southern Nigeria”. Journal of African Archaeology, 4(1): 139–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Freestone, I. and Gorin-Rosen, Y. 1999. The great glass slab at Bet She’arim, Israel: an early Islamic glassmaking experiment? Journal of Glass Studies 41: 105–16.Google Scholar

Freestone, I.C., Ponting, M. and Hughes, M.J. 2002. The origins of Byzantine glass from Maroni Petrera, Cyprus. Archaeometry 22.2: 257–72.Google Scholar

Freestone, I., Gorin-Rosen, Y. and Hughes, M.J. 2000. Primary glass from Israel and the production of glass in Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic period. In Nenna, M.-D. (ed.), La route du verre – Ateliers primaires et secondaires du second millénaire av. J.-C. au Moyen Âge, [Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient Méditerranéen 33], 65–83.Google Scholar

Gratuze, B. and Barrandon, J.-N. 1990. Islamic glass weights and stamps: analysis using nuclear techniques. Archaeometry 32.2: 155–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henderson, J., McLoughlin, S.D. and McPhail, D.S. 2004. Radical changes in Islamic glass technology: evidence for conservatism and experimentation with new glass recipes from early and middle Islamic Raqqa, Syria. Archaeometry 46.3: 439–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Insoll, T. and Shaw, T. 1997. Gao and Igbo-Ukwu: beads, interregional trade, and beyond. The African Archaeological Review 14.1: 9–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lankton, J.W., Ige, O.A. and Rehren, T. 2006. Early primary glass production in southern Nigeria. Journal of African Archaeology 4.1: 111–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Magnavita, S. 2003. The beads of Kissi, Burkina Faso. Journal of African Archaeology 1.1: 127–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mirti, P., Pace, M., Malandrino, M. and Negro Ponzi, M.M. 2009. Sasanian glass from Veh Ardašī. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.4: 1061–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mirti, P., Pace, M., Negro Ponzi, M.M. and Aceto, M. 2008. ICP-MS analysis of glass fragments of Parthian and Sasanian epoch from Seleucia and Veh Ardasir (Central Iraq). Archaeometry 50.3: 429–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morisson, H. 1984. The beads. In Chittick, N., Manda, Excavations at an Island Port on the Kenyan Coast, Nairobi, The British Institute in Eastern Africa, Memoir Number 9, 181–89.Google Scholar

Nicholson, P.T., Jackson, C.M. and Trott, K.M. 1997. The Ulu Burun glass ingots, cylindrical vessels and Egyptian glass. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 83: 143–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nixon, S. 2008. The Archaeology of Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Trading Towns in West Africa: A comparative View and Progressive Methodology from the Entrepot of Essouk-Tadmakka, Unpublished PhD dissertation, University College London.Google Scholar

Nixon, S. 2009. Excavating Essouk-Tadmakka (Mali): New archaeological investigations of early Islamic trans-Saharan trade. Azania 44.2: 217–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nixon, S., Lankton, J., Robertshaw, P. and Dussubieux, L. 2017. Beads. In Nixon, S. (ed.), Essouk-Tadmakka: An Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Town, Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series Volume 12, Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ogundiran, A. and Ige, A. 2015. ‘Our ancestors were material scientists’: Archaeological and geochemical evidence for indigenous Yoruba glass technologies. Journal of Black Studies 46.8: 751–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Popelka, R.S., Glascock, M.D., Robertshaw, P. and Wood, M. 2005. Laser ablation ICP-MS of African glass trade beads. In Speakman, R.J. and Neff, H. (eds), Laser Ablation ICP-MS in Archaeological Research, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 84–93.Google Scholar

Robertshaw, P., Wood, M., Melchiorre, E., Popelka-Filcoff, R.S. and Glascock, M.D. 2010a. Southern African glass beads: chemistry, glass sources and patterns of trade. Journal of Archaeological Science 37.8: 1898–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robertshaw, P., Wood, M., Benco, N., Dussubieux, L., Melchiorre, E. and Ettahari, A. 2010b. Chemical analysis of glass beads from Medieval Al-Basra (Morocco). Archaeometry 52.3: 355–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robertshaw, P., Magnavita, S., Wood, M., Melchiorre, E., Popelka-Filcoff, R.S. and Glascock, M.D. 2009. Glass beads from Kissi (Burkina Faso): chemical analysis and archaeological interpretation. Journal of African Archaeology 2: 105–18.Google Scholar

Saitowitz, S.J. 1996. Glass Beads as Indicators of Contact and Trade in Southern Africa ca AD 900 – AD 1250, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.Google Scholar

Saitowitz, S.J., Reid, D.L. and Van der Merwe, N.J. 1996. Glass bead trade from Islamic Egypt to South Africa c.AD 900–1250. South African Journal of Science 92: 101–04.Google Scholar

Shaw, T. 1970. Igbo-Ukwu: An Account of Archaeological Discoveries in Eastern Nigeria. Volume 1. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar

Shortland, A., Schachner, L., Freestone, I. and Tite, M. 2006. Natron as a flux in the early vitreous materials industry: sources, beginnings and reasons for decline. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 521–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Whitehouse, D. 1979. Maritime trade in the Arabian Sea: The 9th and 10th centuries AD. In Taddei, M. (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1977, Volume 2, Papers from the Fourth International Conference of the Association of the South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Naples, Instituto Universitario Orientale, Seminario Di Studi Asiatici, Series Minor VI, 865–85.Google Scholar

Wood, M. 2011. Interconnections, Glass Beads and Trade in Southern and Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean – 7th to 16th Centuries AD. African and Comparative Archaeology, Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University.Google Scholar

Wood, M. and Dussubieux, L. 2014. Glittering gifts: glass beads as evidence of the Zheng He Fleets’ visits to East Africa. Oral Presentation at the International Conference in Chinese and English, Zheng He’s Maritime Voyages (1405–1433) and China’s Relations with the Indian Ocean World from Antiquity Conference, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, August 22–24, 2014.Google Scholar

Wood, M., Dussubieux, L. and Robertshaw, P. 2012. Glass finds from Chibuene, a 6th to 17th century port in Southern Mozambique. South African Archaeological Bulletin 67 (195): 59–74.Google Scholar