Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T19:37:36.570Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section II - The Journey Toward Positive Body Image

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2021

Nichole Wood-Barcalow
Affiliation:
Chalmers P. Wylie VA Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, Ohio
Tracy Tylka
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Casey Judge
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Positive Body Image Workbook
A Clinical and Self-Improvement Guide
, pp. 43 - 360
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Schaefer, L. M., Harriger, J. A., Heinberg, L. J., et al. Development and validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4-Revised (SATAQ-4 R). Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50: 104–17.Google Scholar
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., et al. Growing up with television: The cultivation perspective. In: Bryant, J., Zillmann, D., eds. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1994: 1741.Google Scholar
Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., and Hyde, J. S.. The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychol Bull 2008; 134: 460–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, R., Newton-John, T., and Slater, A.. The relationship between Facebook and Instagram appearance-focused activities and body image concerns in young women. Body Image 2017; 23: 183–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holland, G. and Tiggemann, M.. A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image 2016; 17: 100–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, D. J., Phares, V., Tantleff-Dunn, S., et al. Body image, psychological functioning, and parental feedback regarding physical appearance. Int J Eat Disord 1999; 25: 339–43.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbozo, S. and Thompson, J. K.. Development and validation of the Verbal Commentary on Physical Appearance Scale: Considering both positive and negative commentary. Body Image 2006; 3: 335–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolf, N.. The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty are Used Against Women. London: Chatto & Windus, 1990.Google Scholar
Gilbert, S. C., Keery, H., and Thompson, J. K.. The media’s role in body image and eating disorders. In: Cole, E., Daniel, J. H., eds. Psychology of Women Book Series. Featuring Females: Feminist Analyses of Media. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2005: 4156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benton, C. and Karazsia, B. T.. The effect of thin and muscular images on women’s body satisfaction. Body Image 2015; 13: 22–7.Google Scholar
Overstreet, N. M., Quinn, D. M., and Agocha, V. B.. Beyond thinness: The influence of a curvaceous body ideal on body dissatisfaction in Black and White women. Sex Roles 2010; 63: 91103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uhlmann, L. R., Donovan, C. L., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., et al. The fit beauty ideal: A healthy alternative to thinness or a wolf in sheep’s clothing. Body Image 2018; 25: 2330.Google Scholar
Bell, H. S., Donovan, C. L., and Ramme, R.. Is athletic really ideal? An examination of the mediating role of body dissatisfaction in predicting disordered eating and compulsive exercise. Eat Behav 2016; 21: 24–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leit, R. A., Pope, H. G. Jr., and Gray, J. J.. Cultural expectations of muscularity in men: The evolution of playgirl centerfolds. Int J Eat Disord 2000; 29: 90–3.Google Scholar
Cafri, G., Thompson, J. K., Ricciardelli, L., et al. Pursuit of the muscular ideal: Physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors. Clin Psychol Rev 2005; 25: 215–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pew Research Center. Share of US adults using social media, including Facebook, is mostly unchanged since 2018. Available at: www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-s-adults-using-social-media-including-facebook-is-mostly-unchanged-since-2018/ .Google Scholar
Bair, C. E., Kelly, N. R., Serdar, K. L., et al. Does the Internet function like magazines? An exploration of image-focused media, eating pathology, and body dissatisfaction. Eat Behav 2012; 13: 398401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., Wertheim, E. H., et al. Photoshopping the selfie: Self photo editing and photo investment are associated with body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48: 1132–40.Google Scholar
Tamplin, N. C., McLean, S. A., and Paxton, S. J.. Social media literacy protects against the negative impact of exposure to appearance ideal social media images in young adult women but not men. Body Image 2018; 26: 2937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiggemann, M. and Slater, A.. NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46: 630–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holland, G. and Tiggemann, M.. A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image 2016; 17: 100–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lonergan, A. R., Bussey, K., Mond, J., et al. Me, my selfie, and I: The relationship between editing and posting selfies and body dissatisfaction in men and women. Body Image 2019; 28: 3943.Google Scholar
Fardouly, J., Pinkus, R. T., and Vartanian, L. R.. The impact of appearance comparisons made through social media, traditional media, and in person in women’s everyday lives. Body Image 2017; 20: 31–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogue, J. V. and Mills, J. S.. The effects of active social media engagement with peers on body image in young women. Body Image 2018; 28: 15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., and Wertheim, E. H.. The role of media literacy in body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: A systematic review. Body Image 2016; 19: 923.Google Scholar
Wilksch, S.. Media literacy interventions to facilitate positive body image and embodiment. In: Tylka, T. L., Piran, N. eds. Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment: Constructs, Protective Factors, and Interventions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019: 374–84.Google Scholar
McLean, S. A., Paxton, S J., and Wertheim, E. H.. Does media literacy mitigate risk for reduced body satisfaction following exposure to thin-ideal media? J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45: 1678–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, R., Irwin, L., Newton-John, T., et al. #bodypositivity: A content analysis of body positive accounts on Instagram. Body Image 2019; 29: 4757.Google Scholar
Clayton, R. B., Ridgway, J. L., and Hendrickse, J.. Is plus size equal? The positive impacts of average and plus sized media fashion models on women’s cognitive resource allocation, social comparisons, and body satisfaction. Commun Monogr 2017; 84: 406–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diedrichs, P. C. and Lee, C.. Waif goodbye! Average-size female models promote positive body image and appeal to consumers. Psychol Health 2011; 26: 1273–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodgers, R. F., Kruger, L., Lowy, A. S., et al. Getting Real about body image: A qualitative investigation of the usefulness of the Aerie Real campaign. Body Image 2019; 30: 127–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chou, H-T. G. and Edge, N.. “They are happier and having better lives than I am”: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives. Cyberpsychol Behav Social Networking 2012; 15: 2.Google Scholar
Fardouly, J. and Rapee, R. M.. The impact of no-makeup selfies on young women’s body image. Body Image 2019; 28: 128–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slater, A., Varsani, N., and Diedrichs, P. C.. #fitspo or #loveyourself? The impact of fitspiration and self-compassion Instagram images on women’s body image, self-compassion, and mood. Body Image 2017; 22: 8796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slater, A., Cole, N., and Fardouly, J.. The effect of exposure to parodies of thin-ideal images on young women’s body image and mood. Body Image 2019; 29: 82–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Federal Trade Commission. Weight Loss Advertising: An Analysis of Current Trends Staff Report. Available at: www.ftc.gov/reports/weight-loss-advertisingan-analysis-current-trends .Google Scholar
Schooler, D., Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., et al. Who’s that girl: Television’s role in the body image development of young White and Black women. Psychol Women Q 2004; 28: 3847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Flegal, K. M., Caroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., et al. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999–2010. JAMA 2012; 307: 491–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flegal, K. M., Kit, B. K., Orpana, H., et al. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2013; 309: 7182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tylka, T. L., Annunziato, R. A., Burgard, D., et al. The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: Evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss. J Obes 2014; 2014: 983495.Google Scholar
LaMarre, A. and Danielsdottir, S.. Health at Every Size: A social justice-informed approach to positive embodiment. In: Tylka, T. L. and Piran, N. eds. Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment: Constructs, Protective Factors, and Interventions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019: 300–11.Google Scholar
Daly, M., Sutin, A. R., and Robinson, E.. Perceived weight discrimination mediates the prospective association between obesity and physiological dysregulation: Evidence from a population-based cohort. Psychol Sci 2019; 30: 1030–9.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. M. and Heuer, C. A.. The stigma of obesity: A review and update. Obesity 2009; 17: 941–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M. and Brownell, K. D.. Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obes Res 2001; 9: 788905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownell, K. D., Puhl, R. M., Schwartz, M. B., et al. eds. Weight Bias: Nature, Consequences, and Remedies. New York: Guilford Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Calogero, R. M., Herbozo, S., and Thompson, J. K.. Complimentary weightism: The potential costs of appearance-related commentary for women’s self-objectification. Psychol Women Q 2009; 33: 120–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flint, S. W., Nobles, J., Gately, P., et al. Weight stigma and discrimination: A call to the media. The Lancet: Diabetes & Endocrinology 2018; 6: 169–70.Google Scholar
Lumeng, J. C., Forrest, P., Appugliese, D. P., et al. Weight status as a predictor of being bullied in third through sixth grades. Pediatrics 2010; 125: e1301–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M. and Latner, J. D.. Stigma, obesity, and the health of the nation’s children. Psychol Bull 2007; 133: 557–80.Google Scholar
Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Yeazel, M. W., et al. Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. Obes Rev 2015; 16: 319–26.Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. B., O’Neal Chambliss, H., Brownell, K. D., et al. Weight bias among health professionals specializing in obesity. Obes Res 2003: 11: 1033–9.Google Scholar
Mulherin, K., Miller, Y. D., Barlow, F. K., et al. Weight stigma in maternity care: Women’s experiences and care providers’ attitudes. BMC Pregnancy 2013; 13: 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M. and Brownell, K. D.. Confronting and coping with weight stigma: An investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obes 2006; 14: 1802–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Cassidy, E.. Canadian woman’s obituary calls out fat-shaming in medicine. The Mighty 2018. https://themighty.com/2018/08/ellen-maud-bennett-obituary-fat-shaming-doctors/ [last accessed July 10, 2020].Google Scholar
Drury, C. A. A. and Louis, M.. Exploring the association between body weight, stigma of obesity, and health care avoidance. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2002; 14: 554–61.Google Scholar
Mensinger, J. L., Tylka, T. L., and Calamari, M. E.. Mechanisms underlying weight status and healthcare avoidance in women: A study of weight stigma, body-related shame and guilt, and healthcare stress. Body Image 2018; 25: 139–47.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. M., Latner, J. D., King, K. M., et al. Weight bias among professionals treating eating disorders: Attitudes about treatment and perceived patient outcomes. Int J Eat Disord 2014: 47: 6575.Google Scholar
Calogero, R. M., Tylka, T. L., Mensinger, J. L., et al. Recognizing the fundamental right to be fat: A weight-inclusive approach to size acceptance and healing from sizeism. Women Ther 2019: 42: 2244.Google Scholar
Estabrooks, P. A., Lee, R. E., and Gyurcisk, N. C.. Resources for physical activity participation: Does availability and accessibility differ by neighborhood socioeconomic status? Ann Behav Med 2003; 25: 100–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barry, V. W., Baruth, M., Beets, M. W., et al. Fitness vs. fatness on all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 56: 382–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLean, P. S., Bergouignan, A., Cornier, M., et al. Biology’s response to dieting: The impetus for weight regain. Am J of Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301: R581600.Google Scholar
Sumithran, P. and Proietto, J.. The defence of body weight: A physiological basis for weight regain after weight loss. Clin Sci 2013; 124: 231–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tylka, T. L., Calogero, R. M., and Daníelsdóttir, S.. Is intuitive eating the same as flexible dietary control? Their links to each other and well-being could provide an answer. Appetite 2015; 95: 166–75.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L., Calogero, R. M., and Daníelsdóttir, S.. Intuitive eating is connected to self-reported weight stability in community women and men. Eat Disord 2019; 28: 256–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. W., Konz, E. C., Frederich, R. C., et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: A meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 579–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stice, E., Burger, K., and Yokum, S.. Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods. NeuroImage 2013; 67: 322–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, N. I., Story, M. T., and Nelson, M. C.. Neighborhood environments: Disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S. Am J Prev Med 2009; 36: 7481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawford, D., Timperio, A., Giles-Corti, B., et al. Do features of public open spaces vary according to neighbourhood socioeconomic status? Health Place 2008; 14: 889–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomiyama, A. J.. Weight stigma is stressful. A review of evidence for the Cyclic Obesity/Weight-Based Stigma model. Appetite 2014; 82: 815.Google Scholar
Vartanian, L. R. and Novak, S. A.. Internalized societal attitudes moderate the impact of weight stigma on avoidance of exercise. Obes 2011; 19: 757–62.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. M., Moss-Racusin, C. A., and Schwartz, M. B.. Internalization of weight bias: Implications for binge eating and emotional well-being. Obes 2007; 15: 1923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durso, L. E. and Latner, J. D.. Understanding self-directed stigma: Development of the Weight Bias Internalization Scale. Obes 2008; 16: S80–6.Google Scholar
Pearl, R. L. and Puhl, R. M.. Measuring internalized weight attitudes across body weight categories: Validation of the Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale. Body Image 2014; 11: 8992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearl, R. L. and Puhl, R. M.. Weight bias internalization and health: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2018; 19: 1141–63.Google Scholar
Crawford, R.. Healthism and the medicalization of everyday life. Int J Hum Serv 1980; 10: 365–88.Google Scholar
Crawford, R.. Health as a meaningful social practice. Health 2006; 10: 401–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Robison, J. and Kratina, K.. Health at Every Size, Health for Every Body. In: Kratina, K., King, N., and Hayes, D. eds. Moving Away from Diets, 2nd ed. Lake Dallas, Texas: Helm Publishing, 2003: 2747.Google Scholar
Association for Size Diversity and Health. The Health at Every Size® approach. Available at: www.sizediversityandhealth.org/images/uploaded/ASDAH%20HAES%20Principles.pdf [last accessed July 10, 2020].Google Scholar
Bacon, L. and Aphramor, L.. Weight science: Evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift. Nutr J 2011; 10: 9.Google Scholar
Bacon, L., Stern, J. S., Van Loan, M. D., et al. Size acceptance and intuitive eating improve health for obese, female chronic dieters. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105: 929–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bacon, L., Keim, N. L., van Loan, M. D., et al. Evaluating a “non-diet” wellness intervention for improvement of metabolic fitness, psychological well-being and eating and activity behaviors. Int J Obes 2002; 26: 854–65.Google Scholar

