Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T02:37:43.076Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Trans-Saharan Gold Trade in Pre-Modern Times

Available Evidence and Research Agendas

from Part I - Connectivity and Networks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2017

D. J. Mattingly
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
V. Leitch
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
C. N. Duckworth
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
A. Cuénod
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
M. Sterry
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
F. Cole
Affiliation:
University College London, Qatar
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Blanchard, I., 2006. African gold and European specie markets, c1300 to c1800. International Institute of Economic Studies, conference presentation. Accessed at www.ianblanchard.com.Google Scholar
Bovill, E. 1968. The Golden Trade of the Moors. 2nd ed, London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cahen, C. 1979. L’or du Soudan avant les Almoravides, mythe ou réalité? Revue française d’histoire d’outre-mer 66: 169–75.Google Scholar
Colin, G. 1983. Un ensemble épigraphie Almoravide: découverte fortuite dans la region de Tidjikja; chaton de bague découvert a Tegdaoust. In Devisse, 1983, 427–44.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. 1973. The lure of Bambuk Gold. The Journal of African History 14: 623–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devisse, J. (ed.) 1983. Tegdaoust III. Recherches sur Aoudaghost. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Devisse, J. 1988. Trade and trade routes in West Africa. In el Fasi, M. (ed.) General History of Africa, Volume 3: Africa from the seventh to the eleventh century, Berkeley (CA): University of California: 367435.Google Scholar
Devisse, J. 1993 . L’or. In Devisse, J. (ed.), Vallées du Niger, Paris: Editions de la Réunions des Musées Nationaux, 344–57.Google Scholar
Dodwell, C. 1971. Gold metallurgy in the twelfth century: The De Diversis Artibus of Theophilus the Monk. Gold Bulletin 4.3: 5155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunlop, D.M. 1957. Sources of gold and silver in Islam according to al-Hamdani. Studia Islamica 8: 2949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrenkreutz, A. 1953. Extracts from the technical manual on the Ayyubid mint in Cairo. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 15: 423–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gall, M. le and Perkins, K. 1997. The Maghrib in Question. Essays in History and Historiography. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Garrard, T. 1980. Akan Weights and the Gold Trade. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Garrard, T. 1982. Myth and metrology: The early trans-Saharan gold trade. Journal of African History 23: 443–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrard, T. 2011. African Gold: Jewellery and Ornaments from Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and Senegal in the Collection of the Gold of Africa Barbier-Mueller Museum in Cape Town. Munich: Prestel Verlag.Google Scholar
Gautier, E. and Reygasse, M. 1934. Le Monument de Tin Hinan. Paris: Annales de l’Académie des Sciences Coloniales, VIII.Google Scholar
Ghali, N. 1983. Moules à couler des médailles. In Devisse, 1983, 421–26.Google Scholar
Gondonneau, A. and Guerra, M.F. 1999. The gold from Ghana and the Muslim expansion: A scientific enquiry into the Middle Ages using ICP-MS combined with a UV laser. In Young, S., Pollard, A., Budd, P. and Ixer, R. (eds), Metals in Antiquity, Oxford: Archaeopress, 262–70.Google Scholar
Gondonneau, A., Guerra, M.F. and Cowell, M.R. 2001. Searching for the provenance of gold: The methodology of gold analysis by ICP-MS: first developments. In Barba, L. (ed.), Proceedings of the 32nd International Symposium on Archaeometry, 15–19 May 2000, Mexico City, Mexico City: University of Mexico (CD-ROM).Google Scholar
Gronenborn, D. (ed.) 2011. Gold, Slaves and Ivory: Medieval Empires in Northern Nigeria. Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.Google Scholar
Guerra, M.F., Sarthre, C.-O., Gondonneau, A. and Barrandon, J. 1999. Precious metals and provenance enquiries using LA-ICP-MS. Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 1101–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guerra, M-F. and Rehren, Th. 2009. In-situ examination and analysis of the gold jewellery from the Phoenician tomb of Kition (Cyprus). ArcheoSciences – Revue d’Archéométrie 33: 151–58.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2007. Rulers, Warriors, Traders and Clerics: the Central Sahel and the North Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbert, E. 1984. Red Gold of Africa: Copper in Precolonial History and Culture. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 2000. Urbanism, Archaeology and Trade: Further Observations on the Gao Region (Mali) – The 1996 Fieldseason Results. Oxford: BAR.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Insoll, T. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. 1968. The nineteenth-century gold ‘Mithqal’ in West and North Africa. The Journal of African History 9: 547–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joire, J. 1955. Découvertes archéologiques dans la région de Rao (Bas-Sénégal). Bulletin de l’institut Français d’Afrique Noire 17.B (3–4): 249333.Google Scholar
Kuba, R. 2009. Cultural contacts between the savannah and the forest: trade along the Eastern Niger. In Magnavita, et al. 2009, 147–56.Google Scholar
Latruffe, J. 1953. Au sujet d’une pièce d’or millénaire trouvée à Gao. Notes Africaines 60.Google Scholar
Launois, A. and Devisse, J. 1983. Poids de verre découverts à Tegdaoust, chronologie du site et histoire des étalons de poids en Afrique occidentale. In Devisse, 1983, 399419.Google Scholar
Law, R.C. 1967. The Garamantes and trans-Saharan entreprise in Classical times. The Journal of African History 8.2: 181200.Google Scholar
Lawrence, D. 2006. The Cowry Currencies of West Africa and the Question of Value. Unpublished BA thesis. University College London.Google Scholar
