Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T01:51:12.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Violence and the Sacred

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 March 2019

Ian Hodder
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East
Girardian Conversations at Çatalhöyük
, pp. 39 - 150
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Andrews, P., Molleson, T., and Boz, B. 2005. The human burials at Çatalhöyük. In Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995–99 Seasons, ed. Hodder, I., 261278. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Ariès, P. 2008. The Hour of our Death. New York: Vintage Books. Original edition, 1977.Google Scholar
Balter, M. 2005. The Goddess and the Bull. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Becker, E. 1971. The Birth and Death of Meaning: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on the Problem of Man. 2nd edn. New York: Free Press. Original edition, 1962.Google Scholar
Becker, E. 1975. Escape from Evil. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Becker, E. 1997. The Denial of Death. New York: Simon and Schuster. Original edition, 1973.Google Scholar
Becker, E. 2005. The Ernest Becker Reader. Seattle: Ernest Becker Foundation in association with the University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Benjamin, W. 1996. The storyteller: observations on the works of Nikolai Leskov. In Selected Writings, Volume iii: 1935–1938, ed. Jennings, M. W. and Eiland, H., 143166. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. Original edition, 1936.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. 1992. Prey into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience. The Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. 2010. Is there religion at Çatalhöyük … or are there just houses? In Religion in the Emergence of Civilization: Çatalhöyük as a Case Study, ed. Hodder, I., 146162. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boz, B., and Hager, L. D. 2013. Living above the dead: intramural burial practices at Çatalhöyük. In Humans and Landscapes of Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 2000–2008 Seasons, ed. Hodder, I., 413440. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute.Google Scholar
Burkert, W. 1983. Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth. Translated by P. Bing. Berkeley: University of California Press. Original edition, 1972.Google Scholar
Canetti, E. 1978. The Human Province. Translated by J. Neugroschel. New York: Seabury Press.Google Scholar
Canetti, E. 1984. Crowds and Power. Translated by C. Stewart. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux. Original edition, 1960.Google Scholar
Carter, T., Haddow, S., Russell, N., Bogaard, A., and Tsoraki, C. 2015. Laying the foundations: creating households at Neolithic Çatalhöyük. In Assembling Çatalhöyük, ed. Hodder, I. and Marciniak, A., 97110. Leeds: Maney.Google Scholar
Coppens, P. 2009. Göbekli Tepe: the world’s oldest temple. Nexus Magazine 16 (4): 3540.Google Scholar
Descola, P. 1996. The Spears of Twilight: Life and Death in the Amazon Jungle. Translated by J. Lloyd. New York: New Press. Original edition, 1993.Google Scholar
Drake, N. 2015. Mystery lingers over ritual behavior of new human ancestor. National Geographic News (September 15). Accessed 2016/01/09.Google Scholar
Eliade, M. 1978. A History of Religious Ideas, Volume i: From the Stone Age to the Eleusinian Mysteries. Translated by W. R. Trask. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fernandez, S., Castano, E., and Singh, I. 2010. Managing death in the burning grounds of Varanasi, India: a terror management investigation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 41 (2): 182194. doi: 10.1177/002202 2109354376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firth, R. 1936. We, the Tikopia: A Sociological Study of Kinship in Primitive Polynesia. London: G. Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Firth, R. 1967. Tikopia Ritual and Belief. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Freud, S. 2001. Totem and Taboo: Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics. Translated by J. Strachey. London: Routledge. Original edition, 19121913.Google Scholar
Fustel de Coulanges, N. D. 1980. The Ancient City: A Study on the Religion, Laws, and Institutions of Greece and Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Gifford, P., and Antonello, P. 2015. Rethinking the Neolithic revolution: symbolism and sacrifice at Göbekli Tepe. In How We Became Human: Mimetic Theory and the Science of Evolutionary Origins, ed. Antonello, P. and Gifford, P., 261288. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar
Girard, R. 1977. Violence and the Sacred. Translated by P. Gregory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Original edition, 1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girard, R. 1987. Things Hidden since the Foundation of the World: Research Undertaken in Collaboration with J.-M. Oughourlian and G. Lefort. Translated by S. Bann and M. Metteer. Stanford University Press. Original edition, 1978.Google Scholar
Girard, R. 2007. The evangelical subversion of myth. In Politics and Apocalypse, ed. Hamerton-Kelly, R, 2949. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, R. P. 2003. The Dominion of the Dead. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 2006. Çatalhöyük: The Leopard’s Tale: Revealing the Mysteries of Turkey’s Ancient “Town”. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., and Meskell, L. 2011. A “curious and sometimes a trifle macabre artistry.” Current Anthropology 52 (2): 235263. doi: 10.1086/659250.Google Scholar
Hubert, H., and Mauss, M. 1964. Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function. Translated by W. D. Halls. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Illich, I. 1995. Limits to Medicine: Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health. With a New Introduction by the Author. London: Marion Boyars. Original edition, 1976.Google Scholar
Keen, S. 1997. Foreword. In The Denial of Death, xixvi. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Lanier, J. 2014. Who Owns the Future? New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Larsen, C. S., Hillson, S. W., Ruff, C. B., Sadvari, J. W., and Garofalo, E. M. 2013. The human remains ii: interpreting lifestyle and activity in Neolithic Çatalhöyük. In Humans and Landscapes of Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 2000–2008 Seasons, ed. Hodder, I., 397412. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute.Google Scholar