References

Helfert, S. and Warschburger, P.. A prospective study on the impact of peer and parental pressure on body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys. Body Image 2011; 8: 101–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbozo, S., Stevens, S. D., Moldovan, C. P., et al. Positive comments, negative outcomes? The potential downsides of appearance-related commentary in ethnically diverse women. Body Image 2017; 21: 614.Google Scholar
Calogero, R. M., Herbozo, S., and Thompson, J. K.. Complimentary weightism: The potential costs of appearance-related commentary for women’s self-objectification. Psychol Women Q 2009; 33: 120–32.Google Scholar
Avalos, L. C. and Tylka, T. L.. Exploring a model of intuitive eating with college women. J Couns Psychol 2006; 53: 486–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiggemann, M.. Body acceptance by others. In Tylka, T. L., Piran, N. eds. Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment: Constructs, Protective Factors, and Interventions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019: 214–22.Google Scholar
Frisén, A. and Holmqvist, K.. What characterizes early adolescents with a positive body image? A qualitative investigation of Swedish girls and boys. Body Image 2010; 7: 205–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood-Barcalow, N. L., Tylka, T. L., and Augustus-Horvath, C. L.. “But I like my body”: Positive body image characteristics and a holistic model for young-adult women. Body Image 2010; 7: 106–16.Google Scholar
Augustus-Horvath, C. L. and Tylka, T. L.. The acceptance model of intuitive eating: A comparison of women in emerging adulthood, early adulthood, and middle adulthood. J Couns Psych 2011; 58: 110–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Keery, H., van den Berg, P., and Thompson, J. K.. An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image 2004; 1: 237–51.Google Scholar
Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., and Clark, L.. Predictors and health-related outcomes of positive body image in adolescent girls: A prospective study. Dev Psych 2016; 52: 463–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tylka, T. L. and Homan, K. J.. Exercise motives and positive body image in physically active college women and men: Exploring an expanded acceptance model of intuitive eating. Body Image 2015; 15: 90–7.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L.. Refinement of the tripartite influence model for men: Dual body image pathways to body change behaviors. Body Image 2011; 8: 199207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tylka, T. L. and Andorka, M. J.. Support for an expanded tripartite influence model with gay men. Body Image 2012; 9: 5767.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and A. M. Kroon Van Diest. The Intuitive Eating Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men. J Couns Psychol 2013; 60: 137–53.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Calogero, R. M.. Perceptions of male partner pressure to be thin and pornography use: Associations with eating disorder symptomatology in a community sample of adult women. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52: 189–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Buote, V. M., Wilson, A. E., Strahan, E. J., et al. Setting the bar: Divergent sociocultural norms for women’s and men’s ideal appearance in real-world contexts. Body Image 2011; 8: 322–34.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L.. Broad conceptualization of beauty. In: Tylka, T. L. and Piran, N. eds. Handbook of Positive Body Image: Constructs, Protective Factors, and Interventions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019: 52–7.Google Scholar
Kuo, R.. Four ways our socially accepted beauty ideals are racist. Everyday Feminism 2017. Retrieved from: https://everydayfeminism.com/2017/05/beauty-ideals-racist/ [last accessed July 11, 2020]"> [last accessed July 11, 2020].+[last+accessed+July+11,+2020].>Google Scholar
Greenwood, D. N. and Dal Cin, S.. Ethnicity and body consciousness: Black and White American women’s negotiations of media ideals and others’ approval. Psychol Pop Media Cult 2012; 1: 220–35.Google Scholar
Wolf, N.. The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty are Used Against Women. London: Chatto & Windus, 1990.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Iannantuono, A. C.. Perceiving beauty in all women: Psychometric evaluation of the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale. Body Image 2016; 17: 6781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calogero, R. M., Tylka, T. L., Donnelly, L. C., et al. Trappings of femininity: A test of the “beauty as currency” hypothesis in shaping college women’s gender activism. Body Image 2017; 21: 6670.Google Scholar
Calogero, R. M., Borroughs, M., and Thompson, J. K.. The impact of Western beauty ideals on the lives of women and men: A sociocultural perspective. In Swami, V. and Furnham, A. eds. Body Beautiful: Evolutionary and Sociocultural Perspectives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007: 259–98.Google Scholar
Holmqvist, K. and Frisén, A.. “I bet they aren’t that perfect in reality”: Appearance ideals viewed from the perspective of adolescents with a positive body image. Body Image 2012; 9: 388–95.Google Scholar
Parker, S., Nichter, M., Nichter, M., et al. Body image and weight concerns among African American and White adolescent females: Differences that make a difference. Hum Organ 1995; 54: 103–14.Google Scholar
McHugh, T. F., Coppola, A. M., and Sabiston, C. M.. “I’m thankful for being Native and my body is part of that”: The body pride experiences of young Aboriginal women in Canada. Body Image 2014; 11: 318–27.Google Scholar
Wood-Barcalow, N. L., Tylka, T. L., and Augustus-Horvath, C. L.. “But I like My Body”: Positive body image characteristics and a holistic model for young-adult women. Body Image 2010; 7: 106–16.Google Scholar
Bailey, K. A., Gammage, K. L., van Ingen, C., et al. “It’s all about acceptance”: A qualitative study exploring a model of positive body image for people with spinal cord injury. Body Image 2015; 15: 2434.Google Scholar
Homan, K.. Athletic-ideal and thin-ideal internalization as prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction, dieting, and compulsive exercise. Body Image 2010; 7: 240–5.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. K. and Stice, E.. Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2001; 10: 181–3.Google Scholar
Becker, C. B. and Stice, E.. From efficacy to effectiveness to broad implementation: Evolution of the Body Project. J Consult Clin Psychol 2017; 85: 767–82.Google Scholar
Alleva, J. M., Tylka, T. L., and Kroon Van Diest, A. M.. The Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS): Development and psychometric evaluation in US community women and men. Body Image 2017; 23: 2844.Google Scholar