Levtzion, N. and Hopkins, J.F. (eds). 2000. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2000. Looking for the southern frontier of the Garamantes. Sahara 12: 3144.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, P. 1986. Salt of the Desert Sun. A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McIntosh, S.K. 1995, Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2009. Sahelian crossroads: some aspects on the Iron Age Sites of Kissi, Burkina Faso. In Magnavita, et al. 2009, 79104.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S., Koté, L., Breunig, P. and Idé, O. (eds). 2009. Crossroads/Carrefour Sahel. Cultural and Technological Developments in First Millenium BC/AD West Africa. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag.Google Scholar
Massing, A.W. 2000. The Wangara: An Old Soninke Diaspora in West Africa? Cahiers d’Études africaines 158: 281308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D. (ed.) 2013. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) carried out by C.M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001). London: Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D., Abduli, H., Aburgheba, H., Ahmed, M., Esmaia, M., Baker, S., Cole, F., Fenwick, C., Rodriguez, M., Hobson, M., Khalaf, N., Lahr, M., Leitch, V., Moussa, F., Nikita, E., Parker, D., Radini, A., Ray, N., Savage, T., Sterry, M. and Schörle, K. 2010. DMP IX: summary report on the fourth season of excavations of the burials and identity team. Libyan Studies 41: 89104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D., Sterry, M. and Edwards, D. 2015. The origins and development of Zuwila, Libyan Sahara: an archaeological and historical overview. Azania Archaeological Research in Africa 50.1: 2775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mauny, R. 1961. Tableau geographique de l’ouest africain au moyen age. Dakar.Google Scholar
Messier, R. 1974. The Almoravids. West African gold and the gold currency of the Mediterranean basin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17: 3147.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P. 2005. African Connections. Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the Wider World. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Monod, T. 1969. Le ‘Ma’den Ijafen’: une épave caravanière ancienne. In Actes du premier colloque international d’archéologie africaine, Nanterre: Publications de la société d’ethnologie, 286320.Google Scholar
Moraes Farias, P.F. 1974. Silent trade: myth and historical evidence. History in Africa 1: 924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nixon, S. 2008. The Archaeology of Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Trading Towns in West Africa: a Comparative View and Progressive Methodology from the Entrepot of Essouk-Tadmakka. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University College London, London.Google Scholar
Nixon, S. 2011. The rising trade with Africa. In Carver, M. and Klapste, J. (eds), The Archaeology of Medieval Europe, Volume 2: 1200–1600, Aarhus University Press, 361–69.Google Scholar
Nixon, S (ed.). 2017. Essouk-Tadmekka: An Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Town. Leiden: Brill, Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nixon, S., Rehren, Th. and Filomena Guerra, M. 2011. New light on the early Islamic West African gold trade: coin moulds from Tadmekka, Mali. Antiquity 85: 1353–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, V. and Morison, P. 1998. The Salcombe Bay treasure. British Museum Magazine 30: 1618.Google Scholar
Posnansky, M. 1973. Aspects of early West African trade. World Archaeology 2: 149–63.Google Scholar
Rehren, Th. and Nixon, S. 2014. Refining gold with glass: An early Islamic technology at Tadmekka, Mali. Journal of Archaeological Science 49: 3341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robert, D. 1970. Les fouilles de Tegdaoust. The Journal of African History 11: 471–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robert-Chaleix, D. 1989. Tegdaoust V: une concession médiévale à Tegdaoust: implantation, evolution d’une unité d’habitation. Paris: ADPF.Google Scholar
Ross, D. 2002. Gold of the Akan from the Glassell Collection. Houston: Museum of Fine Arts.Google Scholar
Roux, C. and Guerra, M.F. 2000. La monnaie almoravide: de l’Afrique à l’Espagne. Revue d’archéométrie 24: 3952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saison, B. 1979. Fouille d’un quartier artisanal de Tegdaoust. Unpublished PhD thesis. Paris.Google Scholar
Savage, E. 1992. Berbers and Blacks: Ibadi slave traffic in eighth-century North Africa. Journal of African History 33.3: 351–68.Google Scholar
Spufford, P. 1988. European silver and African gold. In Spufford, P. (ed.), Money and its Use in Medieval Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 163–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, J. 1981. Ibn Battuta’s Yufi: Bronze and gold in mid-Iron Age Africa. Transafrican Journal of History 10: 138–77.Google Scholar
Sutton, J. 1997. The African lords of the intercontinental gold trade before the Black Death: Al-Hasan bin Sulaiman of Kilwa and Mansa Musa of Mali. The Antiquaries Journal 77: 221–42.Google Scholar
Swanson, J. 1975. The myth of trans-Saharan trade during the Roman Era. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 8. 4: 582600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swanson, J. 1978. The Not-Yet-Golden Trade: Contact and commerce between North Africa and the Sudan before the 11th century. Unpublished PhD thesis. Indiana Univeristy.Google Scholar
Takezawa, S. and Cissé, M. 2012. Discovery of the earliest royal palace in Gao and its implications for the history of West Africa. Cahiers d’Etudes africaines UI (4): 813–44.Google Scholar
Thilmans, G. and Descamps, C. 1972. Rapport préliminaire sure la fouille de N’dalane, 27 novembre 1971 à 14 Janvier 1972. Dakar : I.F.A.N.Google Scholar
Vanacker, C. 1979. Tegdaoust II, fouille d’un quartier artisanal. Paris: Memoire de l’I.M.R.S.Google Scholar
Vernet, R. 1996. Le sud-ouest du Niger, de la préhistoire au début de l’histoire. Paris: Autrement.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×