Malinowski, B. 1948. Magic, Science and Religion, and Other Essays. Glencoe: Free Press.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J. 1967. Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Moses, S. 2012. Sociopolitical implications of Neolithic foundation deposits and the possibility of child sacrifice: a case study at Çatalhöyük, Turkey. In Sacred Killing: The Archaeology of Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, ed. Porter, A. and Schwartz, G. M., 5788. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Mumford, L. 1989. The City in History: Its Origins, its Transformations, and its Prospects. New York: Harcourt. Original edition, 1961.Google Scholar
Nakamura, C., and Meskell, L. 2013. The Çatalhöyük burial assemblage. In Humans and Landscapes of Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 2000–2008 Seasons, ed. Hodder, I., 441466. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute.Google Scholar
Palaver, W. 2013. René Girard’s Mimetic Theory. Translated by G. Borrud. Studies in Violence, Mimesis, and Culture. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar
Rank, O. 1947. Will Therapy and Truth and Reality. Translated by J. Taft. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Original edition, 1945.Google Scholar
Rank, O. 1989. Art and Artist: Creative Urge and Personality Development. Translated by C. F. Atkinson. New York: Norton. Original edition, 1932.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2008. Sie bauten die ersten Tempel. Das rätselhafte Heiligtum der Steinzeitjäger. Die archäologische Entdeckung am Göbekli Tepe. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. M. 2012. Archaeology and sacrifice. In Sacred Killing: The Archaeology of Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, ed. Porter, A. and Schwartz, G. M., 132. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Serres, M. 2015. Statues: The Second Book of Foundations. Translated by R. Burks. London: Bloomsbury. Original edition, 1987.Google Scholar
Sofsky, W. 2005. Traktat über die Gewalt, Fischer-Taschenbücher. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. Original edition, 1996.Google Scholar
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., and Pyszczynski, T. 1998. Tales from the crypt: on the role of death in life. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 33 (1): 943. doi: 10.1111/0591-2385.1241998124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., and Pyszczynski, T. 2015. The Worm at the Core: On the Role of Death in Life. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Vico, G. 1948. The New Science. Translated by T. G. Bergin and M. H. Fisch. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Waal, F. de 2015. Who apes whom? New York Times, September 15, a23. Accessed 2016/01/09. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/opinion/who-apes-whom.html?_r=1.Google Scholar
Webb, E. 1998. Ernest Becker and the psychology of worldviews. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 33 (1): 7186.Google Scholar
Webb, E. 2009. Worldview and Mind: Religious Thought and Psychological Development. The Eric Voegelin Institute Series in Political Philosophy. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, H., and Hodder, I. 2010. Modes of religiosity at Çatalhöyük. In Religion in the Emergence of Civilization: Çatalhöyük as a Case Study, ed. Hodder, I., 122145. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

References

Akkermans, P. M. M. G., Brüning, M., Hammers, N., et al., 2012. Burning down the house: the burnt building v6 at Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 43/44: 307324.Google Scholar
Alafacia, C., Carusoa, G., Caffo, M., et al., 2010. Case report: penetrating head injury by a stone: case report and review of the literature. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 112 (9): 813816.Google Scholar
Alt, K. W., Pichler, S., Vach, W., et al., 1997. Twenty-five thousand year old triple burial from Dolni Vestonice: an Ice-age family? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102: 123131.Google Scholar
Angel, J. L., 1971. Early Neolithic skeletons from Catal Hüyük: demography and pathology. Anatolian Studies 21: 7798.Google Scholar
Antoine, D. M., Antoine, Z., and Friedman, R., 2013. Revisiting Jebel Sahaba: new apatite radiocarbon dates for one of the Nile Valley’s earliest cemeteries. Poster presentation, The 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Knoxville, TN.Google Scholar
Arcini, C., 2009. Buried face down: prone burials. Current Archaeology 231: 3035.Google Scholar
Aspöck, E., 2008. What actually is a deviant burial? Comparing German-language and Anglophone research on “deviant burials,” in Deviant Burial in the Archaeological Record, ed. Murphy, E.. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 1734.Google Scholar
Atalay, S., 2005. Domesticating clay: the role of clay balls, mini balls and geometric objects in daily life at Çatalhöyük, in Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995–1999 Seasons, Çatalhöyük Research Project, vol. iv, ed. Hodder, I.. London and Ankara: McDonald Institute Monographs and British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, pp. 139168.Google Scholar
Aurenche, O., Galet, P., Régagnon-Caroline, E., and Évin, J., 2001. Proto-Neolithic and Neolithic cultures in the Middle East: the birth of agriculture, livestock raising, and ceramics: a calibrated 14c chronology 12,500–5500 cal bc. Radiocarbon 43 (3): 11911202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. and Goring-Morris, N., 2009.The tyranny of the ethnographic record, revisited. Paléorient 35 (1): 107108.Google Scholar
Bocquentin, F. and Bar-Yosef, O., 2004. Early Natufian remains: evidence for physical conflict from Mt. Carmel, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 47: 1923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bremmer, J., 1983. Scapegoat rituals in ancient Greece. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 87: 299320.Google Scholar
Carter, T., Dubernet, S., King, R., et al., 2008. Eastern Anatolian obsidians at Çatalhöyük and the reconfiguration of regional interaction in the Early Ceramic Neolithic. Antiquity 82 : 900909.Google Scholar
