Book contents
- Creating Human Nature
- Creating Human Nature
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part I The Political Bioethics of Regulating Genetic Engineering
- Part II The Political Dimensions of Engineering Intelligence
- Part III Inequality as an Unintended Consequence Locally and as a Planetary Phenomenon
- References
- Index
- References
References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 October 2022
Book contents
- Creating Human Nature
- Creating Human Nature
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part I The Political Bioethics of Regulating Genetic Engineering
- Part II The Political Dimensions of Engineering Intelligence
- Part III Inequality as an Unintended Consequence Locally and as a Planetary Phenomenon
- References
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Creating Human NatureThe Political Challenges of Genetic Engineering, pp. 229 - 252Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2022
References
Abney, Keith. 2012. “Robotics, Ethical Theory, and Metaethics: A Guide for the Perplexed,” in Lin, P., Abney, K., and Bekey, G., eds. Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press: 35–52.Google Scholar
Adashi, Eli, and Cohen, Glenn. 2018. “Preventing Mitochondrial Diseases: Embryo-Sparing Donor-Independent Options.” Trends in Molecular Medicine 24: 449–457.Google Scholar
Agar, Nicholas. 2004. Liberal Eugenics: In Defense of Human Enhancement. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Agran, Martin, MacLean, William, and Andren, Katherine. 2015. “‘I Never Thought about It’: Teaching People with Intellectual Disability to Vote.” Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities 50: 388–396.Google Scholar
Almeida, Mara, and Diogo, Rui. 2019. “Human Enhancement: Genetic Engineering and Evolution.” Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 1: 183–189.Google Scholar
Amato, P., Tachibana, M., Sparman, M., and Mitalipov, S.. 2014. “Three-Parent IVF: Gene Replacement for the Prevention of Inherited Mitochondrial Diseases.” Fertility and Sterility 101: 31–35.Google Scholar
Alta Charo, Robin. 2018. “Germline Engineering and Human Rights.” American Journal of International Law Unbound 112: 344–349.Google Scholar
Alta Charo, Robin. 2019. “Rogues and Regulation of Germline Editing.” New England Journal of Medicine 380: 976–980.Google Scholar
American Anthropological Association. 1947. “Statement on Human Rights.” American Anthropologist 49: 539–543.Google Scholar
American Anthropological Association. 1999. “Declaration on Anthropology and Human Rights Committee for Human Rights American Anthropological Association.” https://humanrights.americananthro.org/1999-statement-on-human-rights/Google Scholar
American Association on Mental Retardation. 2002. Mental Retardation: Definition, Classification and Systems of Support. 10th ed. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.Google Scholar
Anastasiou, Dimitris, and Kauffman, James. 2013. “The Social Model of Disability: Dichotomy between Impairment and Disability.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 38: 441–459.Google Scholar
Andorno, Roberto. 2013. Principles of International Biolaw: Seeking Common Ground at the Intersection of Bioethics and Human Rights. Bruxelles: Éditions Bruylant.Google Scholar
Andreychik, Michael, and Gill, Michael. 2015. “Do Natural Kind Beliefs about Social Groups Contribute to Prejudice? Distinguishing Bio-Somatic Essentialism from Bio-Behavioral Essentialism, and Both of These from Entitativity.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 18: 454–474.Google Scholar
Annas, George. 2005. American Bioethics: Crossing Human Rights and Health Law Boundaries. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Applebaum, S., and Heifetz, Y.. 1999. “Density-Dependent Physiological Phase in Insects.” Annual Review of Entomology 44: 317–341.Google Scholar
Araki, Motoko, and Ishii, Tetsuya. 2014. “International Regulatory Landscape and Integration of Corrective Genome Edition into In Vitro Fertilization.” Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 12(108): 1–12.Google Scholar
Arkin, Ronald. 2010. “The Case for Ethical Autonomy in Unmanned Systems.” Journal of Military Ethics 9: 332–341.Google Scholar
Asbury, Kathryn. 2015. “Can Genetics Research Benefit Educational Interventions for All?” Hastings Center Report 45: S39–S42.Google Scholar
Asbury, Kathryn, and Plomin, Robert. 2013. G Is for Genes: The Impact of Genetics on Education and Achievement. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Atran, Scott, and Henrich, Joseph. 2010. “The Evolution of Religion: How By-Products, Adaptive Learning Heuristics, Ritual Displays, and Group Competition Generate Deep Commitments to Prosocial Religions.” Biological Theory 5: 18–30.Google Scholar
Balkin, Jack. 2015. “The Path of Robotics Law.” California Law Review Circuit 6: 45–60.Google Scholar
Ball, Philip. 2018. “Schrödinger’s Cat among Biology’s Pigeons: 75 Years of What Is Life?” Nature 560: 548–550.Google Scholar
Baltimore, D., Berg, P., Botchan, M., Carroll, D., Alta Charo, R., Church, G., et al. 2015. “A Prudent Path Forward for Genomic Engineering and Germline Gene Modification.” Science 348: 36–38.Google Scholar
Barker, Matthew, and Wilson, Robert. 2019. “Well-Being, Disability, and Choosing Children.” Mind 128: 305–328.Google Scholar
Barnes, Elizabeth. 2014. “Valuing Disability, Causing Disability.” Ethics 125: 88–113.Google Scholar
Barnes, Elizabeth. 2016. “Reply to Guy Kahane and Julian Savulescu.” Res Philosophica 93: 295–309.Google Scholar
Bashford, Alison, and Levine, Philippa. 2010. Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bateson, Patrick, and Gluckman, Peter. 2012. “Plasticity, Robustness, Development and Evolution.” International Journal of Epidemiology 41: 219–223.Google Scholar
Batzir, Nurit, Tovin, Adi, and Hendel, Ayal. 2017. “Therapeutic Genome Editing and Its Potential Enhancement through CRISPR Guide RNA and Cas9 Modifications.” Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews 14: 353–363.Google Scholar
Bavelier, D., Savulescu, J., Fried, L., Friedmann, T., Lathan, C., Schürle, S., et al. 2019. “Rethinking Human Enhancement as Collective Welfarism.” Nature Human Behavior 3: 204–206.Google Scholar
Bayat, Hadi, Modarressi, Mohammad, and Rahimpour, Azam. 2018. “The Conspicuity of CRISPR-Cpf1 System as a Significant Breakthrough in Genome Editing.” Current Microbiology 75: 107–115.Google Scholar
Baylis, François. 2016. “‘Broad Societal Consensus’ on Human Germline Editing.” Harvard Health Policy Review 15: 19–22.Google Scholar
Baylis, François. 2017. “Human Germline Genome Editing and Broad Societal Consensus.” Nature Human Behaviour 1: 1–3.Google Scholar
Beauchamp, Tom. 2010. Standing on Principles: Collected Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, Dorothy, McKay, Colin, and Phillips, Kathryn. 2001. “Overcoming the Barriers to Voting Experienced by People with Learning Disabilities.” British Journal of Learning Disabilities 29: 122–127.Google Scholar
Bentham, Jeremy. 1996 [1789]. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Burns, J. and Hart, H. L. A, eds. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Bester, Johan. 2019. “The Best Interest Standard and Children: Clarifying a Concept and Responding to its Critics.” Journal of Medical Ethics 45: 117–124.Google Scholar
Blackmore, E., Putnam, F., Pressman, E., Rubinow, D., Putnam, K., Matthieu, M., et al. 2016. “The Effects of Trauma History and Prenatal Affective Symptoms on Obstetric Outcomes.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 29: 245–252.Google Scholar
Blau, Peter, and Duncan, Otis. 1967. The American Occupational Structure. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Bognar, Greg. 2016. “Is Disability Mere Difference?” Journal of Medical Ethics 42: 46–49.Google Scholar
Bohacek, Johannes, and Mansuy, Isabelle. 2013. “Epigenetic Inheritance of Disease and Disease Risk.” Neuropsychopharmacology 38: 220–236.Google Scholar
Bohman, James, and Rehg, William, eds. 1997. Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bostrom, Nick, and Sandberg, Anders. 2009. “Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges.” Science and Engineering Ethics 15: 311–341.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1983. “Okonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital,” in Kreckel, R., ed. Soziale Ungleichheiten. Soziale Welt, Sonderband 2. Göttingen: Schwartz: 183–198.Google Scholar
Boyanapalli, Sarandeep, and Kong, Ah-Ng. 2015. “Curcumin, the King of Spices: Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Prevention of Cancer, Neurological, and Inflammatory Diseases.” Current Pharmacology Reports 1: 129–139.Google Scholar
Branigan, Amelia, McCallum, Kenneth, and Freese, Jeremy. 2013. “Variation in the Heritability of Educational Attainment: An International Meta-Analysis.” Social Forces 92: 109–140.Google Scholar
Bratsberg, Bernt, and Rogeberg, Ole. 2018. “Flynn Effect and Its Reversal Are Both Environmentally Caused.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115: 6674–6678.Google Scholar
