What people believe and value varies substantially across countries. These cross-national differences are robust and enduring, and are closely linked with a society’s level of economic development. This chapter identifies two most important dimensions of global cultural variation: (1) Traditional versus Secular-rational values and (2) Survival versus Self-expression values. Echoing Classic modernization theory, the evidence from the Values Surveys shows that the people of agrarian societies tend to emphasize traditional values, while societies with a high percentage of industrial workers are much likelier to emphasize Secular-rational values. Evolutionary Modernization theory considers another dimension of cross-cultural variation that classic modernization theory did not discuss—Survival versus Self-express values. The shift from Survival values to Self-expression values is linked with the transition from industrial society to post-industrial society. Existentially secure societies consistently rank high on an underlying Individualism/ Autonomy/Self-expression super-dimension, while less secure societies consistently rank low on it.