Cauvin, J., 1997. Naissance des dévinités, naissance de l’agriculture: la révolution des symboles au Néolithique. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Cauvin, J., 2000. The symbolic foundations of the Neolithic revolution in the Near East, in Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation, ed. Kuijt, I.. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, pp. 235251.Google Scholar
Churchill, S. E., Franciscus, R. G., McKean-Peraza, H. A., Daniel, J. A., and Warren, B. R., 2009. Shanidar 3 Neanderthal rib puncture wound and Paleolithic weaponry. Journal of Human Evolution 57 (2): 163178.Google Scholar
Coqueugniot, H., Dutour, O., Arensburg, B., et al., 2014. Earliest cranio-encephalic trauma from the Levantine Middle Paleolithic: 3D reappraisal of the Qafzeh 11 skull, consequences of pediatric brain damage on individual life condition and social care. PLoS ONE 9 (7): e102822. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102822Google Scholar
Darling, J. A., 1999. Mass inhumation and the execution of witches in the American Southwest. American Anthropologist 100: 732752.Google Scholar
Defleur, A., 1993. Les sépultures moustériennes. Paris: Éditions du CNRS.Google Scholar
Depaepe, P., 2009. La France de Paléolithique. Paris: La Découverte.Google Scholar
Dibble, H. L., Aldeias, V., Goldberg, P., et al., 2015. A critical look at evidence from La Chapelle-aux-Saints supporting an intentional Neandertal burial. Journal of Archaeological Science 53: 649657.Google Scholar
DiMaio, V. J. and DiMaio, D., 2001. Forensic Pathology, 2nd edn. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Dobrovolskaya, M., Richards, M. P., and Trinkaus, E., 2012. Direct radiocarbon dates for the mid Upper Paleolithic (Eastern Gravettian) burials from Sunghir, Russia. Bulletins et memoires de la Societe d’anthropologie de Paris 24 (1): 96102.Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, R. E., 2002. The sling: forgotten firepower of antiquity. Journal of Asian Martial Arts 11 (2): 2949.Google Scholar
Farid, S., 2007. Level VIII: Space 161, Space 162, Building 4, Space 115, Buildings 21 and 7, Building 6 and relative heights of Level VIII, in Excavating Çatalhöyük, ed. Hodder, I.. Çatalhöyük Research Project 3, Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs and British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, pp. 227282.Google Scholar
Fiorato, V., Boylston, A., and Knüsel, C. J. (eds.) 2000. Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from Towton, ad 1461. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Formicola, V., 2007. From the Sunghir children to the Romito dwarf: aspects of the Upper Paleolithic funerary landscape. Current Anthropology 48: 446453.Google Scholar
Formicola, V. and Buzhilova, A. P., 2004. Double child burial from Sunghir (Russia): pathology and inferences for Upper Paleolithic funerary practices. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124: 189198.Google Scholar
Formicola, V., Pontrandolfi, A., and Svoboda, J., 2001. The Upper Paleolithic triple burial of Dolni Vestonice: pathology and funerary behavior. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115: 372379.Google Scholar
Frayer, D. W., Horton, W. A., Macchiarelli, R., and Mussi, M., 1987. Dwarfism in an adolescent from the Italian late Upper Paleolithic. Nature 330: 6062.Google Scholar
Frayer, D. W., Macchiarelli, R., and Mussi, M., 1988. A case of chondrodystrophic dwarfism in the Italian Late Upper Paleolithic. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 75: 549565.Google Scholar
Gargett, R. H., 1989. Grave shortcomings. Current Anthropology 30 (2): 157191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gargett, R. H., 1999. Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Césaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution 37: 2790.Google Scholar
Girard, R., 1972[2011]. La violence et le sacré. Paris: Fayard/Pluriel.Google Scholar
Girard, R., 2008. Scapegoating at Çatalhöyük. Paper presented at the Colloquium on Violence and Religion at the University of California, Riverside, June 2008.Google Scholar
Glencross, B. and Boz, B., 2014. Representing violence in Anatolia and the Near East during the transition to agriculture, in The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict, ed. Knüsel, C. J. and Smith, M. J.. London: Routledge, pp. 90108.Google Scholar
Glencross, B. and Knüsel, C. J., 2015. Changing perspectives of social relations at Neolithic Çatalhöyük. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 60, 146 (abstract).Google Scholar
Glencross, B., Agarwal, S. C., and Larsen, C. S., 2007. Trauma risk in the Neolithic community at Çatalhöyük, Turkey. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 44, 115 (abstract).Google Scholar
Gregoricka, L., Betsinger, T. K., Scott, A., and Polcyn, M., 2014. Apotropaic practices and the undead: a biogeochemical assessment of deviant burials in Post-Medieval Poland. PLOS November 26, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113564Google Scholar
Guilaine, J. and Zammit, J., 2000. Le sentier de la guerre : visages de la violence préhistorique. Paris: Le Seuil.Google Scholar
Guyomarc’h, P., Campagna-Vaillancourt, M., Kremer, C., and Sauvageau, A., 2010. Discrimination of falls and blows in blunt head trauma: a multi-criteria approach. Journal of Forensic Sciences 55 (2): 423427.Google Scholar
Hay, E. and Derazon, H., 1998. Victims of the Palestinian uprising (Intifada): a retrospective review of 220 cases. Journal of Emergency Medicine 16 (3): 389394.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 2006. The Leopard’s Tale: Revealing the Mysteries of Turkey’s Ancient Town. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 2009. An archaeological response. Paléorient 35 (1): 109111.Google Scholar
Hussain, K., Wijetunge, D., Grubnic, S., and Jackson, I., 1994. A comprehensive analysis of craniofacial trauma. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care 36: 3447.Google Scholar
Isaac, B., 1987. Throwing and human evolution. African Archaeological Review 5: 517.Google Scholar
Judd, C. S., 1970. Skull injury from stoning in Western Samoa and in history. California Medicine 112 (4): 1418.Google Scholar