Braun, Bruce, and Whatmore, Sarah. 2010. “The Stuff of Politics: An Introduction,” in Braun, B. and Whatmore, S., eds. Political Matter: Technoscience, Democracy, and Public Life. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press: ix–xl.Google Scholar
Bridges, Robert. 2016. “Long-term Alterations in Neural and Endocrine Processes Induced by Motherhood.” Hormones and Behavior 77: 193–203.Google Scholar
Brinch, Christian, and Galloway, Taryn. 2012. “Schooling in Adolescence Raises IQ Scores.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109: 425–430.Google Scholar
Brown, Ivan, Brown, Roy, and Schippers, Alice. 2019. “A Quality of Life Perspective on the New Eugenics.” Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities 16: 121–126.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen, and Brock, Dan. 1989. Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen, Brock, Dan, Daniels, Norman, and Wikler, Daniel. 2000. From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Buller, David. 2005. Adapting Minds: Evolutionary Psychology and the Persistent Quest for Human Nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Burall, Simon. 2018. “Rethink Public Engagement for Gene Editing.” Nature 555: 438–439.Google Scholar
Burden, B., Fletcher, J., Herd, P., Jones, B., and Moynihan, D.. 2017. “How Different Forms of Health Matter to Political Participation.” Journal of Politics 79: 166–178.Google Scholar
Buzatu, D., Taylor, K., Peret, D., Darsey, J., and Lang, N.. 2001. “The Determination of Cardiac Surgical Risk Using Artificial Neural Networks.” Journal of Surgical Research 95: 61–66.Google Scholar
Cabrera, Laura. 2017. “Reframing Human Enhancement: A Population Health Perspective.” Frontiers in Sociology 2: 1–5.Google Scholar
Calarco, Jessica. 2014. “Coached for the Classroom: Parents’ Cultural Transmission and Children’s Reproduction of Educational Inequalities.” American Sociological Review 79: 1015–1037.Google Scholar
Calkins, Kara, and Devaskar, Sherin. 2011. “Fetal Origins of Adult Disease.” Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care 41: 158–176.Google Scholar
Calo, Ryan. 2015. “Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw.” California Law Review 103: 513–563.Google Scholar
Campbell, Stephen, and Stramondo, Joseph. 2017. “The Complicated Relationship of Disability and Well-Being.” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 27: 151–184.Google Scholar
Campos, Paul. 2004. The Obesity Myth: Why America’s Obsession with Weight Is Hazardous to Your Health. New York: Gotham Books.Google Scholar
Carey, Allison. 2015. “Citizenship,” in Adams, R., Reiss, B., and Serlin, D., eds. Keywords for Disability Studies. New York: New York University Press: 37–39.Google Scholar
Carzis, B., Wainstein, T., Gobetz, L., and Krause, A.. 2019. “Review of 10 Years of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis in South Africa: Implications for a Low-to-Middle-Income Country.” Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 36: 1909–1916.Google Scholar
Cavaliere, Giulia. 2020. “The Problem with Reproductive Freedom: Procreation Beyond Procreators’ Interests.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 23: 131–140.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 2009. “The Climate of History: Four Theses.” Critical Inquiry 35: 197–222.Google Scholar
Chan, S., and Medina Arellano, M.. 2016. “Genome Editing and International Regulatory Challenges: Lessons from Mexico.” Ethics, Medicine and Public Health 2: 426–434.Google Scholar
Ching, Boby, and Jason, Xu. 2018. “The Effects of Gender Neuroessentialism on Transprejudice: An Experimental Study.” Sex Roles 78: 228–241.Google Scholar
Chiao, Joan, and Cheon, Bobby. 2012. “Cultural Neuroscience as Critical Neuroscience in Practice,” in Choudhury, S. and Slaby, J., eds. Critical Neuroscience: A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience. Hoboken, NJ: Willey Blackwell: 287–303.Google Scholar
Childress, James. 2003. “Principles of Biomedical Ethics: Reflections on a Work in Progress,” in Walter, J. and Klein, E., eds. The Story of Bioethics: From Seminal Works to Contemporary Explorations. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press: 47–66.Google Scholar
Chneiweiss, H., Hirsch, F., Montoliu, L., Müller, A., Fenet, S., Abecassis, M., et al. 2017. “Fostering Responsible Research with Genome Editing Technologies: A European Perspective.” Transgenic Research 26: 709–713.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1987. “Language and Freedom,” in Peck, J., ed. The Chomsky Reader. New York: Pantheon Books: 139–155.Google Scholar
Clocksin, William. 2003. “Artificial Intelligence and the Future.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 361: 1721–1748.Google Scholar
Cochrane, Alaisdair. 2012. “Evaluating ‘Bioethical Approaches’ to Human Rights.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 15: 309–322.Google Scholar
Cohen, Joshua. 1994. “Pluralism and Proceduralism.” Chicago–Kent Law Review 69: 589–618.Google Scholar
Comfort, Nathaniel. 2012. The Science of Human Perfection: How Genes Became the Heart of American Medicine. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Conley, D., Domingue, B., Cesarini, D., Dawes, C., Rietveld, C., and Boardman, J.. 2015. “Is the Effect of Parental Education on Offspring Biased or Moderated by Genotype?” Sociological Science 2: 82–105.Google Scholar
Conley, Dalton, and Fletcher, Jason. 2017. The Genome Factor: What the Social Genomics Revolution Reveals about Ourselves, Our History and the Future. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Convention for the Protection of and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine (Oviedo Convention), 4 April 1997, www.coe.int/en/web/bioethics/oviedo-conventionGoogle Scholar
Crutzen, Paul, and Stoermer, Eugene. 2000. “The Anthropocene.” Global Change Newsletter 41: 17–18.Google Scholar
Csibra, Gergely, and György, Gergely. “Natural Pedagogy as Evolutionary Adaptation.” 2011. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366: 1149–1157.Google Scholar
, Culver, , Charles, and Gert, Bernard. 1990. “The Inadequacy of Incompetence.” The Milbank Quarterly 68: 619–643.Google Scholar
Cyranoski, David. 2019. “The CRISPR-Baby Scandal: What’s Next for Human Gene-Editing.” Nature 566: 440–442.Google Scholar
Darwin, Charles. 1854. A Monograph on the Sub-Class Cirripedia, vol. 2. London: Ray Society.Google Scholar
Darwin, Charles. 2004 [1859]. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. New York: Barnes & Noble Classics.Google Scholar
Davies, G., Tenesa, A., Payton, A., Yang, J., Harris, S., Liewald, D., et al. 2011. “Genome-Wide Association Studies Establish That Human Intelligence Is Highly Heritable and Polygenic.” Molecular Psychiatry 16: 996–1005.Google Scholar
Davies, Jeremy. 2016. The Birth of the Anthropocene. Oakland: University of California Press. 2016.Google Scholar
de Miguel Beriain, Iñigo. 2018. “Human Dignity and Gene Editing: Using Human Dignity as an Argument against Modifying the Human Genome and Germline is a Logical Fallacy.” EMBO Reports 19: 1–4.Google Scholar
Derex, Maxime, and Mesoudi, Alex. 2020. “Cumulative Cultural Evolution within Evolving Population Structures.” Trends in Cognitive Science 24: 654–667.Google Scholar
Des Portes, Vincent. 2020. “Intellectual Disability,” in Gallagher, A., Bulteau, C., Cohen, D., and Michaud, J., eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 174. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 113–126.Google Scholar
Devitt, Michael. 2008. “Resurrecting Biological Essentialism.” Philosophy of Science 75: 344–382.Google Scholar
Dewey, John. 1981 [1925]. “Nature, Means and Knowledge,” in Boydston, J. A., ed. John Dewey: The Later Works, 1925–1953, vol. 1. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press: 100–131.Google Scholar
Diderot, Denis. 1966 [1755]. Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers par une société de gens de lettres, vol. 5. Stuttgart: Frommann.Google Scholar
Diderot, Denis. 1966 [1755]. Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers par une société de gens de lettres, vol. 18. Stuttgart: Frommann.Google Scholar
Diderot, Denis. 1989 [1772]. Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville, in: Diderot, Œuvres Complètes, Tome XII. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Doudna, Jennifer and Charpentier, Emmanuelle. 2014. “The New Frontier of Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9.” Science 346: 1077–1087.Google Scholar
Downes, Stephen, and Machery, Edouard. 2013. Arguing about Human Nature: Contemporary Debates. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dryden, John. 1672. The Conquest of Granada by the Spaniards: In Two Parts, Acted at the Theater-Royall. London: Herringman.Google Scholar
Dryzek, J., Nicol, D., Niemeyer, S., Pemberton, S., Curato, N., Bächtiger, A., et al. 2020. “Global Citizen Deliberation on Genome Editing.” Science 369: 1435–1437.Google Scholar