References

Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y.-P., and Dejitterat, K.. Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self Identity 2005; 4: 263–87.Google Scholar
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., and Rude, S. S.. Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. J Res Pers 2007; 41: 139–54.Google Scholar
Gilbert, P.. Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychological approach. In: Gilbert, P, ed. Compassion: Conceptualisations, Research and Use in Psychotherapy. London: Routledge, 2005: 974.Google Scholar
Barnard, L. K. and Curry, J. F.. Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, and interventions. Rev Gen Psych 2011; 15: 289303.Google Scholar
Albertson, E. R., Neff, K. D., Dill-Shackleford, K. E.. Self-compassion and body dissatisfaction in women: A randomized controlled trial of a brief meditation intervention. Mindfulness 2015; 6: 444–54.Google Scholar
Cash, T. F., Santos, M. T., and Williams, E. F.. Coping with body-image threats and challenges: Validation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory. J Psychosom Res 2005; 58: 191–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homan, K. J. and Tylka, T. L.. Self-compassion moderates body comparison and appearance self-worth’s inverse relationships with body appreciation. Body Image 2015; 15: 17.Google Scholar
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., et al. Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clin Psychol Psychother 2011; 18: 250–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoenefeld, S. J. and Webb, J. B.. Self-compassion and intuitive eating in college women: Examining the contributions of distress tolerance and body image acceptance and action. Eat Behav 2013; 14: 493–6.Google Scholar
Sandoz, E. K., Wilson, K. G., Merwin, R. M., et al. Assessment of body image flexibility: The Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. J Contextual Behav Sci 2013; 2: 3948.Google Scholar
Rogers, C. B., Webb, J. B., and Jafari, N.. A systematic review of the roles of body image flexibility as a moderator, mediator, and in intervention science (2011–2018). Body Image 2018; 27: 4360.Google Scholar
Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., and Duarte, C.. The validation of the Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire: Exploring the moderator effect of acceptance on disordered eating. Rev Int Psicol Ter Psicol 2011; 11: 327–45.Google Scholar
Webb, J. B.. Body image flexibility contributes to explaining the link between body dissatisfaction and body appreciation in White college-bound females. J Contextual Behav Sci 2015; 4: 176–83.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., and Wilson, K. G.. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Behavior Change. New York: Guilford Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Linardon, J., Gleeson, J., Yap, K., et al. Meta-analysis of the effects of third-wave behavioural interventions on disordered eating and body image concerns: Implications for eating disorder prevention. Cogn Behav Ther 2018, 48: 1538.Google Scholar

References

Legenbauer, T., Martin, F., Blaschke, A., et al. Two sides of the same coin? A new instrument to assess body checking and avoidance behaviors in eating disorders. Body Image 2017; 21: 3946.Google Scholar
Griffen, T. C., Naumann, E., and Hildebrandt, T.. Mirror exposure therapy for body image disturbances and eating disorders: A review. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 65: 163–74.Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. P., Tribole, E., and Tylka, T. L.. Healthy Eating in Schools: Evidence-based Interventions to Help Children Thrive. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2013.Google Scholar
Mountford, V., Haase, A. M., and Waller, G.. Is body checking in the eating disorders more closely related to diagnosis or to symptom presentation? Behav Res Ther 2007; 45: 2704–11.Google Scholar
Shafran, R., Lee, M., Payne, E., et al. An experimental analysis of body checking. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45: 113–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veale, D., Miles, S., Valiallah, N., et al. The effect of self-focused attention and mood on appearance dissatisfaction after mirror-gazing: An experimental study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 52: 3844.Google Scholar
Veale, D. and Riley, S.. Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the ugliest of them all? The psychopathology of mirror gazing in body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Res Ther 2001; 39: 1381–93.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Wood-Barcalow, N. L.. What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image 2015; 14: 118–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., and Wilson, K. G.. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The Process and Practice of Mindful Change, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford, 2012.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M.. DBT Skills Training Manual, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford, 2015.Google Scholar
Gilbert, P.. Compassion-Focused Therapy: Distinctive Features. London: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
Delinsky, S. S. and Wilson, G. T.. Mirror exposure for the treatment of body image disturbance. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39: 108–16.Google Scholar
Moreno-Domínguez, S., Rodríguez-Ruiz, S., Fernández-Santaella, M. C., et al. Pure versus guided mirror exposure to reduce body dissatisfaction: A preliminary study with university women. Body Image 2012; 9: 285–8.Google Scholar
Luethcke, C. A., McDaniel, L., and Becker, C. B.. A comparison of mindfulness, nonjudgmental, and cognitive dissonance-based approaches to mirror exposure. Body Image 2011; 8: 251–8.Google Scholar
Glashouwer, K. A., Jonker, N. C., Thomassen, K., et al. Take a look at the bright side: Effects of positive body exposure on selective visional attention with women with high body dissatisfaction. Behav Res Ther 2016; 83: 1925.Google Scholar
Smeets, E., Jansen, A., and Roefs, A.. Bias for the (un)attractive self: On the role of attention in causing body (dis)satisfaction. Health Psychol 2011; 30: 360–7.Google Scholar
Festinger, L.. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jansen, A., Voorwinde, V., Hoebink, Y., et al. Mirror exposure to increase body satisfaction: Should we guide the focus of attention towards positively or negatively evaluated body parts? J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 50: 90–6.Google Scholar
Reed, A. Opening your heart through yoga: How it works, and why they’re some of our (and my) favourite experiences to include in yoga practice. Yoga in Bowness: Yoga for Everyone, and for a Better Community (blog). Retrieved from: www.yogainbowness.com/yoga-off-the-mat/2017/1/31/opening-your-heart-through-yoga-how-it-works-and-why-theyre-some-of-our-and-my-favourite-experiences-to-include-in-yoga-practice [last accessed July 11, 2020].Google Scholar

References

Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., and Geraghty, A. W. A.. Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clin Psych Rev 2010; 30: 890905.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Wood-Barcalow, N. L.. What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image 2015; 14: 118–29.Google Scholar
Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., and Clark, L.. Positive body image and young women’s health: Implications for sun protection, cancer screening, weight loss and alcohol consumption behaviours. J Health Psych 2016; 21: 2839.Google Scholar
Gillen, M. M.. Associations between positive body image and indicators of men’s and women’s mental and physical health. Body Image 2015; 13: 6774.Google Scholar
Wood-Barcalow, N. L., Tylka, T. L., and Augustus-Horvath, C. L.. “But I like my body”: Positive body image characteristics and a holistic model for young-adult women. Body Image 2010; 7: 106–16.Google Scholar
Frisén, A. and Holmqvist, K.. What characterizes early adolescents with a positive body image? A qualitative investigation of Swedish girls and boys. Body Image 2010; 7: 205–12.Google Scholar
McHugh, T. L., Coppola, A. M., and Sabiston, C. M.. “I’m thankful for being Native and my body is part of that”: The body pride experiences of young Aboriginal women in Canada. Body Image 2014; 11: 318–27.Google Scholar
Bailey, K. A., Gammage, K. L., van Ingen, C., et al. “It’s all about acceptance”: A qualitative study exploring a model of positive body image for people with spinal cord injury. Body Image 2015; 15: 2434.Google Scholar
Avalos, L., Tylka, T. L., and Wood-Barcalow, N.. The Body Appreciation Scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2005; 2: 285–97.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Wood-Barcalow, N. L.. The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2015; 12: 5367.Google Scholar
Swami, V.. Considering positive body image through the lens of culture and minority social identities. In: Daniels, E., Gillen, M. M., Markey, C. H., eds. Body Positive: Understanding Body Image in Science and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018: 5991.Google Scholar
Tiggemann, M.. Considerations of positive body image across various social identities and special populations. Body Image 2015; 14: 168–76.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L.. Overview of the field of positive body image. In: Daniels, E. A., Gillen, M. M., Markey, C. H., eds. Body Positive: Understanding Body Image in Science and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018: 633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., and Clark, L.. Predictors and health-related outcomes of positive body image in adolescent girls: A prospective study. Dev Psych 2016; 52: 463–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satinsky, S., Reece, M., Dennis, B., et al. An assessment of body appreciation and its relationship to sexual function in women. Body Image 2012; 9: 137–44.Google Scholar
Kelly, A. C. and Stephen, E.. A daily diary study of self-compassion, body image, and eating behavior in female college students. Body Image 2016; 17: 152–60.Google Scholar
Halliwell, E.. The impact of thin idealized media images on body satisfaction: Does body appreciation protect women from negative effects? Body Image 2013; 10: 509–14.Google Scholar
Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., and Clark, L.. The protective role of body appreciation against media-induced body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2015; 15: 98104.Google Scholar
Augustus-Horvath, C. L. and Tylka, T. L.. The acceptance model of intuitive eating: A comparison of women in emerging adulthood, early adulthood, and middle adulthood. J Couns Psych 2011; 58: 110–25.Google Scholar
Homan, K. J. and Tylka, T. L.. Development and exploration of the gratitude model of body appreciation in women. Body Image 2018; 25: 1422.Google Scholar
Dunaev, J., Markey, C. H., and Brochu, P. M.. An attitude of gratitude: The effects of body-focused gratitude on weight bias internalization and body image. Body Image 2018; 25: 913.Google Scholar
Homan, K., Sedlak, B., and Boyd, E.. Gratitude buffers the adverse effect of viewing the thin ideal on body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2014; 11: 245–50.Google Scholar
Wolfe, W. L. and Patterson, K.. Comparison of a gratitude-based and cognitive restructuring intervention for body dissatisfaction and dysfunctional eating behavior in college women. Eat Disord 2017; 25: 330–44.Google Scholar