Keeley, L. H., 1996. War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Klima, B., 1987, A triple burial from the Upper Paleolithic of Dolní Věstonice, Czechoslovakia. Journal of Human Evolution 16 (7–8): 831835.Google Scholar
Knüsel, C. J., 2014. Courteous knights and cruel avengers: a consideration of the changing social context of medieval warfare from the perspective of human remains, in The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict, ed. Knüsel, C. J. and Smith, M. J.. London: Routledge, pp. 263281.Google Scholar
Knüsel, C. J., 2015. Personal observation.Google Scholar
Knüsel, C. J. and Glencross, B., 2016. Trauma recidivists at Neolithic Catalhöyük (Turkey): social context and implications. Poster presented at the American Association of Physical Anthropologists meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, April 13–16,Google Scholar
Knüsel, C. J. and Robb, J. E., 2016. Funerary taphonomy: an overview of goals and methods. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, special issue on Funerary Taphonomy, ed. Knüsel, C. J. and Robb, J. E., 10: 655673.Google Scholar
Knüsel, C. J. and Smith, M. J., 2014a. The osteology of conflict: what does it all mean?, in The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict, ed. Knüsel, C. J. and Smith, M. J.. London: Routledge, pp. 656694.Google Scholar
Knüsel, C. J. and Smith, M. J., (eds.) 2014b. The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kremer, C. and Sauvageau, A., 2009. Discrimination of falls and blows in blunt head trauma: assessment of predictability through combined criteria. Journal of Forensic Sciences 54 (4): 923926.Google Scholar
Kremer, C., Racette, S., Dione, C.-A., and Sauvageau, A., 2008. Discrimination of falls and blows in blunt head trauma: systematic study of the hat brim line rule in relation to skull fractures. Journal of Forensic Sciences 53: 716719.Google Scholar
Kuijt, I., 2000. Keeping the peace: ritual, skull caching, and community integration in the Levatine Neolthic, in Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation, ed. Kuijt, I.. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, pp. 137164.Google Scholar
Kuijt, I., 2009. Neolithic skull removal: enemies, ancestors, and memory. Paléorient 35 (1): 117120.Google Scholar
Kuzmin, I. V., Botvinkin, A. D., Mc Elhinney, L. M., et al., 2004. Molecular epidemiology of terrestrial rabies in the former Soviet Union. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40: 617631.Google Scholar
Lakstein, D. and Blumenfeld, A., 2005. Israeli army casualties in the second Palestinian uprising. Military Medicine 170 (5): 427430.Google Scholar
Larsen, C. S., Hillson, S. W., Ruff, C. B., Sadvari, J. W., and Garofalo, E., 2013. The human remains II: interpreting lifestyle and activity in Neolithic Catalhöyük, in Humans and Landscapes of Catalhöyük, ed. Hodder, I.. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, pp. 397508.Google Scholar
Lovell, Nancy C., 1997. Trauma analysis in paleopathology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 40: 139170.Google Scholar
Macdonald, D. A., Chazan, M., and Janetski, J. C. 2015. The Geometric Kebaran occupation and lithic assemblage of Wadi Mataha, southern Jordan. Quaternary International 396: 105120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.056.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J., 1964. Excavations at Çatal Hüyük, 1962: second preliminary report. Anatolian Studies 13: 43103.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J., 1967. Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Meyer, C., Brandt, G., Haak, W., et al., 2009. The Eulau eulogy: bioarchaeological interpretation of lethal violence in corded ware multiple burials from Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28: 412423.Google Scholar
Meyer, C. Lohr, C., Gronenborn, D., and Alt, K. W., 2015.The massacre mass grave of Schöneck-Kilianstädten reveals new insights into collective violence in Early Neolithic central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (36): 1121711222, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1504365112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, C., Lohr, C., Kürbis, O., et al., 2014. Mass graves of the LBK patterns and peculiarities, in Early Farmers: The View from Archaeology and Science, ed. Whittle, A. and Bickle, P.. Proceedings of the British Academy 198. Oxford:The British Academy, pp. 307325.Google Scholar
Milella, M., Mariotti, V., Belcastro, M. G., and Knüsel, C. J., 2015. Patterns of irregular burials in western Europe (1st-5th Century ad). PLoS ONE10 (6): e0130616. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130616Google Scholar
Milella, M., Knüsel, C. J., and Haddow, S. D., 2016. A Neolithic case of fibrous dysplasia from Çatalhöyük (Turkey). International Journal of Paleopathology 15: 1018.Google Scholar
Milner, G. R., 2005. Nineteenth-century arrow wounds and perceptions of prehistoric warfare. American Antiquity 170 (1): 144156.Google Scholar
Molleson, T., Andrews, P., and Boz, B., 2005. Reconstruction of the Neolithic people of Çatalhöyük, in Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995–1999 Seasons, Çatalhöyük Research Project, vol. iv, ed. Hodder, I.. Ankara and London: McDonald Institute Monographs and British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, pp. 279300.Google Scholar
Mulville, J., 2015. Personal communication.Google Scholar
Ogilvie, M. D. and Hilton, C. E., 2000. Ritualized violence in the prehistoric American Southwest. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 10: 2748.Google Scholar
Özdoğan, M., 2009. Comments. Paléorient 35(1): 121122.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., 2009. Comments. Paléorient 35 (1): 125127.Google Scholar
Pettitt, P. B., 2011. The Paleolithic Origins of Human Burial. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pettitt, P. B. and Bader, O. N., 2000. Direct AMS radiocarbon dates on the Sungir mid Paleolithic burials. Antiquity 74: 269270.Google Scholar
Rendu, W., Beauval, C., Crevecoeur, I., et al., 2014. Evidence supporting an intentional Neandertal burial at La Chapelle-aux-Saints (Corrèze, France). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111: 8186.Google Scholar
Rendu, W., Beauval, C., Crevecoeur, I., et al., 2016. Let the dead speak … comments on Dibble et al.’s reply to “Evidence supporting an intentional burial at La Chapelle-aux-Saints.” Journal of Archaeological Science 69: 1220.Google Scholar