Dunbar, Robin. 2016. Human Evolution: Our Brains and Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dunbar, Robin, Gamble, Clive, and Gowlett, John. 2014. Thinking Big: How the Evolution of Social Life Shaped the Human Mind. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Duncan, L., Shen, H., Gelaye, B., Ressler, K., Feldman, M., Peterson, R., et al. 2019. “Analysis of Polygenic Score Usage and Performance in Diverse Human Populations.” Nature Communications 10: 1–9.Google Scholar
Dupras, Charles, and Ravitsky, Vardit. 2016. “The Ambiguous Nature of Epigenetic Responsibility.” Journal of Medical Ethics 42: 534–541.Google Scholar
Dupré, John. 1999. “On the Impossibility of a Monistic Account of Species,” in Wilson, R., ed. Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 3–22.Google Scholar
Dzau, Victor, McNutt, Marcia, and Ramakrishnan, Venki. 2019. “Academies’ Action Plan for Germline Editing.” Nature 567: 175.Google Scholar
Elliott, Carl. 1998. “The Tyranny of Happiness: Ethics and Cosmetic Psychopharmacology,” in Parens, E., ed. Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press: 177–188.Google Scholar
Elliott, Carl. 2004. Better than Well: American Medicine Meets the American Dream. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Estlund, David. 2008. Democratic Authority: A Philosophical Framework. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
European Convention on Human Rights, 14 March 2014, www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=20550&lang=enGoogle Scholar
Evans, James, and Burke, Wylie. 2008. “Genetic Exceptionalism: Too Much of a Good Thing?” Genetics in Medicine 10: 500–501.Google Scholar
Farrelly, Colin. 2019. “Aging, Geroscience, and Freedom.” Rejuvenation Research 22: 163–170.Google Scholar
Feil, Robert, and Fraga, Mario. 2012. “Epigenetics and the Environment: Emerging Patterns and Implications.” Nature Review Genetics 13: 97–109.Google Scholar
Feinberg, Joel. 1970. “The Nature and Value of Rights.” Journal of Value Inquiry 4: 243–257.Google Scholar
Feinberg, Joel. 1980. “The Child’s Right to an Open Future,” in Aiken, W. and LaFollette, H., eds. Whose Child? Children’s Rights, Parental Authority, and State Power. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield: 124–153.Google Scholar
Ferguson, H., Bovaird, S., and Mueller, M.. 2007. “The Impact of Poverty on Educational Outcomes for Children.” Paediatrics and Child Health 12: 701.Google Scholar
Fernell, Elizabeth, and Gillberg, Christopher. 2020. “Borderline Intellectual Functioning,” in Gallagher, A., Bulteau, C., Cohen, D., and Michaud, J., eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 174. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 77–81.Google Scholar
Fisher, H., Murphy, T., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T., Viana, J., et al. 2015. “Methylomic Analysis of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Childhood Psychotic Symptoms.” Epigenetics 10: 1014–1023.Google Scholar
Fishkin, James. 1997. The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Fishkin, James. 2011. When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, Kevin. 2008. “Medical Enhancement: A Destination of Technological, Not Human, Betterment,” in Gordijn, B. and Chadwick, R., eds., Medical Enhancement and Post-Modernity. Dordrecht: Springer: 39–54.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Michael. 2015. “Google, Others Pave Way for Self-Driving Cars.” US Black Engineer and Information Technology 39: 64–65.Google Scholar
Fowler, Tim. 2015. “In Defence of State Directed Enhancement.” Journal of Applied Philosophy 32: 67–81.Google Scholar
Frati, P., Fineschi, V., Di Sanzo, M., La Russa, R., Scopetti, M., Serveri, F., et al. 2017. “Preimplantation and Prenatal Diagnosis, Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life: A Global View of Bioethical and Legal Controversies.” Human Reproduction Update 23: 338–357.Google Scholar
Frith, Chris. 2007. Making Up the Mind: How the Brain Creates Our Mental World. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fuentes, Agustin. 2008. Evolution of Human Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. 2000. The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Galton, Francis. 1869. Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Harold. 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewoods Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie. 2015. “Eugenics,” in Adams, R., Reiss, B., and Serlin, D., eds. Keywords for Disability Studies. New York: New York University Press: 74–79.Google Scholar
Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie. 2020. “How We Got To CRISPR: The Dilemma of Being Human.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 63: 28–43.Google Scholar
Gastil, John, and Levine, Peter, eds. 2005. The Deliberative Democracy Handbook: Strategies for Effective Civic Engagement in the 21st Century. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Gehl, Robert. 2014. Reverse Engineering Social Media: Software, Culture, and Political Economy in New Media Capitalism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Gehlen, Arnold. 1957. Die Seele im technischen Zeitalter: Sozialpsychologische Probleme in der industriellen Gesellschaft. Hamburg: Rowohlt.Google Scholar
Geuss, Raymond. 2008. Philosophy and Real Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gewirth, Alan. 1982. Human Rights: Essays on Justification and Applications. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gil-White, Francisco. 2001. “Are Ethnic Groups Biological ‘Species’ to the Human Brain? Essentialism in Our Cognition of Some Social Categories.” Current Anthropology 42: 515–554.Google Scholar
Gillborn, David. 2016. “Softly, Softly: Genetics, Intelligence and the Hidden Racism of the New Geneism.” Journal of Education Policy 31: 365–388.Google Scholar
Giubilini, Alberto, and Levy, Neil. 2018. “What in the World Is Collective Responsibility?” Dialectica 72: 191–217.Google Scholar
Shane, Glackin. 2019. “Grounded Disease: Constructing the Social from the Biological in Medicine.” Philosophical Quarterly 69: 258–276.Google Scholar
Godfrey, K., Lillycrop, K., Burdge, G., Gluckman, P., and Hanson, M.. 2007. “Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Mismatch Concept of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease.” Pediatric Research 61: 5–10.Google Scholar
Goold, S., Neblo, M., Kim, S., de Vries, R., Rowe, G., and Muhlberger, P.. 2012. “What Is Good Quality Public Deliberation?” Hasting Center Report 42: 24–26.Google Scholar
Gould, Carol. 2004. Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, James. 2020. “The Complicated but Plain Relationship of Intellectual Disability and Well Being.” Revue Canadienne de bioéthique 3: 37–51.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen Jay. 1986. “Evolution and the Triumph of Homology, or Why History Matters.” American Scientist 74: 60–69.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2002. “Proceduralism Reconceived: Political Conflict Resolution under Conditions of Moral Pluralism.” Theory and Society 31: 741–776.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2003a. Coping in Politics with Indeterminate Norms. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2003b. Thick Norms, Thin Politics: Social Integration across Communities of Belief. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2012a. Human Rights as Social Construction. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2012b. “Genetic Enhancement: A New Dialectic of Enlightenment?,” in Wetzel, D., ed. Perspektiven der Aufklärung: Zwischen Mythos und Realität. Paderborn, Germany: Verlag Wilhelm Fink: 133–146.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2013. “Might the Noble Savage Have Joined the Earliest Cults of Rousseau?,” in Reiling, J. and Tröhler, D., eds. Entre hétérogénéité et imagination. Pratiques de la réception de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Genève, Switzerland: Éditions Slatkine: 347–366.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2016a. The Human Rights State: Justice within and beyond Sovereign Nations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2016b. “Human Rights as Metaphor for Political Community Beyond the Nation State.” Critical Sociology 42: 897–917.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2018a. “Human Genetic Engineering: Biotic Justice in the Anthropocene?,” in DellaSala, D. and Goldstein, M, eds. Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, vol. 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 351–359.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2018b. “How to Read for Current Developments in Human Genetics Relevant to Justice.” Politics and the Life Sciences 37: 262–277.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2020a. “Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Biotechnik: Zur normativen Einschätzung der Humangenmanipulation,” in Keplinger, B. and Schwanniger, F., eds. Optimierung des Menschen. Innsbruck, Austria: Studienverlag: 49–63.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2020b. “Beyond Due Diligence: The Human Rights Corporation.” Human Rights Review 22: 65–89.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2020c. “The Human Rights State: Advancing Justice through Political Imagination,” in Schmidt, K., ed. The State of Human Rights: Historical Genealogies, Political Controversies, and Cultural Imaginaries. Heidelberg, Germany: Winter Verlag: 47–69.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2020d. “A Socialism beyond Human Rights yet in Partnership with Them,” review essay on Not Enough: Human Rights in an Unequal World by Samuel Moyn. Kritikon Litterarum 47: 376–381.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2020e. “Construção Social de uma Natureza Humana Voltada para os Direitos Humanos.” Boletim Goiano de Geografia [Brazil] 40: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.5216/bgg.v40i01.63868Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2021a. “Il contenimento di Covid-19: diritto alla privacy contro diritto alla salute pubblica.” Lessico di etica pubblica [Italy] 2021: 125–163.Google Scholar