References

Alleva, J. M., Tylka, T. L., and A. M. Kroon Van Diest. The Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS): Development and psychometric evaluation in US community women and men. Body Image 2017; 23: 2844.Google Scholar
Rubin, L. R. and Steinberg, J. R.. Self-objectification and pregnancy: Are body functionality dimensions protective? Sex Roles; 65; 606–18.Google Scholar
Bailey, K. A., Gammage, K. L., van Ingren, C., et al. “It’s all about acceptance”: A qualitative study exploring a model of positive body image for people with spinal cord injury. Body Image 2015; 15: 2434.Google Scholar
Markey, C. H., Dunaev, J. L., and August, K. J.. Body image experiences in the context of chronic pain: An examination of associations among perceptions of pain, body dissatisfaction, and positive body image. Body Image 2020; 32: 103–10.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Wood-Barcalow, N. L.. The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2015; 12: 5367.Google Scholar
Dignard, N. A. L. and Jarry, J. L.. The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item interpretation and sensitivity to priming. Body Image 2019; 28: 1624.Google Scholar
Webb, J. B., Rogers, C. B., Etzel, L., et al. “Mom, quit fat talking–I’m trying to eat (mindfully) here!”: Evaluating a sociocultural model of family fat talk, positive body image, and mindful eating in college women. Appetite 2018; 126: 169–75.Google Scholar
Prichard, I. and Tiggemann, M.. Relations among exercise type, self-objectification, and body image in the fitness center environment: The role of reasons for exercise. Psychol Sport Exerc 2008; 9: 855–66.Google Scholar
Homan, K. and Tylka, T. L.. Appearance-based exercise motivation moderates the relationship between exercise frequency and positive body image. Body Image 2014; 11: 101–8.Google Scholar
Soulliard, Z., Kauffman, A., Fitterman-Harris, H., et al. Examining positive body image, sport confidence, flow state, and subjective performance among student athletes and non-athletes. Body Image 2019; 28: 93100.Google Scholar
Halliwell, E., Dawson, K., and Burkey, S.. A randomized experimental evaluation of a yoga-based body image intervention. Body Image 2019; 28: 119–27.Google Scholar
Alleva, J. M., Martijn, C., Van Breukelen, G. J. P., et al. Expand Your Horizon: A programme that improves body image and reduces self-objectification by training women to focus on body functionality. Body Image 2015; 15: 81–9.Google Scholar
Alleva, J. M., Diedrichs, P. C., Halliwell, E., et al. A randomised-controlled trial investigating potential underlying mechanisms of a functionality-based approach to improving women’s body image. Body Image 2018; 25: 8596.Google Scholar
Alleva, J. M., Diedrichs, P. C., Halliwell, E., et al. More than my RA: A randomized trial investigating body image improvement among women with rheumatoid arthritis using a functionality-focused intervention program. J Consult Clin Psychol 2018; 86: 666–76.Google Scholar
Alleva, J. M., Martijn, C., Jansen, A., et al. Body language: Affecting body satisfaction by describing the body in functionality terms. Psychol Women Q 2014; 38: 181–96.Google Scholar

References

Piran, N.. New possibilities in the prevention of eating disorders: The introduction of positive body image measures. Body Image 2015; 14: 146–57.Google Scholar
Piran, N. and Teall, T. L.. The developmental theory of embodiment. In: McVey, G., Levine, M. P., Piran, N., and Ferguson, H. B., eds., Preventing eating-related and weight-related disorders: Collaborative research, advocacy, and policy change. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier Press, 2012: 171–99.Google Scholar
Piran, N.. Embodied possibilities and disruptions: The emergence of the Experience of Embodiment construct from qualitative studies with girls and women. Body Image 2016; 18: 4360.Google Scholar
Piran, N.. Journeys of Embodiment at the Intersection of Body and Culture: The Developmental Theory of Embodiment. San Diego: Elsevier, 2017.Google Scholar
Piran, N.. The experience of embodiment construct: Reflecting the quality of embodied lives. In Tylka, T. L., and Piran, N., eds. Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment: Constructs, Protective Factors, and Interventions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019: 1121.Google Scholar
Swami, V., Barron, D., and Furnham, A.. The impact of exposure to films of natural and built environments on state body appreciation. Body Image 2018; 24: 8294.Google Scholar
Tiggemann, M. and Hage, K.. Religion and spirituality: Pathways to positive body image. Body Image 2019; 28: 135–41.Google Scholar
Stuckey, H. L. and Nobel, J.. The connection between art, healing, and public health: A review of current literature. Am J Public Health 2010; 100: 254–63.Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. P. and Guyker, W. M.. The development and validation of the Mindful Self-Care Scale (MSCS): An assessment of practices that support positive embodiment. Mindfulness 2017; 9: 161–75.Google Scholar
Homan, K. J. and Tylka, T. L.. Appearance-based exercise motivation moderates the relationship between exercise frequency and positive body image. Body Image 2014; 11: 101–8.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Homan, K. J.. Exercise motives and positive body image in physically active college women and men: Exploring an expanded acceptance model of intuitive eating. Body Image 2015; 15: 90–7.Google Scholar
Neumark-Sztainer, D., MacLehose, R. F., Watts, A. W., et al. Yoga and body image: Findings from a large population-based study of young adults. Body Image 2018; 24: 6975.Google Scholar
Piran, N.. New possibilities in the prevention of eating disorders: The introduction of positive body image measures. Body Image 2015; 14: 146–57.Google Scholar
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Watts, A. W., and Rydell, S.. Yoga and body image: How do young adults practicing yoga describe its impact on their body image? Body Image 2018; 27: 156–68.Google Scholar
Mahlo, L. and Tiggemann, M.. Yoga and positive body image: A test of the embodiment model. Body Image 2016; 18: 135–42.Google Scholar
Tiggemann, M., Coutts, E., and Clark, L.. Belly dance as an embodying activity? A test of the embodiment model of positive body image. Sex Roles 2014; 71: 197207.Google Scholar

References

Fredrickson, B. L. and Roberts, T-A.. Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychol Women Q 1997; 21: 173206.Google Scholar
Bartky, S. L.. Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenon of Oppression. New York: Routledge, 1990.Google Scholar
Moradi, B. and Huang, Y-P.. Objectification theory and the psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychol Women Q 2008; 32: 377–98.Google Scholar
Engeln-Maddox, R., Miller, S. A., and Doyle, D. M.. Tests of objectification theory in gay, lesbian, and heterosexual community samples: Mixed evidence for proposed pathways. Sex Roles 2011; 65: 518–32.Google Scholar
Berger, J.. Ways of Seeing. London: BBC and Penguin Books, 1972.Google Scholar
Daniels, E. A.. Sex objects, athletes, and sexy athletes: How media representations of women athletes can impact adolescent girls and college women. J Adolesc Res 2009; 24: 399422.Google Scholar
Jhally, S.. Codes of Gender. Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation, 2009.Google Scholar
Gervais, S. J., Vescio, T. K., and Allen, J.. When what you see is what you get: The consequences of the objectifying gaze for women and men. Psychol Women Q 2011; 35: 517.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Sabik, N. J.. Integrating social comparison theory and self-esteem within objectification theory to predict women’s disordered eating. Sex Roles 2010; 63: 1831.Google Scholar
Tiggemann, M. and Lynch, J. E.. Body image across the life span in adult women: The role of self-objectification. Dev Psychol 2001; 37: 243–53.Google Scholar
McKinley, N. M. and Hyde, J. S.. The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale: Development and validation. Psychol Women Q 1996; 20: 181215.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T-A., Noll, S. M., et al. That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. J Pers Soc Psychol 1998; 75: 269–84.Google Scholar
Calogero, R. M., Tylka, T. L., Siegel, J. A., et al. Smile pretty and watch your back: Personal safety anxiety and vigilance in objectification theory. Manuscript under review.Google Scholar
Sheffield, C. J.. Sexual terrorism: The social control of women. In: Hess, B. B. and Ferree, M. M., eds. Analyzing Gender: A Handbook of Social Science Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1987: 171–89.Google Scholar
Szymanski, D. M. and Henning, S. L.. The role of self-objectification in women’s depression: A test of objectification theory. Sex Roles 2007; 56: 4553.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Hill, M. S.. Objectification theory as it relates to disordered eating among college women. Sex Roles 2004; 51: 719–30.Google Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M.. Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books, 1997.Google Scholar
O’Hara, S. E., Cox, A. E., and Amorose, A. J.. Emphasizing appearance versus health outcomes in exercise: The influence of the instructor and participants’ reasons for exercise. Body Image 2014; 11: 109–18.Google Scholar
Wiseman, M. C. and Moradi, B.. Body image and eating disorder symptoms in sexual minority men: A test and extension of objectification theory. J Couns Psychol 2010; 57: 154–66.Google Scholar
Kozee, H. B. and Tylka, T. L.. A test of objectification theory with lesbian women. Psychol Women Q 2006; 30: 348–57.Google Scholar
Moradi, B. and Rottenstein, A.. Objectification theory and deaf cultural identity attitudes: Roles in deaf women’s eating disorder symptomatology. J Couns Psychol 2007; 54: 178–88.Google Scholar
Augustus-Horvath, C. L. and Tylka, T. L.. A test and extension of objectification theory as it predicts disordered eating: Does women’s age matter? J Couns Psychol 2009; 56: 253–65.Google Scholar
Schaefer, L. M., Burke, N. L., Calogero, R. M., et al. Self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating: Testing a core mediational model of objectification theory among White, Black, and Hispanic women. Body Image 2018; 24: 512.Google Scholar
Cheng, H-L., Tran, A. G. T. T., Miyake, E. R, et al. Disordered eating among Asian American college women: A racially expanded model of objectification theory. J Couns Psychol 2017; 64: 179–91.Google Scholar
Davids, C. M., Watson, L. B., and Gere, M. P.. Objectification, masculinity, and muscularity: A test of objectification theory with heterosexual men. Sex Roles 2019; 80: 443–57.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Augustus-Horvath, C. L.. Fighting self-objectification in prevention and intervention contexts. In: Calogero, R. M., Tantleff-Dunn, S., and Thompson, J. K., eds. Self-Objectification in Women: Causes, Consequences, and Counteractions. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2011: 187214.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Calogero, R. M.. Promoting a resistant stance toward objectification. In: Tylka, T. L. and Piran, N. eds. Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment: Constructs, Protective Factors, and Interventions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019: 149–60.Google Scholar
Englar-Carlson, M. and Kiselica, M. S.. Affirming the strengths in men: A positive masculinity approach to assisting male clients. J Couns Dev 2013; 91: 399409.Google Scholar
Foubert, J. D. and Perry, B. C.. Creating lasting attitude and behavior change in fraternity members and male student athletes. Violence Against Women 2007; 13: 7086.Google Scholar
Lindner, D. and Tantleff-Dunn, S.. The development and psychometric evaluation of the Self-Objectification Beliefs and Behaviors Scale. Psychol Women Q 2017; 41: 254–72.Google Scholar