Reynolds, A., 2009. Anglo-Saxon Deviant Burial Customs. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G. E. and Kafafi, Z., 1996. The 1995 season at ‘Ain Ghazal: preliminary report. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 39: 1128.Google Scholar
Roscoe, P. B., 2008. Catastrophe and the emergence of social complexity: some models from social anthropology, in Climate and Catastrophe, ed. Sandweiss, D. and Quilter, J.. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 77100.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, D., 2009. Flying stones: the slingstones of the Wadi Rabah culture of the southern Levant. Paléorient 35 (2): 99112.Google Scholar
Schulting, R. J. and Fibiger, L. (eds.), 2013. Sticks, Stones, and Broken Bones: Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schulting, R. J. and Wysocki, M., 2005. “In this chambered tumulus were found cleft skulls …”: an assessment of the evidence for cranial trauma in the British Neolithic. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 71: 107138.Google Scholar
Schieffenhövel, W., 2001. Begegnung und Konflikt- eine kulturanthropologische Bestandsaufnahme. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kommission beim Verlag C. H. Beck.Google Scholar
Shea, J. J., 2006. The origins of lithic projectile point technology: evidence from Africa, the Levant, and Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 823846.Google Scholar
Sikora, M., Seguin-Orlando, A., Sousa, V. C., et al., 2017. Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers. Science 358 (6363): 659662. doi:10.1126/science.aao1807Google Scholar
Smith, M. J., 2014. The war to begin all wars? Contextualizing violence in Neoltihic Britain, in The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict, ed. Knüsel, C. J., and Smith, M. J.. London: Routledge, p. 90108.Google Scholar
Smith, M. J., 2015. Personal communication.Google Scholar
Stewart, P. J. and Strathern, A., 2002. Violence: Theory and Ethnography. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Stock, J. T., 2015. Personal communication.Google Scholar
Stock, J. T., Pfieffer, S. K., Chazan, M., and Janetski, J., 2005. f-81 skeleton from Wadi Mataha, Jordan, and it’s bearing on human variability in the Epipaleolithic of the Levant. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128: 453465.Google Scholar
Stordeur, D., 2000. New discoveries in architecture and symbolism at Jerf el Ahmar (Syria), 1997–1999. Neolithics: A Newsletter of Southwest Asian Lithics Research 1: 14.Google Scholar
Stordeur, D., Le village de Jerf el Ahmar (Syrie, 9500–8700 av. jc: l’achitecture, miroir d’une société néolithique complexe. Paris: CNRS Éditions.Google Scholar
Stordeur, D., Brenet, M., Der Aprahamian, G., and Roux, J.C., 2001. Les bâtiments communautaires de Jerf el Ahmar et Mureybet Horizon PPNA (Syrie). Paléorient 26 (1): 2944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svoboda, J., van der Plicht, J., and Kuzelka, V., 2002. Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic human fossils from Moravia and Bohemia (Czech Republic): some new 14c dates. Antiquity 76: 957962.Google Scholar
Taylor, J., Bogaard, A. Carter, T., et al., 2015. “Up in flames”: a visual exploration of a burnt building at Çatalhöyük in GIS, in Assembling Çatalhöyük, ed. Hodder, I. and Marciniak, A.. Leeds: Maney, pp. 127149.Google Scholar
Taylor, T. F., 2002. The Buried Soul: How Humans Invented Death. London: Fourth Estate.Google Scholar
Teschler-Nicola, M., Gerold, F. Bujatti-Narbeshuber, M., et al., 1999. Evidence of genocide 7000 bp: Neolithic paradigm and geo-climatic reality. Collegium Antropologicum 23: 437450.Google Scholar
Testart, A., 2008. Des crânes et des vautours ou la guerre oubliée. Paléorient 34 (1): 3558.Google Scholar
Testart, A., 2009. Résponse. Paléorient 35 (1): 133136.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, E., Formicola, V., Svoboda, J., Hillson, S. W., and Holliday, T. W., 2001. Dolní Věstonice 15: pathology and persistence in the Pavlovian. Journal of Archaeological Science 28 (12): 12911308.Google Scholar
Verhoeven, M., 2000. Death, fire and abandonment: ritual practice at later Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria. Archaeological Dialogues 7 (1): 4683.Google Scholar
Wahl, J. and König, H. G., 1987. Anthropologisch-traumatologische untersuchung der menschlichen skeletresste aus dem bandkeramischen massengrab bei Talheim, Kreiss Heilbronn. Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemburg 12: 65193.Google Scholar
Walker, P. L., 1989. Cranial injuries as evidence of violence in prehistoric southern California. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80: 313323.Google Scholar
Walker, P. L., 1997. Wife beating, boxing and broken noses: skeletal evidence for the cultural patterning of violence, in Troubled Times: Violence and Warfare in the Past, ed. Martin, D. L. and Frayer, D. W.. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, pp. 145180.Google Scholar
Walker, P. L., 2001. A bioarchaeological perspective on the history of violence. Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 573596.Google Scholar
Wendorf, F., 1968. Site 117: a Nubian Final Paleolithic graveyard near Jebel Sahaba, Sudan, in The Prehistory of Nubia, ed. Wendorf, F.. Dallas: Southern Methodist University, pp. 954995.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, H. and Lanman, J. A., 2014. The ties that bind us. Current Anthropology 55 (6): 674695.Google Scholar
Wu, Xiu-Jie, Schepartz, L. A., Liu, W., and Trinkaus, E., 2011. Antemortem trauma and survival in the late Middle Pleistocene human cranium from Maba, South China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (49): 1955819562.Google Scholar
York, R. and York, G., 2011. Slings and Sling Stones: The Forgotten Weapons of Oceania and the Americas. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.Google Scholar

References

Banning, E. B. 2011. So fair a house: Göbekli Tepe and the identification of temples in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the Near East. Current Anthropology 52 (5): 619660.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 2010. Warfare in Levantine Early Neolithic: a hypothesis to be considered. Neo-Lithics 1 (10): 610.Google Scholar