Gregg, Benjamin. 2021b. “Human Rights Require yet Contest National Sovereignty: How a Human Rights Corporation Might Help,” in Santos Campos, A. and Cadilha, S., eds. Sovereignty as Value. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield: 215–232.Google Scholar
Griffiths, Paul, Machery, Edouard, and Linquist, Stefan. 2009. “The Vernacular Concept of Innateness.” Mind & Language 24: 605–630.Google Scholar
Grönlund, Kimmo, Bächtiger, André, and Setälä, Maija, eds. 2014. Deliberative Mini-Publics: Involving Citizens in the Democratic Process. Colchester: ECPR Press.Google Scholar
Gupta, Aarti. 2004. “When Global Is Local: Negotiating Safe Use of Biotechnology,” in Jasanoff, S. and Martello, M., eds. Earthly Politics: Local and Global in Environmental Governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 127–148.Google Scholar
Gutmann, Amy, and Thompson, Dennis. 1996. Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gutmann, Amy, and Thompson, Dennis. 1997. “Deliberating about Bioethics.” Hastings Center Report 27: 38–41.Google Scholar
Gutmann, Amy, and Wagner, James. 2017. “Reflections on Democratic Deliberation in Bioethics.” Hastings Center Report 47: S35-S38.Google Scholar
Gyngell, C., Douglas, T., and Savulescu, J.. 2017. “The Ethics of Germline Gene Editing.” Journal of Applied Philosophy 34: 498–513.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 1990. “Discourse Ethics: Notes on a Program of Philosophical Justification.” In Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 43–115.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 1996. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 2001. Die Zukunft der menschlichen Natur: Auf dem Weg zu einer liberalan Eugenik? Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 2004. “Freiheit und Determinismus.” Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 26: 871–890.Google Scholar
Haddock, Adrian, Millar, Alan, and Pritchard, Duncan, eds. 2009. Epistemic Value. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Haff, Peter. 2014. “Humans and Technology in the Anthropocene: Six Rules.” The Anthropocene Review 1: 126–136.Google Scholar
Hansen, Mark, and Müller, Ruth. 2017. “Epigenetic Inheritance and the Responsibility for Health in Society.” The Lancet 5: 11–12.Google Scholar
Harris, John. 2011. “Taking the ‘Human’ Out of Human Rights.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 20: 9–20.Google Scholar
Harris, John 2015. “Germline Manipulation and Our Future Worlds.” American Journal of Bioethics 12: 30–34.Google Scholar
Harris, J. 2016. “Germline Modification and the Burden of Human Existence.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 25: 6–18.Google Scholar
Haslam, Nick, and Levy, Sheri. 2006. “Essentialist Beliefs about Homosexuality: Structure and Implications for Prejudice.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32: 471–485.Google Scholar
Hasson, U., Ghazanfar, A., Galantucci, B., Garrod, S., and Keysers, C.. 2012. “Brain-to-Brain Coupling: A Mechanism for Creating and Sharing a Social World.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16: 114–121.Google Scholar
Hayes, Brian. 2011. “Computing Science: Leave the Driving to It.” American Scientist 99: 362–366.Google Scholar
Heijmans, B., Tobi, E., Stein, A., Putter, H., Blauw, G., Susser, E., et al. 2008. “Persistent Epigenetic Differences Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Famine in Humans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105: 17046–17049.Google Scholar
Heine, Steven. 2017. DNA Is Not Destiny: The Remarkable, Completely Misunderstood Relationship between You and Your Genes. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Heine, Steven, Cheung, Benjamin, and Schmalor, Anita. 2019. “Making Sense of Genetics: The Problem of Essentialism.” Hastings Center Report 49: S19–S26.Google Scholar
Herrick, Charles and Sarewitz, Daniel. 2000. “Ex post Evaluation: A More Effective Role for Scientific Assessments in Environmental Policy.” Science, Technology & Human Values 25: 309–331.Google Scholar
Herrick, Clare. 2009. “Shifting Blame/Selling Health: Corporate Social Responsibility in the Age of Obesity.” Sociology of Health and Illness 31: 51–65.Google Scholar
Heyes, Cecilia. 2018. “Human Nature, Natural Pedagogy, and Evolutionary Causal Essentialism,” in Hannon, E. and Lewens, T., eds. Why We Disagree about Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 76–91.Google Scholar
Hickson, Linda, and Khemka, Ishita. 2013. “Problem Solving and Decision Making,” in Wehmeyer, M., ed. Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Disability. Oxford University Press: Oxford Handbooks Online: 1–44.Google Scholar
Hill, W., Arslan, R., Xia, C., Luciano, M., Amador, C., Navarro, P., et al. 2018. “Genomic Analysis of Family Data Reveals Additional Genetic Effects on Intelligence and Personality.” Molecular Psychiatry 23: 2347–2362.Google Scholar
Ho, Patrick, and Chen, Yvonne. 2017. “Mammalian Synthetic Biology in the Age of Genome Editing and Personalized Medicine.” Current Opinions in Chemical Biology 40: 57–64.Google Scholar
Honneth, Axel. 1998. “Democracy as Reflexive Cooperation: John Dewey and the Theory of Democracy Today.” Political Theory 26: 763–783.Google Scholar
Honneth, Axel. 2017. “Is There an Emancipatory Interest? An Attempt to Answer Critical Theory’s Most Fundamental Question.” European Journal of Philosophy 25: 908–920.Google Scholar
Axel, Honneth, and Farrell, John. 1998. “Democracy as Reflexive Cooperation.” Political Theory 26: 763–783.Google Scholar
Horkheimer, Max, and Adorno, Theodor. 1981 [1944]. Dialektik der Aufklärung. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Huang, Jiaojiao, Wang, Yanfang, and Zhao, Jianguo. 2017. “CRISPR Editing in Biological and Biomedical Investigation.” Journal of Cell Physiology 233: 3875–3891.Google Scholar
Huang, Jonathan, and King, Nicholas. 2018. “Epigenetics Changes Nothing: What a New Scientific Field Does and Does Not Mean for Ethics and Social Justice.” Public Health Ethics 11: 69–81.Google Scholar
Hull, David. 1986. On Human Nature. Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 2: 3–13.Google Scholar
Hull, D. 1992. “A Matter of Individuality,” in Ereshefsky, M., ed. The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 293–316.Google Scholar
Hunt, James. 1864. The Negro’s Place in Nature: A Paper Read before the London Anthropological Society. New York: Van Evrie, Horton & Co.Google Scholar
Hurlbut, J. B. 2015. “Limits of Responsibility: Genome Editing, Asilomar, and the Politics of Deliberation.” Hastings Center Report 45: 11–14.Google Scholar
Husserl, Edmund. 1936. “Die Krisis der Europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendale Philosophie.” Philosophia (Beograd) 1: 77–176.Google Scholar
Hwang, Tim, Pearce, Ian, Nanis, Max. 2012. “Socialbots: Voices from the Fronts.” Interactions 19: 38–45.Google Scholar
International Bioethics Committee, 2 October 2015, Report of the IBC on Updating Its Reflection on the Human Genome and Human Rights. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000233258Google Scholar
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, January 3, 1976, www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspxGoogle Scholar
Isaacs, Tracy. 2006. “Collective Moral Responsibility and Collective Intention.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy 30: 59–73.Google Scholar
Isasi, R., Kleiderman, E., and Knoppers, B.. 2016. “Editing Policy to Fit the Genome?” Science 351: 337–339.Google Scholar
Ishii, Tetsuya. 2017. “The Ethics of Creating Genetically Modified Children Using Genome Editing.” Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 24: 418–423.Google Scholar
Ismaili M’hamdi, H., de Beaufort, I., Jack, B., and Steegers, E.. 2018. “Responsibility in the Age of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) and Epigenetics.” Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 9: 58–62.Google Scholar
Istvan, Zoltan. 2015. “Programming Hate into AI Will Be Controversial, but Possibly Necessary.” TechCrunch, October 18.Google Scholar