References

Satinsky, S., Reece, M., Dennis, B., et al. An assessment of body appreciation and its relationship to sexual function in women. Body Image 2012; 9: 137–44.Google Scholar
Piran, N.. Embodied possibilities and disruptions: The emergence of the Experience of Embodiment construct from qualitative studies with girls and women. Body Image 2016; 18: 4360.Google Scholar
Mensinger, J. L., Tylka, T. L., and Calamari, M. E.. Mechanisms underlying weight status and healthcare avoidance in women: A study of weight stigma, body-related shame and guilt, and healthcare stress. Body Image 2018; 25: 139–47.Google Scholar
Ordaz, D. L., Schaefer, L. M., Choquette, E., et al. Thinness pressures in ethnically diverse college women in the United States. Body Image 2018; 24: 14.Google Scholar
Davidson, M. M. and Gervais, S. J.. Violence against women through the lens of objectification theory. Violence Against Women 2015; 21: 330–54.Google Scholar
Velez, B. L., Campos, I. D., and Moradi, B.. Relations of sexual objectification and racist discrimination with Latina women’s body image and mental health. Couns Psychol 2015; 43: 906–35.Google Scholar
Quinn-Nilas, C., Benson, L., Milhausen, R. R., et al. The relationship between body image and domains of sexual functioning among heterosexual emerging adult women. J Sex Med 2016; 4: e182–9.Google Scholar
Sanchez, D. and Kiefer, A.. Body concerns in and out of the bedroom: Implications for sexual pleasure and problems. Arch Sex Behav 2007; 36: 808–20.Google Scholar
Cash, T. F., Maikkula, C. L., and Yamamiya, Y.. “Baring the body in the bedroom”: Body image, sexual self-schemas, and sexual functioning among college women and men. Electron J Hum Sex 2004; 7: 19.Google Scholar
Carvalheira, A., Price, C., and Neves, C. F.. Body awareness and bodily dissociation among those with and without sexual difficulties: Differentiation using the Scale of Body Connection. J Sex Marital Ther 2017; 43: 801–10.Google Scholar
Gillen, M. M., Lefkowitz, E. S., and Shearer, C. L.. Does body image play a role in risky sexual behavior and attitudes? J Youth Adolesc 2006; 35: 243–55.Google Scholar
Blashill, A. J. and Safren, S. A.. Body dissatisfaction and condom use self-efficacy: A meta-analysis. Body Image 2015; 12: 73–7.Google Scholar
Melis, I., Litta, P., Napi, L., et al. Sexual function in women with deep endometriosis: Correlation of quality of life, intensity of pain, depression, anxiety, and body image. Int J Sex Health 2015; 27: 175–85.Google Scholar
Male, D. A., Fergus, K. D., and Cullen, K.. Sexual identity after breast cancer: Sexuality, body image, and relationship repercussions. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2016; 10: 6674.Google Scholar
Kahn, Y. W., O’Keeffe, F., Nolan, M., et al. “Not a whole woman”: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the lived experience of women’s body image and sexuality following amputation. Disabil Rehabil 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1622797Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. and Roberts, T-A.. Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychol Women Q 1997; 21: 173206.Google Scholar
Wiederman, M. W.. Women’s body image self-consciousness during physical intimacy with a partner. J Sex Res 2000; 37: 60–8.Google Scholar
Weiner, L. and Avery-Clark, C.. Sensate focus: Clarifying the Masters and Johnson’s model. Sex Relation Ther 2014; 29: 307–19.Google Scholar
Satinsky, S. and Ramseyer Winter, V.. Attuned sexuality. In: Tylka, T. L. and Piran, N. eds. Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment: Constructs, Protective Factors, and Interventions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019: 91101.Google Scholar
Horne, S. and Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J.. The Female Sexual Subjectivity Inventory: Development and validation of a multidimensional inventory for late adolescents and emerging adults. Psychol Women Q 2006; 30: 125–38.Google Scholar
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. and French, J.. Associations of sexual subjectivity with global and sexual well-being: A new measure for young males and comparison to females. Arch Sex Behav 2016; 45: 315–27.Google Scholar
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Ducat, W. H., and Boislard-Pepin, M. A.. A prospective study of young females’ sexual subjectivity: Associations with age, sexual behavior, and dating. Arch Sex Behav 2011; 40: 927–38.Google Scholar
Satinsky, S. and Jozkowski, K. N.. Female sexual subjectivity and verbal consent to receiving oral sex. J Sex Marital Ther 2015; 41: 413–26.Google Scholar
Robbins, A. R. and Reissing, E. D.. Appearance dissatisfaction, body appreciation, and sexual health in women across adulthood. Arch Sex Behav 2018; 47: 703–14.Google Scholar
Ramseyer Winter, V., Gillen, M. M., and Kennedy, A. K.. Associations between body appreciation and comfort communicating about sex: A brief report. Health Commun 2016; 33: 359–62.Google Scholar
Ramseyer Winter, V.. Toward a relational understanding of objectification, body image, and preventative sexual health. J Sex Res 2017; 54: 341–50.Google Scholar
Ramseyer Winter, V. and Ruhr, L. R.. Body appreciation and contraceptive use among college women: A brief report. Int J Sex Health 2016; 29: 168–72.Google Scholar
Woertman, L. and van den Brink, F.. Body image and female sexual functioning and behavior: A review. J Sex Res 2012; 49: 184211.Google Scholar
Peplau, L. A., Frederick, D. A., Yee, C., et al. Body image satisfaction in heterosexual, gay, and lesbian adults. Arch Sex Behav 2009; 38: 713–25.Google Scholar
Blashill, A. J., Tomassilli, J., Biello, K., et al. Body dissatisfaction among sexual minority men: Psychological and sexual health outcomes. Arch Sex Behav 2016; 45: 1241–7.Google Scholar
Jones, B. A., Haycraft, E., Murjan, S., et al. Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in trans people: A systematic review of the literature. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016; 28: 8194.Google Scholar
Kozee, H. B., Tylka, T. L., and Bauerband, L. A.. Measuring transgender individuals’ comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale. Psychol Women Q 2012; 36: 179–96.Google Scholar
Owen-Smith, A. A., Gerth, J., Sineath, R. C., et al. Association between gender confirmation treatments and perceived gender congruence, body image satisfaction and mental health in a cohort of transgender individuals. J Sex Med 2018; 15: 591600.Google Scholar
Wylie, K. and Woodcock, J.. Understanding sexual health and HIV in the transgender population. In: Ettner, R., Monstrey, S., and Coleman, E. eds. Principles of Transgender Medicine and Surgery (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge, 2016: 318–30.Google Scholar
Amos, N. and McCabe, M.. The importance of feeling sexually attractive: Can it predict an individual’s experience of their sexuality and sexual relationships across gender and sexual orientation? Int J Psychol 2017; 52: 354–63.Google Scholar
Bober, S. L. and Varela, V. S.. Sexuality in adult cancer survivors: Challenges and intervention. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 3712–19.Google Scholar
Crowley, S. A., Foley, S. M., Wittmann, D., et al. Sexual health concerns among cancer survivors: Testing a novel information-need measure among breast and prostate cancer patients. J Cancer Educ 2016; 31: 588–94.Google Scholar

References

Festinger, L.. A theory of social comparison processes. Hum Relat 1957; 7: 117–40.Google Scholar
Suhls, J. and Willis, T. A., eds. Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991.Google Scholar
Leahey, T. M., Crowther, J. H., and Mickelson, K. D.. The frequency, nature, and effects of naturally occurring appearance-focused social comparisons. Behav Ther 2007; 38: 132–43.Google Scholar
Harris, M. M., Anseel, F., and Lievens, F.. Keeping up with the Joneses: A field study of the relationships among upward, lateral, and downward comparisons and pay level satisfaction. J Appl Psychol 2008; 93: 665–73.Google Scholar
O’Brien, K. S., Caputi, P., Minto, R., et al. Upward and downward physical appearance comparisons: Development of scales and examination of predictive qualities. Body Image 2009; 6: 201–6.Google Scholar
Harrison, K.. Media and the body. In: Nabi, R. L. and Oliver, M. B., eds. The Sage Handbook of Media Processes and Effects. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc., 2009: 393408.Google Scholar
Parker, S., Nichter, M., Nichter, M., et al. Body image and weight concerns among African American and White adolescent females: Differences that make a difference. Hum Organ 1995; 54: 103–14.Google Scholar
McClure, S. M.. Body image among African Americans. In: Cash, T. F., ed. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2012: 8994.Google Scholar
Schooler, D., Lowry, L. S., and Biesen, J. N.. Body image among Hispanics/Latinos. In: Cash, T. F., ed. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2012: 108–13.Google Scholar
Overstreet, N. M., Quinn, D. M., and Bee Agocha, V.. Beyond thinness: The influence of a curvaceous body ideal on body dissatisfaction in Black and White women. Sex Roles 2010; 63: 91103.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L., Bergeron, D., and Schwartz, J. P.. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Male Body Attitudes Scale. Body Image 2005; 2: 161–75.Google Scholar
Craddock, N.. Colour me beautiful: Examining the shades related to global skin tone ideals. J Aesthetic Nursing 2016; 5: 6.Google Scholar
Ching, B. H. and Xu, J. T.. Understanding cosmetic surgery consideration in Chinese adolescent girls: Contributions of materialism and sexual objectification. Body Image 2019; 28: 615.Google Scholar
Markula, P.. Beyond the perfect body: Women’s body image distortion in fitness magazine discourse. J Sport Soc Issues 2001; 25: 158–79.Google Scholar
Keery, H., van den Berg, P., and Thompson, J. K.. An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image 2004; 1: 237–51.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., Bardone-Cone, A. M., and Harney, M. B.. Development and validation of the Body, Eating, and Exercise Comparison Orientation Measure (BEECOM) among college women. Body Image 2012; 9: 476–87.Google Scholar
Rodgers, R., Chabrol, H., and Paxton, S. J.. An exploration of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among Australian and French college women. Body Image 2011; 8: 208–25.Google Scholar
Lovering, M. E., Rodgers, R. F., George, J. E., et al. Exploring the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction in postpartum women. Body Image 2018; 24: 4454.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L.. Refinement of the tripartite influence model for men: Dual body image pathways to body change behaviors. Body Image 2011; 8: 199207.Google Scholar
Fardouly, J., Pinkus, R. T., and Vartanian, L. R.. The impact of appearance comparisons made through social media, traditional media, and in person in women’s everyday lives. Body Image 2017; 20: 31–9.Google Scholar
Leahey, T. and Crowther, J.. An ecological momentary assessment of comparison target as a moderator of the effects of appearance-focused social comparisons. Body Image 2008; 5: 307–18.Google Scholar
Tiggemann, M. and Zaccardo, M.. “Exercise to be fit, not skinny”: The effect of fitspiration imagery on women’s body image. Body Image 2015; 15: 61–7.Google Scholar
Vendemia, M. A. and DeAndrea, D. C.. The effect of viewing thin, sexualized selfies on Instagram: Investigating the role of image source and awareness of photo editing practices. Body Image 2018; 27: 118–27.Google Scholar
Tamplin, N. C., McLean, S. A., and Paxton, S. J.. Social media literacy protects against the negative impact of exposure to appearance ideal social media images in young adult women but not men. Body Image 2018; 26: 2937.Google Scholar
Griffiths, S., Castle, D., Cunningham, M., et al. How does exposure to thinspiration and fitspiration relate to symptom severity among individuals with eating disorders? Evaluation of a proposed model. Body Image 2018; 27: 187–95.Google Scholar
Tiggemann, M., Churches, O., Mitchell, L., et al. Tweeting weight loss: A comparison of #thinspiration and #fitspiration communities on Twitter. Body Image 2018; 25: 133–8.Google Scholar
Prichard, I., McLachlan, A. C., Lavis, T., et al. The impact of different forms of #fitspiration imagery on body image, mood, and self-objectification among young women. Sex Roles 2018; 78: 789–98.Google Scholar
Halliwell, E.. The impact of thin idealized media images on body satisfaction: Does body appreciation protect women from negative effects? Body Image 2013; 10: 509–14.Google Scholar
Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., and Clark, L.. The protective role of body appreciation against media-induced body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2015; 15: 98104.Google Scholar
Homan, K. J. and Tylka, T. L.. Self-compassion moderates body comparison and appearance self-worth’s inverse relationships with body appreciation. Body Image 2015; 15: 17.Google Scholar
Yamamiya, Y., Cash, T. F., Melnyk, S. E., et al. Women’s exposure to thin-and-beautiful media images: Body image effects of media-ideal internalization and impact-reduction interventions. Body Image 2005; 2: 7480.Google Scholar