Becker, N., Dietrich, O., Götzelt, T., Köksal-Schmidt, Ç., Notroff, J., and Schmidt, K. 2012. Materialien zur Deutung der zentralen Pfeilerpaare des Göbekli Tepe und weiterer Orte des obermesopotamischen Frühneolithikums. Zeitschrift für Orient Archäologie 5: 1443.Google Scholar
Benz, M., Coşkun, A., Rössner, C., Deckers, K., Riehl, S., Alt, K. W., and Özkaya, V. 2013. First evidence of an Epipalaeolithic hunter-fisher-gatherer settlement at Körtik Tepe. Kazi Sonuçları Toplantısı 34: 6578.Google Scholar
Boehm, C. 2012. Ancestral hierarchy and conflict, Science 336 (844): 844847.Google Scholar
Bowles, S. 2008. Conflict: altruism’s midwife. Nature 456: 326327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowles, S. and Gintis, H. 2011. A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and its Evolution. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Choi, J.-K. and Bowles, S. 2007. The coevolution of parochial altruism and war. Science 318 (5850): 636640.Google Scholar
Dietrich, O. and Notroff, J. 2015. A sanctuary, or so fair a house? In defense of an archaeology of cult at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe. In Defining the Sacred: Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion in the Near East, ed. Laneri, Nicola. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 7589.Google Scholar
Dietrich, O., Heun, M., Notroff, J., Schmidt, K., and Zarnkow, M. 2012. The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities: new evidence from Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey. Antiquity 86: 674695.Google Scholar
Dietrich, O., Köksal-Schmidt, Ç., Kürkçüuğlu, C., Notroff, J., and Schmidt, K. 2014. Göbekli Tepe: preliminary report on the 2012 and 2013 excavation seasons. Neo-Lithics 1 (14): 1117.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M. 1993. Coevolution of neocortex size, group size, and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16: 681735.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M. 2008. Mind the gap: or why humans aren’t just great apes. Proceedings of the British Academy 154: 403423.Google Scholar
Dupuy, J.-P. 2013. The Mark of the Sacred. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Erdal, Y. S. 2015. Bone or flesh: defleshing and post-depositional treatments at Körtik Tepe (southeastern Anatolia, PPNA period). European Journal of Archaeology 18 (1): 432.Google Scholar
Erdal, Y. S. and Erdal, Ö. D. 2012. Organized violence in Anatolia: a retrospective research on the injuries from the Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. International Journal of Paleopathology 2 (2–3): 7892.Google Scholar
Ferguson, R. B. 2013. The prehistory of war and peace in Europe and the Near East. In War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views, ed. Fry, D. P.. Oxford University Press, pp. 191240.Google Scholar
Gamble, C., Gowlett, J., and Dunbar, R. 2014. Thinking Big: How the Evolution of Social Life Shaped the Human Mind. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Gifford, P. and Antonello, P. 2015. Rethinking the Neolithic revolution: symbolism and sacrifice at Göbekli Tepe. In How We Became Human: Mimetic Theory and the Science of Evolutionary Origins, ed. Antonello, P. and Gifford, P.. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, pp. 261288.Google Scholar
Gintis, H., van Schaik, C., and Boehm, C. 2015. Zoon politikon: the evolutionary origins of human political systems. Current Anthropology 56 (3): 327353.Google Scholar
Girard, R. 2010. Gewalt und Religion. Herausgegeben, mit zwei Gesprächen und einem Nachwort von Wolfgang Palaver. Berlin: Matthes and Seitz.Google Scholar
Girard, R. 2013 [1972]. Violence and the Sacred. London: Bloomsbury. Originally published in 1972 as La violence et le sacre. Paris: Editions Bernard Grasset.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, N. and Belfer-Cohen, A. 2014. Different strokes for different folks: Near Eastern Neolithic mortuary practices in perspective: In Religion at Work in a Neolithic Society: Vital Matters, ed. Hodder, I.. Cambridge University Press, pp. 3557.Google Scholar
Guilaine, J. and Zammit, J. 2005. Origins of War: Violence in Prehistory. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Harrod, R. P., Liénard, P., and Martin, D. L. 2013. In The Bioarchaeology of Violence: Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the Human Past: Local, Regional, and Global Perspectives, ed. Martin, D. L., Hodd, R. P., and Pérez, V. R.. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, pp. 6380.Google Scholar
Hatch, M. A. 2013. Meaning and the bioarchaeology of captivity, sacrifice, and cannibalism. In The Bioarchaeology of Violence: Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the Human Past: Local, Regional, and Global Perspectives, ed. Martin, D. L., Hodd, R. P., and Pérez, V. R.. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, pp. 201225.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, H. 1993. Ein Kultgebäude in Nevalı Çori. In Between the Rivers and over the Mountains: Archaeologica Anatolica et Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri Dedicata, ed. Frangipane, M., Hauptmann, H., Liverani, M., Matthiae, P., and Mellink, M.. Rome: Università di Roma La Sapienza, pp. 3769.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, H. and Schmidt, K. 2000. Frühe Tempel – frühe Götter? In Archäologische Entdeckungen: Die Forschungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts im 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Rheidt, K., Schöne-Denkinger, A., and Nünnerich-Asmus, A.. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, pp. 258266.Google Scholar
Helbling, J. 2006. Tribale Kriege: Konflikte in Gesellschaften ohne Zentralgewalt. Frankfurt am Main: Campus.Google Scholar
Henssge, C. and Madea, B. 2004. Leichenerscheinungen und Todeszeitbestimmung. InHandbuch Gerichtliche Medizin. Band 1, ed. Brinkmann, B. and Madea, B.. Berlin: Springer, pp. 79226.Google Scholar
Hole, F. 2013. Environment, economy and social territories in the Neolithic. In Neolithic Archaeology in the Khabur Valley, Upper Mesopotamia and Beyond, ed. Nishiaki, Y., Kashima, K., and Verhoeven, M.. Berlin: Ex Oriente, pp. 1533.Google Scholar
Keeley, L. H. 1996. War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kramer, C. 1982. Village Ethnoarchaeology. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kuijt, I. 2000. People and space in early agricultural villages: exploring daily lives, community size, and architecture in the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19: 75102.Google Scholar