Eva, Jablonka, and Lamb, Marion. 1995. Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eva, Jablonka, and Lamb, Marion. 2005. Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jablonka, Eva, and Lamb, Marion. 2014. Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life. Revised ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, John, and Depew, David. 2017. Darwinism, Democracy, and Race: American Anthropology and Evolutionary Biology in the Twentieth Century. Milton Park, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jackson, Nate. 2019. “‘Deaf Spectators’ and Democratic Elitism: Participation, Democracy, and Disability.” The Pluralist 14: 30–52.Google Scholar
Jasanoff, Sheila. 1987. “Contested Boundaries in Policy-Relevant Science.” Social Studies of Science 17: 195–230.Google Scholar
Jasanoff, S. 1998. “Contingent Knowledge: Implications for Implementation and Compliance,” in Weiss, E. and Jacobson, H., eds. Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Environmental Accords. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 63–87.Google Scholar
Jasanoff, Sheila, and Benjamin Hurlbut, J.. 2018. “A Global Observatory for Gene Editing.” Nature 555: 435–437.Google Scholar
Jasanoff, Sheila, Benjamin Hurlbut, J., and Saha, Krishanu. 2015. “CRISPR Democracy: Gene Editing and the Need for Inclusive Deliberation.” Issues in Science and Technology 32: 25–32.Google Scholar
Jirtle, Randy, and Skinner, Michael. 2007. “Environmental Epigenomics and Disease Susceptibility.” Nature Reviews Genetics 8: 253–262.Google Scholar
Jubb, Robert. 2014. “Participation in and Responsibility for State Injustices.” Social Theory and Practice 40: 51–72.Google Scholar
Juengst, Eric. 2009. “What’s Taxonomy Got to Do with It? ‘Species Integrity,’ Human Rights, and Science Policy,” in Savulescu, J. and Bostrom, N., eds. Human Enhancement. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 43–58.Google Scholar
Kahane, Guy, and Savulescu, Julian. 2012. “The Concept of Harm and the Significance of Normality.” Journal of Applied Philosophy 29: 318–332.Google Scholar
Kahane, Guy, and Savulescu, Julian. 2016. “Disability and Mere Difference.” Ethics 126: 774–788.Google Scholar
Kang, X., He, W., Huang, Y., Yu, Q., Chen, Y., Gao, X., et al. 2016. “Introducing Precise Genetic Modifications into Human 3PN Embryos by CRISPR/Cas-mediated Genome Editing.” Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 33: 581–588.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1784. “Was ist Aufklärung?” Berlinische Monatsschrift Dezember-Heft: 481–494.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1923 [1804]. Physische Geographie, in Kants Gesammelten Schriften. Akademieausgabe, vol. 9. Berlin: DeGruyter.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1963 [1785]. Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten in Kants Gesammelten Schriften. Akademieausgabe, vol. 4. Berlin: DeGruyter.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1968 [1797]. Metaphysik der Sitten in: Kants Werke. Akademie Textausgabe, vol. 6. Berlin: DeGruyter.Google Scholar
Kaplan, David, and Manners, Robert. 1972. Culture Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Keenan, J. F. 1999. “‘Whose Perfection Is It Anyway?’ A Virtuous Consideration of Enhancement.” Christian Bioethics 5: 104–120.Google Scholar
Kersten, Jens. 2013. “The Enjoyment of Complexity: A New Political Anthropology for the Anthropocene?” Rachel Carson Center Perspectives 3: 39–55.Google Scholar
Kettering, K. 2020. “‘Is Down Always Out?’: The Right of Icelandic Parents to Use Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Select for a Disability.” George Washington International Law Review 51: 1–29.Google Scholar
Scott, Kim. 2016. “Theory and Practice of Democratic Deliberation in Bioethics Research,” in Ives, J., Dunn, M., and Cribb, A., eds. Empirical Bioethics: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 177–194.Google Scholar
Knoppers, Bartha, and Kleiderman, Erika. 2019. “Heritable Genome Editing: Who Speaks for ‘Future’ Children?” The CRISPR Journal 2: 285–292.Google Scholar
Kofler, N., Collins, J, Kuzma, J., Marris, E., Esvelt, K., Nelson, M., et al. 2018. “Editing Nature: Local Roots of Global Governance.” Science 362: 527–529.Google Scholar
Kong, Camilla. 2017. Mental Capacity in Relationship: Decision-Making, Dialogue, and Autonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kovas, Y., Tikhomirova, T., Selita, F., Tosto, M., and Malykh, S.. 2016. “How Genetics Can Help Education,” in Kovas, Y., Malykh, S., and Gaysina, D., eds. Behavioural Genetics for Education. London: Palgrave Macmillan: 1–23.Google Scholar
Kramer, M. 1998. “Rights without Trimmings,” in Kramer, M., Simmonds, N., and Steiner, H., eds. A Debate over Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 7–111.Google Scholar
Kriebel, David, and Tickner, Joel. 2001. “The Precautionary Principle and Public Health.” American Journal of Public Health 91: 1351–1361.Google Scholar
Kumar, P., Radhakrishnan, J., Chowdhary, M., and Giampietro, P.. 2001. “Prevalence and Patterns of Presentation of Genetic Disorders in a Pediatric Emergency Department.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 76: 777–783.Google Scholar
Christopher, Kuzawa. 2005. “Fetal Origins of Developmental Plasticity: Are Fetal Cues Reliable Predictors of Future Nutritional Environments?” American Journal of Human Biology 17: 5–21.Google Scholar
Laland, K., Uller, T., Feldman, M., Sterelny, K., Müller, G., Moczek, A., et al. 2014. “Does Evolutionary Theory Need a Rethink?” Nature 514: 161–164.Google Scholar
Lander, E., Baylis, F., Zhang, F., Charpentier, E., Berg, P., Bourgain, C., et al. 2019. “Adopt a Moratorium on Heritable Genome Editing.” Nature 567: 165–168.Google Scholar
Lanphier, E., Urnov, F., Haecker, S., Werner, M., and Smolenski, J.. 2015. “Don’t Edit the Human Germ Line.” Nature 519: 410–411.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. 2004. Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Levy, Neil. 2012. “Ecological Engineering: Reshaping Our Environments to Achieve Our Goals.” Philosophy and Technology 25: 589–604.Google Scholar
Lewens, Tim. 2018. “Introduction: The Faces of Human Nature,” in Hannon, E. and Lewens, T., eds. Why We Disagree about Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2018: 1–17.Google Scholar
Lewontin, Richard. 1972. “The Apportionment of Human Diversity,” in Dobzhansky, T., Hecht, M., and Steert, W., eds. Evolutionary Biology. New York: Springer: 381–398.Google Scholar
Lewontin, Richard. 1992. Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Li, Y., Song, Y., Liu, B., and Yu, X.. 2016. “The Potential Application and Challenge of Powerful CRISPR/Cas9 System in Cardiovascular Research.” International Journal of Cardiology 227: 191–193.Google Scholar
Liao, S. Matthew. 2006. “The Idea of a Duty to Love.” Journal of Value Inquiry 40: 1–22.Google Scholar
Liao, S. Matthew. 2019. “Designing Humans: A Human Rights Approach.” Bioethics 33: 98–104.Google Scholar
Link, B., Northridge, M., Phelan, J., and Ganz, M.. 1998. “Social Epidemiology and the Fundamental Cause Concept: On the Structuring of Effective Cancer Screens by Socioeconomic Status.” Milbank Quarterly 76: 375–402.Google Scholar
Linquist, S., Machery, E., Griffiths, P., and Stotz, K.. 2011. “Exploring the Folkbiological Conception of Innateness.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 366: 444–454.Google Scholar
Litfin, Karen. 1994. Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Littoz-Monnet, Annabelle. Governing through Expertise: The Politics of Bioethics. 2020. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Liu, Hexuan. 2018. “Social and Genetic Pathways in Multigenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment.” American Sociological Review 83: 278–304.Google Scholar
Lock, Margaret. 2013. “The Epigenome and Nature/Nurture Reunification: A Challenge for Anthropology.” Medical Anthropology 32: 291–308.Google Scholar
Loi, Michele. 2013. “You Cannot Have Your Normal Functioning Cake and Eat It Too.” Journal of Medical Ethics 39: 748–751.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas. 2012. Theory of Society, vol. 1. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Ma, H., Marti-Gutierrez, N., Park, S., Wu, J., Lee, Y., Suzuki, K., et al. 2017. “Correction of a Pathogenic Gene Mutation in Human Embryos.” Nature 548: 413–419.Google Scholar
, MacGillivray, , Anna, and Livesey, Hilary. 2018. “Report to the Royal Society: Evaluation of Genetic Technologies Public Dialogue and Opinion Survey.” London: Royal Society (Genetic Technologies). https://royalsociety.org/~/media/policy/projects/gene-tech/genetic-technologies-public-dialogue-ursus-evaluation.pdf.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1999. Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues. Chicago: Open Court.Google Scholar
Macklin, Ruth. 2003. “Dignity Is a Useless Concept.” British Medical Journal 327: 1419–1420.Google Scholar
Marmot, Michael. 2015. The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World. New York: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Martiny, Kristian. 2015. “How to Develop a Phenomenological Model of Disability.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 18: 553–565.Google Scholar