References

Bassett Greer, K., Campione-Barr, N., and Lindell, A. K.. Body talk: Siblings’ use of positive and negative body self-disclosure and associations with sibling relationship quality and body esteem. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 44: 1567–79.Google Scholar
Salk, R. H. and Engeln-Maddox, R.. Fat talk among college women is both contagious and harmful. Sex Roles 2012; 66: 636–45.Google Scholar
Overstreet, N. M. and Quinn, D. M.. Contingencies of self-worth and appearance concerns: Do domains of self-worth matter? Psychol Women Q 2012; 36: 314–25.Google Scholar
Mills, J. and Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M.. Nature and consequences of positively intended fat talk in daily life. Body Image 2018; 26: 3849.Google Scholar
Nichter, M.. Fat talk. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Nichter, M. and Vuckovic, N.. Fat talk. In: Sault, N., ed. Many Mirrors: Body Image and Social Relations. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1994: 109–31.Google Scholar
Engeln-Maddox, R., Salk, R. H., and Miller, S. A.. Assessing women’s negative commentary on their own bodies: A psychometric investigation of the Negative Body Talk Scale. Psychol Women Q 2012; 36: 162–78.Google Scholar
Sladek, M. R., Engeln, R., and Miller, S. A.. Development and validation of the Male Body Talk Scale: A psychometric investigation. Body Image 2014; 11: 233–44.Google Scholar
Sladek, M. R., Salk, R. H., and Engeln, R.. Negative body talk measures for Asian, Latina(o), and White women and men: Measurement equivalence and associations with ethnic-racial identity. Body Image 2018; 25: 6677.Google Scholar
Britton, L., Martz, D., Bazzini, D., et al. Fat talk and self-presentation of body image: Is there a social norm for women to self-degrade? Body Image 2006; 3: 247–54.Google Scholar
Martz, D. M., Petroff, A. B., Curtin, L., et al. Gender differences in fat talk among American adults: Results from the psychology of size survey. Sex Roles 2009; 61: 3141.Google Scholar
Ahlich, E., Choquette, E. M., and Rancourt, D.. Body talk, athletic identity, and eating disorder symptoms in men. Psychol Men Masc 2019; 20: 347–55.Google Scholar
Engeln, R., Sladek, M. R., and Waldron, H.. Body talk among college men: Content, correlates, and effects. Body Image 2013; 10: 300–8.Google Scholar
Engeln, R. and Salk, R. H.. The demographics of fat talk in adult women: Age, body size, and ethnicity. J Health Psychol 2016; 21: 1655–64.Google Scholar
Becker, C. B., Diedrichs, P. C., Jankowski, G., et al. I’m not just fat, I’m old: Has the study of body image overlooked “old talk?J Eat Disord 2013; 1: 6.Google Scholar
Fiery, M. F., Martz, D. M., Webb, R. M., et al. A preliminary investigation of racial differences in body talk in age-diverse US adults. Eat Behav 2016; 21: 232–5.Google Scholar
Stice, E., Maxfield, J., and Wells, T.. Adverse effects of social pressure to be thin on young women: An experimental investigation of the effects of “fat talk.Int J Eat Disord 2003; 34: 108–17.Google Scholar
Gapinski, K. D., Brownell, K. D., and LaFrance, M.. Body objectification and “fat talk”: Effects on emotion, motivation, and cognitive performance. Sex Roles 2003; 48: 377–88.Google Scholar
Salk, R. H. and Engeln-Maddox, R.. “If you’re fat then I’m humongous”: Frequency, content, and impact of fat talk among college women. Psychol Women Q 2011; 35: 1828.Google Scholar
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Bauer, K. W., Friend, S., et al. Family weight talk and dieting: How much do they matter for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls? J Adolesc Health 2010; 47: 270–6.Google Scholar
Chow, C. M. and Tan, C. C.. The role of fat talk in eating pathology and depressive symptoms among mother-daughter dyads. Body Image 2018; 24: 3643.Google Scholar
Webb, J. B., Rogers, C. B., Etzel, L., et al. “Mom, quit fat talking—I’m trying to eat (mindfully) here!” Evaluating a sociocultural model of family fat talk, positive body image, and mindful eating in college women. Appetite 2018; 126: 169–75.Google Scholar
Perez, M., Kroon Van Diest, A. M., Smith, H., et al. Body dissatisfaction and its correlates in 5- to 7-year-old girls: A social learning experiment. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2018; 47: 757–69.Google Scholar
Miller, K., Kelly, A., and Stephen, E.. Exposure to body focused and non-body focused others over a week: A preliminary investigation of their unique contributions to college women’s eating and body image. Body Image 2019; 28: 4452.Google Scholar
Mills, J., Mort, O., and Trawley, S.. The impact of different responses to fat talk on body image and socioemotional outcomes. Body Image 2019; 29: 149–55.Google Scholar
Rudiger, J. A. and Winstead, B. A.. Body talk and body-related co-rumination: Associations with body image, eating attitudes, and psychological adjustment. Body Image 2013; 10: 462–71.Google Scholar
Tompkins, K. B., Martz, D. M., Rocheleau, C. A., et al. Social likeability, conformity, and body talk: Does fat talk have a normative rival in female body image conversations? Body Image 2009; 6: 292–8. Google Scholar

References

Wood-Barcalow, N. L., Tylka, T. L., and Augustus-Horvath, C. L.. “But I like my body”: Positive body image characteristics and a holistic model for young-adult women. Body Image 2010; 7: 106–16.Google Scholar
Holmqvist, K. and Frisén, A.. “I bet they aren’t that perfect in reality”: Appearance ideals viewed from the perspective of adolescents with a positive body image. Body Image 2012; 9: 388–95.Google Scholar
Holmqvist Gattario, K. and Frisén, A.. From negative to positive body image: Men’s and women’s journeys from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Body Image 2019; 28: 5365.Google Scholar
Cash, T. F., Santos, M. T., and Williams, E. F.. Coping with body-image threats and challenges: Validation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory. J Psychosom Res 2005; 58: 191–9.Google Scholar
Mancuso, S. G.. Body image inflexibility mediates the relationship between body image evaluation and maladaptive body image coping strategies. Body Image 2016; 16: 2831.Google Scholar
Bailey, K. A., Lamarche, L., Gammage, K. L., et al. Self-objectification and the use of body image coping strategies: The role of shame in highly physically active women. Am J Psychol 2016; 129: 8190.Google Scholar
Lyubormirsky, S.. The How of Happiness: The Scientific Approach to Getting the Life You Want. New York: Penguin Press, 2008.Google Scholar

References

Buote, V. M., Wilson, A. E., Strahan, E. J., et al. Setting the bar: Divergent sociocultural norms for women’s and men’s ideal appearance in real-world contexts. Body Image 2011; 8: 322–34.Google Scholar
Keery, H., van den Berg, P., and Thompson, J. K.. An evaluation of the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image 2004; 1: 237–51.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L.. Refinement of the tripartite influence model for men: Dual body image pathways to body change behaviors. Body Image 2011; 8: 199207.Google Scholar
McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., and Wertheim, E. H.. Does media literacy mitigate risk for reduced body satisfaction following exposure to thin-ideal media? J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45: 1678–95.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Augustus-Horvath, C. L.. Fighting self-objectification in prevention and intervention contexts. In: Calogero, R. M., Tantleff-Dunn, S., and Thompson, J. K., eds. Self-Objectification in Women: Causes, Consequences, and Counteractions. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2011: 187214.Google Scholar
Wilksch, S. M. and Wade, T. D.. Reduction of shape and weight concern in young adolescents: A 30-month controlled evaluation of a media literacy program. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 48: 651–61.Google Scholar
Wood-Barcalow, N. L., Tylka, T. L., and Augustus-Horvath, C. L.. “But I like my body”: Positive body image characteristics and a holistic model for young-adult women. Body Image 2010; 7: 106–16.Google Scholar
Holmqvist Gattario, K. and Frisén, A.. From negative to positive body image: Men’s and women’s journeys from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Body Image 2019; 28: 5365.Google Scholar
Shunk, D. H.. Peer models and children’s behavioral change. Rev Educ Res 1987; 57: 149–74.Google Scholar
Steiner-Adair, C. and Sjostrom, L.. Full of Ourselves: A Wellness Program to Advance Girl Power, Health, and Leadership. New York: Teachers College Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Stice, E. and Presnell, K.. The Body Project: Promoting Body Acceptance and Preventing Eating Disorders: Facilitator’s Guide. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Stice, E., Chase, A., Stormer, S., et al. A randomized trial of a dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program. Int J Eat Disord 2001; 29: 247–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stice, E., Marti, C. N., Spoor, S., et al. Dissonance and healthy weight eating disorder prevention programs: Long-term effects from a randomized efficacy trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008; 76: 329–40.Google Scholar
Becker, C. B., Bull, S., Smith, L. M., et al. Effects of being a peer-leader in an eating disorder prevention program: Can we further reduce eating disorder risk factors? Eat Disord 2008; 16: 444–59.Google Scholar
Becker, C. B., Bull, S., Schaumberg, K., et al. Effectiveness of a peer-led eating disorders prevention: A replication trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008; 76: 347–54.Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. and Douglass, L. L.. Yoga communities and eating disorders: Creating safe space for positive embodiment. Int J Yoga Ther 2017; 27: 8793.Google Scholar
Mahlo, L. and Tiggemann, M.. Yoga and positive body image: A test of the Embodiment Model. Body Image 2016; 18: 135–42.Google Scholar
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Watts, A. W., and Rydell, S.. Yoga and body image: How do young adults practicing yoga describe its impact on their body image? Body Image 2018; 27: 156–68.Google Scholar
Tiggemann, M., Coutts, E., and Clark, L.. Belly dance as an embodying activity? A test of the embodiment model of positive body image. Sex Roles 2014; 71: 197207.Google Scholar
Swami, V. and Tovée, M. J.. A comparison of actual-ideal weight discrepancy, body appreciation, and media influence between street-dancers and non-dancers. Body Image 2009; 6: 304–7.Google Scholar
Swami, V. and Harris, A. S.. Dancing toward positive body image? Examining body-related constructs with ballet and contemporary dancers at different levels. Am J Dance Ther 2012; 34: 3952.Google Scholar
Tiggemann, M. and Hage, K.. Religion and spirituality: Pathways to positive body image. Body Image 2019; 28: 135–41.Google Scholar