Kurapkat, D. 2015. ‘Frühneolithische Sondergebäude auf dem Göbekli Tepe in Obermesopotamien und vergleichbare Bauten in Vorderasien’, Dissertation Technische Universität Berlin, 2010.Google Scholar
Lang, C., Peters, J., Pöllath, N., Schmidt, K., and Gruppe, G. 2013. Gazelle behaviour and human presence at early Neolithic Göbekli tepe, south-east Anatolia. World Archaeology 45 (3): 410429.Google Scholar
LeBlanc, S. A. 2004. Constant Battles: Why We Fight. New York: St Martin’s Griffin.Google Scholar
Morsch, M. 2002. Magic figurines? Some REMARKS ABOUT THE CLAY OBJECTS of Nevalı Çori. In Magic Practices and Ritual in the Near Eastern Neolithic. Proceedings of a Workshop held at the 2nd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (ICAANE) in Copenhagen 2000, ed. Gebel, H. G. K., Hermansen, B. D., and Hoffmann Jensen, C.. Berlin: Ex Oriente, pp. 145162.Google Scholar
Notroff, J., Dietrich, O., and Schmidt, K. 2014. Building Monuments – Creating Communities: Early Monumental Architecture at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe. In Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology, ed. Osborne, J. F.. IMEA Proceedings 3. Albany: State University of New York Press,pp. 83105.Google Scholar
Notroff, J., Dietrich, O., and Schmidt, K. 2015. Gathering of the dead? The Early Neolithic sanctuaries of Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey. In Death Rituals and Social Order in the Ancient World: ‘Death Shall Have no Dominion’, ed. Renfrew, C., Boyd, M. J., and Morley, I. Cambridge University Press, pp. 6581.Google Scholar
Özkaya, V. and Coşkun, A. 2011. Körtik Tepe. In The Neolithic in Turkey, vol. i: The Euphrates Basin, ed. Özdoğan, M., Başgelen, N., and Kuniholm, P.. Istanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications, pp. 89127.Google Scholar
Otterbein, K. F. 2009. The Anthropology of War. Long Grove, IL: Wavelan Press.Google Scholar
Pérez, V. 2013. The politicization of the dead: violence as performance, politics as usual. In The Bioarchaeology of Violence: Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the Human Past: Local, Regional, and Global Perspectives, ed. Martin, D. L., Hodd, R. P., and Pérez, V. R.. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, pp. 1328.Google Scholar
Peters, J. and Schmidt, K. 2004. Animals in the symbolic world of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: a preliminary assessment. Anthropozoologica 39 (1): 179218.Google Scholar
Peters, J., von den Driesch, A., Pöllath, N., and Schmidt, K. 2005. Birds in the megalithic art of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeast Turkey. In Documenta Archaeobiologiae: Feathers, Grit and Symbolism: Birds and Humans in the Ancient Old and New Worlds, ed. Gruppe, G. and Peters, J.. Rahden, Germany: Marie Leidorf, pp. 223234.Google Scholar
Peters, J., Schmidt, K., Dietrich, O., and Pöllath, N. 2014a. Göbekli Tepe: agriculture and domestication. In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, ed. Smith, C.. Berlin: Springer, pp. 30653068.Google Scholar
Peters, J., Arbuckle, B. S., and Pöllath, N. 2014b. Subsistence and beyond: Animals in Neolithic Anatolia. In The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 6, 10500–5200 BC: Environment, Settlement, Flora, Fauna, Dating, Symbols of Belief, with views from the North, South, East, and West, eds. Özdoğan, M., Başgelen, N. and Kuniholm, P.. Istanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications, pp. 135203.Google Scholar
Roscoe, P. 2010. War, community, and environment in the Levantine Neolithic. Neo-Lithics 1 (10): 6667.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, M. and Redding, R. W. 2000. Hallan Çemi. In Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation, ed. Kuijt, I.. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, pp. 3961.Google Scholar
Runnels, C. N. R., Payne, C., Rifkind, N. V., White, C., Wolff, N. P., and LeBlanc, S. A. 2009: Warfare in Neolithic Thessaly: a case study. Hesperia 78 (2): 165194.Google Scholar
Russell, N. 2012. Hunting sacrifice at Neolithic Çatalhöyük. In Sacred Killing: The Archaeology of Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East, ed. Porter, A. M. and Schwartz, G. M.. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 7995.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 1998. Ikonographische Befunde des vorderasiatischen Frühneolithikums und ihre Deutungsmöglichkeiten. In Préhistoire d’Anatolie: genèse des deux mondes. Actes du colloque international. Liège, 28 avril–3 mai 1997, ed. Otte, M.. Liège: ERAUL, pp. 673678.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 1999. Frühe Tier- und Menschenbilder vom Göbekli Tepe – Kampagnen 1995–1998: Ein kommentierter Katalog der Großplastik und der Reliefs [mit zoologischen Anmerkungen von Angela von den Driesch und Joris Peters]. Istanbuler Mitteilungen 49: 521.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2000. Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey: a preliminary report on the 1995–1999 excavations. Paléorient 26 (1): 4554.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2002a. The 2002 excavations at Göbekli Tepe (southeastern Turkey): impressions from an enigmatic site. Neo-Lithics 2 (2): 813.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2002b. Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey: the seventh campaign, 2001. Neo-Lithics 1 (2): 2325.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2005. ‘Ritual centers’ and the Neolithisation of Upper Mesopotamia. Neo-Lithics 2 (5): 1321.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2006a. Animals and a headless man at Göbekli Tepe. Neo-Lithics 2 (6): 3840.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2006b.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2008a. Von besonderen und heiligen Vögeln. In Kumpf Kalotte, Pfeilschaftglätter. Zwei Leben für die Archäologie. Gedenkschrift für Annemarie Häußer und Helmut Spatz, ed. Falkenstein, F., Schade-Lindig, S. and Zeeb-Lanz, A.. Rahden, Germany: Marie Leidorf, pp. 253260.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2008b. Die zähnefletschenden Raubtiere des Göbekli Tepe. In Fundstellen. Gesammelte Schriften zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altvorderasiens ad honorem Hartmut Kühne, ed. Bonatz, D., Czichon, M., and Janoscha Kreppner, F.. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 6169.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2009: Göbekli Tepe Kazısı 2007 Yılı Raporu. Kazi Sonuçları Toplantısı 30: 163182.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2010a. Göbekli Tepe, the Stone Age sanctuaries: new results of ongoing excavations with a spatial focus on sculptures and high reliefs. Documenta Praehistorica 37: 239256.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2010b. Göbekli Tepe – der Tell als Erinnerungsort. In Leben auf dem Tell als soziale Praxis, ed. Hansen, S.. Bonn: Dr Rudolf Habelt, pp. 1323.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2013a. Adler und Schlange: ‘Großbilder’ des Göbekli Tepe und ihre Rezeption. In Der Anschnitt. Zeitschrift für Kunst und Kultur im Bergbau. Beiheft 25, Anatolian Metal VI, ed. Yalçın, Ü.. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, pp. 145152.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2013b. Von Knochenmännern und anderen Gerippen: Zur Ikonographie halb- und vollskelettierter Tiere und Menschen in der prähistorischen Kunst. In Gedankenschleifen. Gedenkschrift für Wolfgang Weißmüller, ed. Feldmann, S. and Uthmeier, T.. Erlangen: Dr Faustus, pp. 195201.Google Scholar
Spatz, H. 2001: Vogelmensch und Bison. Weitere Überlegungen zur ‘Schachtszene’ von Lascaux. In Lux Orientis. Archäologie zwischen Asien und Europa. Festschrift für Harald Hauptmann, ed. Boehmer, R. M. and Maran, J.. Rahden, Germany: Marie Leidorf, pp. 395402.Google Scholar
Sterelny, K. and Watkins, T. 2015. Neolithization in southwest Asia in a context of niche construction theory. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 25 (23): 673691.Google Scholar
Stordeur, D. and Abbé, F. 2002. Du PPNA au PPNB: mise en lumière d’une phase de transition à Jerfel Ahmar (Syrie). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 99 (3): 563595.Google Scholar
van Beek, G. 1982. A population estimate for Marib: a contemporary Tell village in north Yemen. Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 248: 6167.Google Scholar
Watkins, T. 2012. Household, community and social landscape: maintaining social memory in the Early Neolithic of southwest Asia. In As Time Goes by? Monumentality, Landscapes and the Temporal Perspective. Proceedings of the International Workshop ‘Socio-Environmental Dynamics over the Last 12,000 Years: The Creation of Landscapes II (14th–18th March 2011) in Kiel, ed. Furholt, M., Hinz, M., and Mischka, D.. Bonn: Dr Rudolf Humboldt, pp. 2344.Google Scholar
Watson, P. J. 1979. Archaeological Ethnography in Western Iran. Viking Fund publications in Anthropology 57. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar

References

Anspach, M. 2018. “Every man’s house was his temple”: mimetic dynamics in the transition from Aşıklı Höyük to Çatalhöyük.” In Religion, History and Place in the Origin of Settled Life, ed. Hodder, I.. University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Banning, E. B. 2011. So fair a house: Göbekli Tepe and the identification of temples in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the Near East. Current Anthropology 52 (5): 619660.Google Scholar
Clare, L., Dietrich, O., Notroff, J., and Sönmez, D.. 2018 . Establishing identities in the Proto-Neolithic: “history making” at Göbekli Tepe from the late tenth millennium cal bce. In Religion, History, and Place in the Origin of Settled Life, ed. Hodder, I.. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Cohen, D. and Vandello, J.. 2004. The paradox of politeness. In Cultural Shaping of Violence: Victimization, Escalation, Response, ed. Anderson, M.. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press.Google Scholar
Dietrich, O. and Notroff, J.. 2015. A sanctuary, or so fair a house? In defense of an archaeology of cult at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe. In Defining the Sacred: Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion in the Near East, ed. Laneri, N. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Girard, R. 1977. Violence and the Sacred, trans. P. Gregory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Glencross, B. and Boz, B.. 2014. Representing violence in Anatolia and the Near East during the transition to agriculture: readings from contextualized human skeletal remains. In The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict, ed. Knüsel, C. and Smith, M. J.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 2006. Çatalhöyük: The Leopard’s Tale. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. and Meskell, L.. 2011. A “curious and sometimes a trifle macabre artistry”: some aspects of symbolism in Neolithic Turkey. Current Anthropology 52 (2): 235251.Google Scholar
Kamerman, A. 2014. The use of spatial order in Çatalhöyük material culture. In Religion at Work in a Neolithic Society: Vital Matters, ed. Hodder, I..Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kluckhohn, C. 1968. Recurrent themes in myth and mythmaking. In Myth and Mythmaking, ed. Murray, H. A.. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Livy, Titus Livius]. 1960. The Early History of Rome, trans. A. de Selincourt. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J. 1967. Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. 2005. “Ritual centers” and the Neolithisation of Upper Mesopotamia. Neo-Lithics 2 (5): 1321.Google Scholar
Shults, F. L. 2014. Excavating theogonies: anthropomorphic promiscuity and sociographic prudery in the Neolithic and now. In Religion at Work in a Neolithic Society: Vital Matters, ed. Hodder, I.. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, V. 1977. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press [first published by Aldine in 1969].Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Violence and the Sacred
  • Edited by Ian Hodder, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East
  • Online publication: 04 March 2019
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Violence and the Sacred
  • Edited by Ian Hodder, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East
  • Online publication: 04 March 2019
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Violence and the Sacred
  • Edited by Ian Hodder, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East
  • Online publication: 04 March 2019
Available formats
×