Martschenko, Daphne, Trejo, Sam, and Domingue, Benjamin. 2019. “Genetics and Education: Recent Developments in the Context of an Ugly History and an Uncertain Future.” AERA Open 5: 1–15.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. 1968 [1867]. Das Kapital, Band 1, in Karl Marx – Friedrich Engels – Werke, vol. 23. Berlin: Dietz Verlag.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. 1998 [1844]. “Thesen über Feuerbach,” in Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, Gesamtausgabe, vol. 3. Berlin: Dietz Verlag: 19–21.Google Scholar
Maslen, Hannah, Pugh, Jonathan, and Savulescu, Julian. 2015. “The Ethics of Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa.” Neuroethics 8: 215–230.Google Scholar
Matthen, Mohan. 1998. “Biological Universals and the Nature of Fear.” Journal of Philosophy, 95: 105–132.Google Scholar
McCulloch, Warren, and Pitts, Walter. 1943. “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity.” Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5: 115–133.Google Scholar
Mehlman, Maxwell, Berg, Jessica, and Ray, Soumya. 2017. “Robot Law.” Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies, Working Paper 2017-1. Case Western Reserve University.Google Scholar
Maurizio, Meloni. 2015. “Epigenetics for the Social Sciences: Justice, Embodiment, and Inheritance in the Postgenomic Age.” New Genetics and Society 34: 125–151.Google Scholar
Meloni, Maurizio. 2016. Political Biology: Science and Social Values in Human Heredity from Eugenics to Epigenetics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Meloni, Maurizio, and Testa, Giuseppe. 2014. “Scrutinizing the Epigenetics Revolution.” BioSocieties 9: 431–456.Google Scholar
Mianné, J., Codner, G., Caulder, A., Fell, R., Hutchison, M., King, R., et al. 2017. “Analysing the Outcome of CRISPR-Aided Genome Editing in Embryos: Screening, Genotyping and Quality Control.” Methods 121–122: 68–76.Google Scholar
Migliano, A., Battiston, F., Viguier, S., Page, E., Dyble, M., Schlaepfer, R., et al. 2020. “Hunter-Gatherer Multilevel Sociality Accelerates Cumulative Cultural Evolution.” Science Advances 6: 1–7.Google Scholar
Minsky, Marvin. 1952. A Neural-Analogue Calculator Based Upon a Probability Model of Reinforcement. Harvard University Psychological Laboratories Internal Report.Google Scholar
Miyamoto, Tatsuo, Akutsu, Silvia, and Matsuura, Shinya. 2018. “Updated Summary of Genome Editing Technology in Human Cultured Cells Linked to Human Genetics Studies.” Journal of Human Genetics 63: 133–143.Google Scholar
Monast, Jonas. 2018. “Editing Nature: Reconceptualizing Biotechnology Governance.” Boston College Law Review 59: 2377–2436.Google Scholar
Morgan, Daniel, and Whitelaw, Emma. 2008. “The Case for Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance in Humans.” Mammalian Genome 19: 394–397.Google Scholar
Morton, Thomas, Hornsey, Matthew, and Postmes, Tom. 2009. “Shifting Ground: The Variable Use of Essentialism in Contexts of Inclusion and Exclusion.” British Journal of Social Psychology 48: 35–59.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. International Summit on Human Gene Editing: A Global Discussion. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Nielsen, François, and Micah Roos, J.. 2015. “Genetics of Educational Attainment and the Persistence of Privilege at the Turn of the 21st Century.” Social Forces 94: 535–561.Google Scholar
Neimanis, A., Åsberg, C., and Hedrén, J.. 2015. “Four Problems, Four Directions for Environmental Humanities: Toward Critical Posthumanities for the Anthropocene.” Ethics and the Environment 20: 67–97.Google Scholar
Noble, D., Jablonka, E., Joyner, M., Müller, G., Omholt, S.. 2014. “Evolution Evolves: Physiology Returns to Centre Stage.” Journal of Physiology 592: 2237–2244.Google Scholar
Noë, Alva. 2009. Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain, and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 2018. Genome Editing and Human Reproduction: Social and Ethical Issues. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 1997. “Capabilities and Human Rights.” Fordham Law Review 66: 273–300.Google Scholar
O’Doherty, Kieran, and Burgess, Michael. 2013. “Public Deliberation to Develop Ethical Norms and Inform Policy for Biobanks: Lessons Learnt and Challenges Remaining.” Research Ethics Review 9: 55–77.Google Scholar
Okasha, Samir. 2002. “Darwinian Metaphysics: Species and the Question Of Essentialism.” Synthese 131: 191–213.Google Scholar
Oreskes, Naomi. 2007. “The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We’re Not Wrong?,” in Dimento, J. and Doughman, P., eds. Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 65–99.Google Scholar
Painter, Rebecca, Roseboom, Tessa, and Bleker, Otto. 2005. “Prenatal Exposure to the Dutch Famine and Disease in Later Life: An Overview.” Reproductive Toxicology 20: 345–352.Google Scholar
Panofsky, Aaron. 2015. “What Does Behavioral Genetics Offer for Improving Education?” Hastings Center Report 45: S43–S49.Google Scholar
Parekh, Sarena. 2007. “Resisting ‘Dull and Torpid’ Assent: Returning to the Debate over the Foundations of Human Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 29: 754–778.Google Scholar
Parens, Erik, and Appelbaum, Paul. 2015. “An Introduction to Thinking about Trustworthy Research into the Genetics of Intelligence.” Hastings Center Report 45: S2-S8.Google Scholar
Patel, Dilip, Cabral, Maria, Ho, Arlene, Merrick, Joav. 2020. “A Clinical Primer on Intellectual Disability.” Translational Pediatrics 9: S23–S35.Google Scholar
Peirce, Charles. 1986. “Toward a Logic Book, 1872–73,” in Kloesel, C., ed. Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition, vol. 3. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 14–108.Google Scholar
Pembrey, M., Bygren, L., Kaati, G., Edvinsson, S., Northstone, K., Sjöström, M., et al. 2006. “Sex-Specific, Male-Line Transgenerational Responses in Humans.” European Journal of Human Genetics 14: 159–166.Google Scholar
Persson, Ingmar, and Savulescu, Julian. 2012. Unfit for the Future: The Need for Moral Enhancement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Peter, C., Fischer, L., Kundakovic, M., Garg, P., Jakovcevski, M., Dincer, A., et al. 2016. “DNA Methylation Signatures of Early Childhood Malnutrition Associated with Impairments in Attention and Cognition.” Biological Psychiatry 80: 765–774.Google Scholar
Pickering, John. 1993. “The New Artificial Intelligence and Biological Plausibility,” in Valenti, S. and Pittenger, J., eds. Studies in Perception and Action II. London: Psychology Press: 126–129.Google Scholar
Pinker, Steven. 2002. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Plessner, Helmut. 1981 [1928]. “Die Stufen des Organischen und der Mensch. Einleitung in die philosophische Anthropologie,” in Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 4. Frankfurt am Maim: Suhrkamp Verlag.Google Scholar
Plomin, Robert, and von Stumm, Sophie. 2018. “The New Genetics of Intelligence.” Nature Reviews: Genetics 19: 148–159.Google Scholar
Powell, Russell. 2015. “In Genes We Trust: Germline Engineering, Eugenics, and the Future of the Human Genome.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 40: 669–695.Google Scholar
Powell, Russell, and Buchanan, Allen. 2011. “Breaking Evolution’s Chains: The Prospect of Deliberate Genetic Modification in Humans.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 36: 6–27.Google Scholar
Powers, Madison. 2005. “Bioethics as Politics: The Limits of Moral Expertise.” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 15: 305–322.Google Scholar
Pratt, Gill. 2015. “Is a Cambrian Explosion Coming for Robotics?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 29: 51–60.Google Scholar
President’s Council on Bioethics, July 2002, Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry. https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/cloningreport/Google Scholar
Protzko, John. 2016. “Does the Raising IQ−Raising G Distinction Explain the Fadeout Effect?” Intelligence 56: 65–71.Google Scholar
Pulvermüller, F., Huss, M., Kherif, F., Martin, F., Hauk, O., and Shtyrov, Y.. 2006. “Motor Cortex Maps Articulatory Features of Speech Sounds.” PNAS 103: 7865–7870.Google Scholar
Rath, Johannes. 2018. “Safety and Security Risks of CRISPR/Cas9,” in Schroeder, D., Cook, J., Hirsch, F., Fenet, S., and Muthuswamy, V., eds. Ethics Dumping: Case Studies from North–South Research Collaborations. Cham, Switzerland: Springer: 107–113.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. 1997. “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited.” University of Chicago Law Review 64: 765–807.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. 1999. Collected Papers. Freeman, S., ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Reardon, Sara. 2019. “World Health Organization Panel Enters CRISPR-Baby Debate.” Nature 567: 444–445.Google Scholar