References

Brownn, E.. Lifelong learner. Retrieved from www.eleanorbrownn.com [last accessed July 12, 2020].Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. P.. Mindfulness and Yoga for Self-regulation: A Primer for Mental Health Professionals. New York: Springer, 2015.Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. P.. Mindfulness and Yoga in Schools: A Guide for Teachers and Practitioners. New York: Springer, 2017.Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. P.. Mindful attunement. In: Tylka, T. L. and Piran, N. eds. Handbook of Positive Body Image: Constructs, Protective Factors, and Interventions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019: 6879.Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. P.. Embodiment and the Treatment of Eating Disorders: The Body as a Resource for Recovery. New York: Norton, 2020.Google Scholar
Norcross, J. C. and Guy, J. D.. Leaving it at the Office: A Guide to Psychotherapist Self-Care. New York: Guilford Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. P. and Guyker, W. M.. The development and validation of the Mindful Self-Care Scale (MSCS): An assessment of practices that support positive embodiment. Mindfulness 2018; 9: 161–75.Google Scholar
Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., and Clark, L.. Positive body image and young women’s health: Implications for sun protection, cancer screening, weight loss and alcohol consumption behaviors. J Health Psychol 2016; 21: 2839.Google Scholar
Figley, C. R.. Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self care. J Clin Psychol 2002; 58: 1433–41.Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., and Biegel, G. M.. Teaching self-care to caregivers: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Train Educ Prof Psychol 2007; 1: 105–15.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M.. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Kelly, A. C., Zuroff, D. C., and Shapira, L. B.. Soothing oneself and resisting self-attacks: The treatment of two intrapersonal deficits in depression vulnerability. Cogn Ther Res 2009; 33: 301–13.Google Scholar
Goldman, R. N. and Greenberg, L.. Working with identity and self-soothing in emotion-focused therapy for couples. Family Process 2013; 52: 6282.Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. P., Tribole, E., and Tylka, T. L.. Healthy Eating in Schools: Evidence-Based Interventions to Help Kids Thrive. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2013.Google Scholar
Jennings, P. A.. Mindfulness for Teachers: Simple Skills for Peace and Productivity in the Classroom. New York: Norton, 2015.Google Scholar
Hart, M.. The importance and elements of healthy nutrition. Adv Eat Disord 2016; 4: 1430.Google Scholar
Liska, D., Mah, E., Brisbois, T., et al. Narrative review of hydration and selected health outcomes in the general population. Nutrients 2019; 11: 70.Google Scholar
Lim, J. and Dinges, D. F.. A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables. Psychol Bull 2010; 136: 375–89.Google Scholar
Penedo, F. J. and Dahn, J. R.. Exercise and well-being: A review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Curr Opin Psychiatr 2005; 18: 189–93.Google Scholar
Hausenblas, H. A. and Fallon, E. A.. Exercise and body image: A meta-analysis. Psychol Health 2006; 21: 3347.Google Scholar
Liu, P. Z. and Nusslock, R.. Exercise-mediated neurogenesis in the hippocampus via BDNF. Front Neurosci 2018; 12: 52. Retrieved from: www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2018.00052/full#B16 [last accessed July 12, 2020].Google Scholar
Wells, M. M.. Office clutter or meaningful personal displays: The role of office personalization in employee and organizational well-being. J Environ Psychol 2000; 20: 239–55.Google Scholar
Czikszentmihalyi, M.. Flow–The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.Google Scholar
Fabricatore, A. N., Handal, P. J., and Fenzel, L. M.. Personal spirituality as a moderator of the relationship between stressors and subjective well-being. J Psychol Theol 2000; 28: 221–8.Google Scholar
Tiggemann, M. and Hage, K.. Religion and spirituality: Pathways to positive body image. Body Image 2019; 28: 135–41.Google Scholar
Homan, K. J.. Attachment to God mitigates negative effect of media exposure on women’s body image. Psychol Relig Spiritual 2012; 4: 324–31.Google Scholar
Homan, K. J. and Cavanaugh, B. N.. Perceived relationship with God fosters positive body image in college women. J Health Psychol 2013; 18: 1529–39.Google Scholar

References

Birch, L. L. and Fisher, J. O. Mothers’ child-feeding practices influence daughters’ eating and weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1054–61.Google Scholar
Mann, T., Tomiyama, A. J., Westling, E., et al. Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer. Am Psychol 2007; 62: 220–33.Google Scholar
Tribole, E. and Resch, E.. Intuitive Eating: A Recovery Book for the Chronic Dieter. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Resch, E. and Tylka, T. L.. Intuitive eating. In: Tylka, T. L. and Piran, N., eds. Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment: Constructs, Protective Factors, and Interventions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019: 6879.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L.. Development and psychometric evaluation of a measure of intuitive eating. J Couns Psychol 2006; 53: 226–40.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and A. M. Kroon Van Diest. The Intuitive Eating Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men. J Couns Psychol 2013; 60: 137–53.Google Scholar
Li, R., Scanlon, K. S., May, A., et al. Bottle-feeding practices during early infancy and eating behaviors at 6 years of age. Pediatr 2014; 134: S70–7.Google Scholar
Tribole, E. and Resch, E.. Intuitive Eating: An Anti-Diet Revolutionary Approach, 4th ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L., Calogero, R. M., and Daníelsdóttir, S.. Is intuitive eating the same as flexible dietary control? Their links to each other and well-being could provide an answer. Appetite 2015; 95: 166–75.Google Scholar
Kelly, A. C. and Stephen, E.. A daily diary study of self-compassion, body image, and eating behavior in female college students. Body Image 2016; 17: 152–60.Google Scholar
Schoenefeld, S. J. and Webb, J. B.. Self-compassion and intuitive eating in college women: Examining contributions of distress tolerance and body image acceptance and action. Eat Behav 2013; 14: 493–6.Google Scholar
Shouse, S. H and Nilsson, J.. Self-silencing, emotional awareness, and eating behaviors in college women. Psychol Women Q 2011; 35: 451–7.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Wilcox, J. A.. Are intuitive eating and eating disorder symptomatology opposite poles of the same construct? J Couns Psychol 2006; 53: 474–84.Google Scholar
Webb, J. B. and Hardin, A. S.. An integrative affect regulation process model of internalized weight bias and intuitive eating in college women. Appetite 2016; 102: 60–9.Google Scholar
Duarte, C., Pinto Gouveia, J., and Mendes, A.. Psychometric properties of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 and association with binge eating symptoms in a Portuguese community sample. Int J Psychol Psychol Ther 2016; 16: 329–41.Google Scholar
Avalos, L. C. and Tylka, T. L.. Exploring a model of intuitive eating with college women. J Couns Psychol 2006; 53: 486–97.Google Scholar
Kelly, A. C., Miller, K. E., and Stephen, E.. The benefits of being self-compassionate on days when interactions with body-focused others are frequent. Body Image 2016; 19: 195203.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Wood-Barcalow, N. L.. The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2015; 12: 5367.Google Scholar
Smith, T. and Hawks, S. R.. Intuitive eating, diet composition, and the meaning of food in healthy weight promotion. Am J Health Educ 2006; 37: 130–6.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L., Eneli, I. U., Kroon VanDiest, A. M., et al. Which adaptive maternal eating behaviors predict child feeding practices? An examination with mothers of 2- to 5-year-old children. Eat Behav 2013; 14: 5763.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Kroon Van Diest, A. M.. Protective factors in the development of eating disorders. In: Smolak, L., and Levine, M. P., eds. The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Eating Disorders (Vol. 1). New York: Wiley, 2015: 430–44.Google Scholar
Carbonneau, E., Carbonneau, N., Lamarche, B., et al. Validation of a French-Canadian adaptation of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 for the adult population. Appetite 2016; 105: 3745.Google Scholar
Denny, K. N., Loth, K., Eisenberg, M. E., et al. Intuitive eating in young adults. Who is doing it, and how is it related to disordered eating behaviors? Appetite 2013; 60: 1319.Google Scholar
Hawks, S., Madanat, H., Hawks, J., et al. The relationship between intuitive eating and health indicators among college women. Am J Health Educ 2005; 36: 331–6.Google Scholar
Camilleri, G. M., Méjean, C., Bellisle, F., et al. Intuitive eating dimensions were differently associated with food intake in the general population-based NutriNet-Santé study. J Nutr 2016; 147: 61–9.Google Scholar
Wheeler, B. J., Lawrence, J., Chae, M., et al. Intuitive eating is associated with glycaemic control in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Appetite 2016; 96: 160–5.Google Scholar
Augustus-Horvath, C. L. and Tylka, T. L.. The acceptance model of intuitive eating: A comparison of women in emerging adulthood, early adulthood, and middle adulthood. J Couns Psychol 2011; 58: 110–25.Google Scholar
Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., and Clark, L.. Predictors and health-related outcomes of positive body image in adolescent girls: A prospective study. Dev Psychol 2016; 52: 463–74.Google Scholar
Madden, C. E. L., Leong, S. L., Gray, A., et al. Eating in response to hunger and satiety signals is related to BMI in a nationwide sample of 1,601 mid-age New Zealand women. Public Health Nutr 2012; 15: 2272–9.Google Scholar
Leong, S. L, Gray, A., Haszard, J., et al. Weight-control methods, 3-year weight change, and eating behaviors: A prospective nationwide study of middle-aged New Zealand women. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 116: 1276–84.Google Scholar
Boucher, S., Edwards, O., Gray, A., et al. Teaching intuitive eating and acceptance and commitment therapy skills via a web-based intervention: A pilot single-arm intervention study. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5: e180.Google Scholar
Bush, H. E., Rossy, L., Mintz, L. B., et al. Eat for Life: A work site feasibility study of a novel mindfulness-based intuitive eating intervention. Am J of Health Promot 2014; 28: 380–8.Google Scholar
Richards, P. S., Crowton, S., Berrett, M. E., et al. Can patients with eating disorders learn to eat intuitively? A 2-year pilot study. Eat Disord 2017; 25: 99113.Google Scholar
Mensinger, J. L., Calogero, R. M., Stranges, S., et al. A weight-neutral versus weight-loss approach to health promotion in women with high BMI: A randomized-controlled trial. Appetite 2016; 105: 364–74.Google Scholar