Richardson, Ken. 2017. Genes, Brains, and Human Potential: The Science and Ideology of Intelligence. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Richardson, Sarah. 2015. “Maternal Bodies in the Postgenomic Order: Gender and the Explanatory Landscape of Epigenetics,” in Richardson, S. and Stevens, H., eds. Postgenomics: Perspectives on Biology after the Genome. Durham, NC: Duke University Press: 210–231.Google Scholar
Richerson, Peter, and Boyd, Robert. 2008. Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rissanen, A., Hakala, P., Lissner, L., Mattlar, C-E., Koskenvuo, M., and Rönnemaa, T.. 2002. “Acquired Preference Especially for Dietary Fat and Obesity: A Study of Weight-Discordant Monozygotic Twin Pairs.” International Journal of Obesity 26: 973–977.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Alexander. 1985. The Structure of Biological Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Noah. 2011. “A Population-Genetic Perspective on the Similarities and Differences among Worldwide Human Populations.” Human Biology 83: 659–684.Google Scholar
Rothstein, Mark, Harrell, Heather, and Marchant, Gary. 2017. “Transgenerational Epigenetics and Environmental Justice.” Environmental Epigenetics 3: 1–12.Google Scholar
Ruse, Michael, and Wilson, Edward. 1986. “Moral Philosophy as Applied Science.” Philosophy 61: 173–192.Google Scholar
Sadler, Brook. 2006. “Shared Intentions and Shared Responsibility.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy 30: 115–144.Google Scholar
Sagoff, Mark. 2005. “Nature and Human Nature,” in Baillie, H. and Casey, T., eds. Is Human Nature Obsolete? Genetics, Bioengineering, and the Future of the Human Condition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 67–98.Google Scholar
Sanchis-Gomar, F., Garcia-Gimenez, J., Perez-Quilis, C., Gomez-Cabrera, M., Pallardo, F., and Lippi, G.. 2012. “Physical Exercise as an Epigenetic Modulator: Eustress, the ‘Positive Stress’ as an Effector of Gene Expression.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 26: 3469–3472.Google Scholar
Sandberg, Anders, and Savulescu, Julian. 2011. “The Social and Economic Impacts of Cognitive Enhancement,” in Savulescu, J., ter Meulen, R., and Kahane, G., eds. Enhancing Human Capacities. Chichester: Blackwell: 92–112.Google Scholar
Sandini, Giulio, Metta, Giorgio, and Vernon, David 2007. “The iCub Cognitive Humanoid Robot: An Open-System Research Platform for Enactive Cognition,” in Lungarella, M., Iida, F., Bongard, J., and Pfeifer, R., eds. Fifty Years of Artificial Intelligence. Berlin: Springer: 358–369.Google Scholar
Santos, M., Figueredo, J., Bezerra, L., and Magalhães, Francisco. 2016. “Neuronal Plasticity Mechanisms Induced by Brain–Machine Interfaces: Connecting Brain to Artificial Neural Network.” Revista de Medicina e Saúde de Brasília 5: 264–269.Google Scholar
Saran, Ashrita, White, Howard, and Kuper, Hannah. 2020. “Evidence and Gap Map of Studies Assessing the Effectiveness of Interventions for People with Disabilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.” Campbell Systematic Reviews 16: 1–34.Google Scholar
Savage, J., Jansen, P., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., Bryois, J., de Leeuw, C., et al. 2018. “Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis in 269,867 Individuals Identifies New Genetic and Functional Links to Intelligence.” Nature Genetics 50: 912–919.Google Scholar
Savulescu, Julian, and Kahane, Guy. 2009. “The Moral Obligation to Create Children with the Best Chance of the Best Life.” Bioethics 23: 274–290.Google Scholar
Savulescu, Julian, Sandberg, Anders, and Kahane, Guy. 2011. “Well-Being and Enhancement,” in Savulescu, J., ter Meulen, R., and Kahane, G., eds. Enhancing Human Capacities. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell: 3–18.Google Scholar
Scarr, Sandra. 1992. “Developmental Theories for the 1990s: Development and Individual Differences.” Child Development 63: 1–19.Google Scholar
Scorza, P., Duarte, C., Hipwell, A., Posner, J., Ortin, A., Canino, G., et al. 2019. “Intergenerational Transmission of Disadvantage: Epigenetics and Parents’ Childhoods as the First Exposure.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 60: 119-132.Google Scholar
Schalock, Robert, and Luckasson, Ruth. 2004. “American Association on Mental Retardation’s Definition, Classification, and System of Supports and Its Relation to International Trends and Issues in the Field of Intellectual Disabilities.” Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities 1: 136–146.Google Scholar
Schalock, Robert, Luckasson, Ruth, and Tassé, Marc. 2019. “The Contemporary View of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Implications for Psychologists.” Psicothema 31: 223–228.Google Scholar
Schmidhuber, Jürgen. 2015. “Deep Learning in Neural Networks: An Overview.” Neural Networks 61: 85–117.Google Scholar
Schroeder, D., Cook, J., Hirsch, F., Fenet, S., and Muthuswamy, V., eds. 2018. Ethics Dumping: Studies from North–South Research Collaboration. Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Segerstrale, Ullica. 2001. Defenders of the Truth: The Sociobiology Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Selzam, S., Krapohl, E., von Stumm, S., O’Reilly, P., Rimfeld, K., Kovas, Y., et al. 2017. “Predicting Educational Achievement from DNA.” Molecular Psychiatry 22: 267–272.Google Scholar
Shakeshaft, N., Trzaskowski, M., McMillan, A., Rimfeld, K., Krapohl, E., Haworth, C., et al. 2013. “Strong Genetic Influence on a UK Nationwide Test of Educational Achievement at the End of Compulsory Education at Age 16.” PLOS ONE 8(12): e80341. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080341.Google Scholar
Sheehan, Mark, Dunn, Michael, and Sahan, Kate. 2017. “In Defence of Governance: Ethics Review and Social Research.” Journal of Medical Ethics 44: 710–716.Google Scholar
Shockley, William. 1971. “Negro IQ Deficit: Failure of a ‘Malicious Coincidence’ Model Warrants New Research Proposals.” Review of Educational Research 4: 227–248.Google Scholar
Shogren, Karrie. 2013. “Cognitive and Developmental Disabilities,” in Wehmeyer, M., ed. Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Disability. Oxford Handbooks Online: 442–451.Google Scholar
Sikela, James. 2006. “The Jewels of Our Genome: The Search for the Genomic Changes Underlying the Evolutionarily Unique Capacities of the Human Brain.” PLoS Genetics 2(5): e80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020080Google Scholar
Silvers, Anita, and Francis, Leslie. 2009. “Thinking about the Good: Reconfiguring Liberal Metaphysics (or Not) for People with Cognitive Disabilities.” Metaphilosophy 40: 475–498.Google Scholar
Sinclair, K., Lea, R., Rees, W., and Young, L.. 2007. “The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Current Theories and Epigenetic Mechanisms.” Society of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement 64: 425–443.Google Scholar
Singer, Beth. 1999. Pragmatism, Rights, and Democracy. New York: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar
Smail, Daniel. 2008. On Deep History and the Brain. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Small, Mario, Jarding, David, and Lamont, Michèle. 2010. “Reconsidering Culture and Poverty.” Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science 29: 6–27.Google Scholar
Smoyer-Tomic, Karen, Spence, John, and Amrhein, Carl. 2006. “Food Deserts in the Prairies? Supermarket Accessibility and Neighbourhood Need in Edmonton, Canada.” Professional Geographer 58: 307–326.Google Scholar
Sober, Elliott. 1992. “Evolution, Population Thinking, and Essentialism,” in Ereshefsky, M., ed., The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 247–278.Google Scholar
Solomon, Scott. 2016. Future Humans: Inside the Science of Our Continuing Evolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sparrow, Robert. 2012. “Can Machines Be People? Reflections on the Turing Triage Test,” in Lin, P., Abney, K., and Bekey, G., eds. Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 301–315.Google Scholar
Stengers, Isabelle. 2003. “Including Nonhumans in Political Theory: Opening Pandora’s Box?,” in Braun, B. and Whatmore, S., eds. Political Matter: Technoscience, Democracy, and Public Life. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press: 3–34.Google Scholar
Sterelny, Kim. 2018. “Skeptical Reflections on Human Nature,” in Hannon, E. and Lewens, T., eds. Why We Disagree about Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 108–126.Google Scholar
Szyf, Moshe. 2015. “Nongenetic Inheritance and Transgenerational Epigenetics.” Trends in Molecular Medicine 21: 134–144.Google Scholar
Tabery, James. 2015. “Why Is Studying the Genetics of Intelligence So Controversial?” Hastings Center Report 45: S9–S14.Google Scholar
Tamir, Sivan. 2016. “Postnatal Human Genetic Enhancement: A Consideration of Children’s Right to Be Genetically Enhanced.” Frontiers in Sociology: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2016.00015Google Scholar
Tang, Huibin, and Schrager, Joseph. 2016. “CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Genome Editing to Treat EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer: A Personalized Molecular Surgical Therapy.” EMBO Molecular Medicine 8: 83–85.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles. 1991. The Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Maria. 2014. “Influences on a Changed Story and the New Normal: Scientists’ Beliefs and Public Skepticism,” in Taylor, M., ed. Global Warming and Climate Change. Canberra, Australia: ANU Press: 133–146.Google Scholar
Tergesen, Anne, and Inada, Miho. 2010. “It’s Not a Stuffed Animal, It’s a $6,000 Medical Device: Paro the Robo-Seal Aims to Comfort Elderly, but Is It Ethical?” Wall Street Journal, June 21.Google Scholar
Terzi, Lorella. 2015. “Cognitive Disability, Capability Equality, and Citizenship,” in Hirschmann, N. and Linker, B., eds. Civil Disabilities: Citizenship, Membership, and Belonging. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press: 186–203.Google Scholar
Theofilopoulou, Areti. 2021. “Political Liberalism and Cognitive Disability: An Inclusive Account.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2021.1913888Google Scholar
Thrun, Sebastian, and Rose, Gideon. 2013. “Google’s X-Man: A Conversation with Sebastian Thrun.” Foreign Affairs 92: 2–8.Google Scholar
Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1981 [1835]. De la démocratie en Amérique, vol. 2. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion.Google Scholar
Tolleneer, Jan, Sterckx, Sigrid, and Bonte, Pieter. 2013. Athletic Enhancement, Human Nature and Ethics: Threats and Opportunities of Doping Technologies. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Tomasello, Michael. 2009. The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tomasello, Michael. 2019. Becoming Human: A Theory of Ontogeny. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tooby, John, and Cosmides, Leda. 1992. “The Psychological Foundations of Culture,” in Barkow, J., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J., eds. The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press: 19–136.Google Scholar
Torrance, Steve. 2012. “Artificial Agents and the Expanding Ethical Circle.” AI & Society 28: 399–414.Google Scholar
Trejo, S., Belsky, D., Boardman, J., Freese, J., Harris, K., Herd, P., et al. 2018. “Schools as Moderators of Genetic Associations with Life Course Attainments: Evidence from the WLS and Add Health.” Sociological Science 5: 513–540.Google Scholar
Trischler, Helmuth, and Will, Fabienne. 2017. “Technosphere, Technocene, and the History of Technology.” ICON: Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology 23: 1–17.Google Scholar
Turkheimer, Eric, and Gottesman, Irving. 1991. “Individual Differences and the Canalization of Human Behavior.” Developmental Psychology 27: 18–22.Google Scholar
Turkheimer, E., Haley, A., Waldron, M., D’Onofrio, B., and Gottesman, I.. 2003. “Socioeconomic Status Modifies Heritability of IQ in Young Children.” Psychological Science 14: 623–628.Google Scholar
Union of the Physically Impaired against Segregation. 1976. Fundamental Principles of Disability. London.Google Scholar
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, December 10, 1948, www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/udhr.pdfGoogle Scholar
Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, October 19, 2005, https://en.unesco.org/themes/ethics-science-and-technology/bioethics-and-human-rightsGoogle Scholar
Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, December 9, 1998, www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/humangenomeandhumanrights.aspxGoogle Scholar
van Beers, Britta. 2020. “Rewriting the Human Genome, Rewriting Human Rights Law? Human Rights, Human Dignity, and Human Germline Modification in the CRISPR Era.” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 7: 1–36.Google Scholar
van den Bergh, B., van den Heuvel, M., Lahti, M., Braeken, M., de Rooij, S., Entringer, S., Hoyer, D., et al. 2017. “Prenatal Developmental Origins of Behavior and Mental Health: The Influence of Maternal Stress in Pregnancy.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 117: 26–64.Google Scholar
Varela, F., Coutinho, A., Dupire, B., and Vaz, N. 1988. “Cognitive Networks: Immune, Neural, and Otherwise,” in Perelson, A., ed. Theoretical Immunology, Part II. SFI Series on the Science of Complexity. Boston: Addison-Wesley: 359–375.Google Scholar
Vears, Danya, and D’Abramo, Flavio. 2018. “Health, Wealth and Behavioural Change: An Exploration of Role Responsibilities in the Wake of Epigenetics.” Journal of Community Genetics 9: 153–167.Google Scholar
Vico, Giambattista. 2008 [1710]. L’antichissima sapienza degli italici. In Metafisica e Metodo. Milano: Bompiani.Google Scholar
Vincent, Nicole. 2011. “The Challenges Posed to Private Law by Emerging Cognitive Enhancement Technologies,” in Vincent, N., Muller, S., Zouridis, S., Frishman, M., and Kistemaker, L., eds. The Law of the Future and the Future of the Law. Oslo: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher: 511–521.Google Scholar
Vladeck, David. 2014. “Machines without Principals: Liability Rules and Artificial Intelligence.” Washington Law Review 89: 117–150.Google Scholar
Voltaire [François Marie Arouet]. 1878 [1756]. Essai sur les mœurs et l’esprit des nations, in Œuvres Complètes de Voltaire, Tome XI. Paris: Garnier Frères.Google Scholar
Voltaire [François Marie Arouet]. 1878 [1756]. Essai sur les mœurs et l’esprit des nations, in Œuvres Complètes de Voltaire, Tome XII. Paris: Garnier Frères.Google Scholar
Wade, Nicholas. 2014. A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History. New York: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Waggoner, Miranda, and Uller, Tobias. 2015. “Epigenetic Determinism in Science and Society.” New Genetics and Society 34: 177–195.Google Scholar
Wakefield, Jerome. 2015. “Psychological Justice: DSM-5, False Positive Diagnosis, and Fair Equality of Opportunity.” Public Affairs Quarterly 29: 32–75.Google Scholar
Waldschmidt, Anne, and Sépulchre, Marie. 2019. “Citizenship: Reflections on a Relevant but Ambivalent Concept for Persons with Disabilities.” Disability & Society 34: 421–448.Google Scholar
Wallach, Wendell, and Allen, Colin. 2009. Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Warren, Mark, and Gastil, John. 2015. “Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship?” Journal of Politics 77: 562–574.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 2002 [1922]. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriß der verstehenden Soziologie. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Google Scholar
Weber, Wendell. 2007. “Epigenetics,” in Taylor, J. and Triggle, D., eds. Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II, vol. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science: 251–278.Google Scholar
Wehmeyer, Michael. 2005. “Self-determination and Individuals with Severe Disabilities: Re-Examining Meanings and Misinterpretations.” Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities 30: 113–120.Google Scholar
Weizenbaum, Joseph. 1976. Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation. New York: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Wells, Jonathan. 2007. “The Thrifty Phenotype as an Adaptive Maternal Effect.” Biological Reviews 82: 143–172.Google Scholar
West-Eberhard, Mary. 2003. Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wichansawakun, Sanit, and Buttar, Harpal. 2019. “Antioxidant Diets and Functional Foods Promote Healthy Aging and Longevity through Diverse Mechanisms of Action,” in Singh, R., Watson, R., and Takahashi, T., eds. The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health. London: Academic Press: 541–563.Google Scholar
Wilson, Edward. 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2015. Global Risks, 10th ed. Geneva. http://go.nature.com/2oRe03fGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2017. “Global Risks 2015.” Tenth edition. http://go.nature.com/2oRe03fGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. 2001. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/icd/icfoverview_finalforwho10sept.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. 2020. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics: Disorders of Intellectual Development. https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f605267007Google Scholar
World Wide Web Foundation. 2017. Algorithmic Accountability: Applying the Concept to Different Country Contexts. https://webfoundation.org/docs/2017/07/Algorithms_Report_WF.pdfGoogle Scholar
Yao, Xin. 1999. “Evolving Artificial Neural Networks.” Proceedings of the IEEE 87: 1423–1447.Google Scholar
Yu, C-C., Furukawa, M, Kobayashi, K, Shikishima, C, Cha, P, Sese, J, et al. 2012. “Genome-Wide DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Analyses of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Intelligence Levels.” PLoS ONE 7(10): e47081. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047081Google Scholar
Zhou, T., Zhu, H., Fan, Z., Wang, F., et al. 2017. “History of Winning Remodels Thalamo–PFC Circuit to Reinforce Social Dominance.” Science 357: 162–168.Google Scholar
Zinn, Jens. 2016. “Living in the Anthropocene: Towards a Risk-Taking Society.” Environmental Sociology 2: 385–394.Google Scholar