References

Penedo, F. J. and Dahn, J. R.. Exercise and well-being: A review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Curr Opin Psychiatr 2005; 18: 189–93.Google Scholar
Hausenblas, H. A. and Fallon, E. A.. Exercise and body image: A meta-analysis. Psychol Health 2006; 21: 3347.Google Scholar
Calogero, R. M. and Pedrotty-Stump, K. N.. Incorporating exercise into the treatment and recovery of eating disorders: Cultivating a mindful approach. In: Maine, M., Bunnell, D., and McGilley, B. H. eds. Treatment of Eating Disorders: Bridging the Research-Practice Gap. New York: Elsevier, 2010: 425–41.Google Scholar
Elbourne, K. E. and Chen, J.. The continuum model of obligatory exercise: A preliminary investigation. J Psychosom Res 2007; 62: 7380.Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, M. B., Hinze, C. J., Emborg, B., et al. Compulsive exercise: Links, risks and challenges faced. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2017; 10: 8595.Google Scholar
Calogero, R. M., Tylka, T. L., Hartman McGilley, B., et al. Attunement with exercise. In Tylka, T. L., and Piran, N. eds. Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment: Constructs, Protective Factors, and Interventions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019: 8190.Google Scholar
Calogero, R. M. and Pedrotty, K. N.. Daily practices for mindful exercise. In: L’Abate, L., Embry, D., and Baggett, M. eds. Handbook of Low-Cost Preventative Interventions for Physical and Mental Health: Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2007: 141–60.Google Scholar
Mond, J. M. and Calogero, R. M.. Excessive exercise in eating disorder patients and in healthy women. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009; 43: 227–34.Google Scholar
Calogero, R. M. and Pedrotty, K. N.. The practice and process of healthy exercise: An investigation of the treatment of exercise abuse in women with eating disorders. Eating Disorders 2004; 12: 273–91.Google Scholar
Vartanian, L. R. and Shaprow, J. G.. Effects of weight stigma on exercise motivation and behavior: A preliminary investigation among college-aged females. J Health Psychol 2008; 13: 131–8.Google Scholar
Vartanian, L. R. and Novak, S. A.. Internalized societal attitudes moderate the impact of weight stigma on avoidance of exercise. Obesity 2011; 19: 757–62.Google Scholar
Calogero, R. M. and Pedrotty, K. N.. The practice and process of healthy exercise: Identifying and treating exercise issues in women with eating disorders. Orlando: International Conference on Eating Disorders, 2004.Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. P. and Douglass, L. L.. Yoga communities and eating disorders: Creating safe spaces for positive embodiment. Int J Yoga Ther 2017; 27: 8793.Google Scholar
Cook-Cottone, C. P.. Mindfulness and Yoga for Self-Regulation: A Primer for Mental Health Professionals. New York: Springer, 2015.Google Scholar
Neumark-Sztainer, D., MacLehose, R. F., Watts, A. W., et al. Yoga and body image: Findings from a large population-based study of young adults. Body Image 2018; 24: 6975.Google Scholar
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Watts, A. W., and Rydell, S.. Yoga and body image: How do young adults practicing yoga describe its impact on their body image? Body Image 2018; 27: 156–68.Google Scholar
Monnazzi, P., Leri, O., Guizzardi, L., et al. Antistress effect of yoga-type breathing: Modification of salivary cortisol, heart rate and blood pressure following a step-climbing exercise. Stress Health 2002; 18: 195200.Google Scholar
Schell, F. J., Allolio, B., and Schonecke, O. W.. Physiological and psychological effects of Hatha-Yoga exercise in healthy women. Int J Psychosom 1994; 41: 4652.Google Scholar
West, J., Otte, C., Geher, K., et al. Effects of yoga and African dance on perceived stress, affect, and salivary cortisol. Ann Behav Med 2004; 28: 114–18.Google Scholar
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Christian, L., Preston, H., et al. Stress, inflammation, and yoga practice. Psychosom Med 2010; 72: 113–21.Google Scholar
Daubenmier, J. J.. The relationship of yoga, body awareness, and body responsiveness to self-objectification and disordered eating. Psychol Women Q 2005; 29: 207–19.Google Scholar
Mahlo, L. and Tiggemann, M.. Yoga and positive body image: A test of the embodiment model. Body Image 2016; 18: 135–42.Google Scholar
Halliwell, E., Dawson, K., and Burkey, S.. A randomized experimental evaluation of a yoga-based body image intervention. Body Image 2019; 28: 119–27.Google Scholar
Cox, A. E. and McMahon, A. K.. Exploring changes in mindfulness and body appreciation during yoga participation. Body Image 2019; 29: 118–21.Google Scholar
Cox, A. E., Ullrich-French, S., Tylka, T. L., et al. The roles of self-compassion, body surveillance, and body appreciation in predicting intrinsic motivation for physical activity: Cross-sectional associations, and prospective changes within a yoga context. Body Image 2019; 29: 110–17.Google Scholar
Calogero, R. M. and Tylka, T. L.. The Attunement with Exercise Scale-Clinical (AWE-Clinical): A scale that can be used in therapy for improving embodiment and body image. Manuscript in preparation.Google Scholar

References

Cash, T. F., Melnyk, S. E., and Hrabosky, J. I.. The assessment of body image investment: An extensive revision of the Appearance Schemas Inventory. Int J Eat Disord 2004; 35: 305–16.Google Scholar
Holmqvist Gattario, K. and Lunde, C.. Appearance-related practices: Can they be part of a positive body image? In: Daniels, E. A., Gillen, M. M., and Markey, C. H. eds. Body Positive: Understanding and Improving Body Image in Science and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018: 111–34.Google Scholar
Dittmar, H.. Consumer Culture, Identity, and Well-being: The Search for the “Good Life” and the “Body Perfect.” New York: Taylor & Francis, 2008.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Wood-Barcalow, N. L.. What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image 2015; 14: 118–29.Google Scholar
Walker, D. C., Anderson, D. A., and Hildebrandt, T.. Body checking behaviors in men. Body Image 2009; 6: 164–70.Google Scholar
Cash, T. F. and Labarge, A. S.. Development of the Appearance Schemas Inventory: A new cognitive body-image assessment. Cognitive Ther Res 1996; 20: 3750.Google Scholar
Melnyk, S. E., Cash, T. F., and Janda, L. H.. Body image ups and downs: Prediction of intra-individual level and variability of women’s daily body image experiences. Body Image 2004; 1: 225–35.Google Scholar
Rusticus, S. A., Hubley, A. M., and Zumbo, B. D.. Measurement invariance of the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised and the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory across age and gender. Assessment 2008; 15: 6071.Google Scholar
Russell, R.. Cosmetics use: Psychological perspectives. In: Cash, T. F. ed. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance 2012. London: Academic Press, 2012: 366–71.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L., Calogero, R. M., and Danielsdottir, S.. Is intuitive eating the same as flexible dietary control? Their links to each other and well-being could provide an answer. Appetite 2015; 95: 166–75.Google Scholar
Mann, T., Tomiyama, A. J., Westling, E., et al. Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer. Am Psychol 2007; 62: 220–33.Google Scholar
Gillen, M. M. and Dunaev, J.. Body appreciation, interest in cosmetic enhancements, and need for uniqueness among US college students. Body Image 2017; 22: 136–43.Google Scholar
Parker, S., Nichter, M., Nichter, M., et al. Body image and weight concerns among African American and White adolescent females: Differences that make a difference. Hum Organ 1995; 54: 103–14.Google Scholar
Homan, K. J. and Tylka, T. L.. Appearance-based exercise motivation moderates the relationship between exercise frequency and positive body image. Body Image 2014; 11: 101–8.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. and Homan, K. J.. Exercise motives and positive body image in physically active college women and men: Exploring an expanded acceptance model of intuitive eating. Body Image 2015; 15: 90–7.Google Scholar
Kozee, H. B., Tylka, T. L., and Bauerband, L. A.. Measuring transgender individuals’ comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale. Psychol Women Q 2012; 36: 179–96.Google Scholar
Cash, T. F., Jakatdar, T. A., and Williams, E. F.. The Body Image Quality of Life Inventory: Further validation with college men and women. Body Image 2004; 1: 279–87.Google Scholar
Cash, T. F. and Fleming, E. C.. The impact of body image experiences: Development of the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory. Int J Eat Disord 2002; 31: 455–60.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×