American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Arntz, A., Meeren, M., & Wessel, I. (2002). No evidence for overgeneral memories in borderline personality disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1063–1068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Spinhoven, P., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). Failures to retrieve specific memories in previously depressed individuals: random errors or content-related. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1859–1869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bender, D. S., Dolan, R. T., Skodol, A. E., Sanislow, C. A., Dyck, I. R., McGlashan, T. H., …, Gunderson, J. G. (2001). Treatment utilization by patients with personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 295–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 594–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107, 261–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Conway, M. A., Singer, J. A., & Tagini, A. (2004). The self and autobiographical memory: correspondence and coherence. Social Cognition, 22, 491–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). Cue self-relevance affects autobiographical memory specificity in individuals with a history of major depression. Memory, 15, 312–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Debeer, E., Raes, F., Williams, J. M. G., & Hermans, D. (2012). Flexible use of overgeneral autobiographical memory as an avoidant coping strategy in nonclinical individuals. Paper presented at the International Meeting of the FWO Scientific Research Network “Temperamental and cognitive vulnerability to the dysregulation of affect and behaviour,” Leuven, Belgium.Google Scholar

Goddard, L., Dritschel, B., & Burton, A. (1996). Role of autobiographical memory in social problem solving and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 609–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grant, B. F., Chou, S. P., Goldstein, R. B., Huang, M. P. H. B., Stinson, F. S., Saha, T. D., et al. (2008). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder: results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 533–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Griffith, J. W., Sumner, J. A., Raes, F., Barnhofer, T., Debeer, E., & Hermans, D. (2012). Current psychometric and methodological issues in the measurement of overgeneral autobiographical memory. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, S21–S31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gunderson, J. G. (2009). Borderline personality disorder: ontogeny of a diagnosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 530–539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hermans, D. Defranc, A., Raes, F., Williams, J. M. G., & Eelen, P. (2005). Reduced autobiographical memory specificity as an avoidant coping style. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 583–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hertel, P. T., & Hardin, T. S. (1990). Remembering with and without awareness in a depressed mood: evidence of deficits in initiative. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 45–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, B. Heard, H., Startup, M., Swales, M., Williams, J. M. G., & Jones, R. S. P. (1999). Autobiographical memory and dissociation in borderline personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1397–1404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jørgensen, C. R., Berntsen, D., Bech, M., Kjøbye, M., Bennedsen, B. E., & Ramsgaard, S. B. (2012). Identity-related autobiographical memories and cultural life scripts in patients with borderline personality disorder. Consciousness and Cognition, 21, 788–798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kremers, I. P., Spinhoven, Ph., & Van der Does, A. J. W. (2004). Autobiographical memory in depressed and non-depressed patients with borderline personality disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 17–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kremers, I. P., Spinhoven, Ph., Van der Does, A. J. W., & Van Dyck, R. (2006a). Autobiographical memory in depressed and nondepressed patients with borderline personality disorder after long-term psychotherapy. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 448–465.Google Scholar

Kremers, I. P., Spinhoven, Ph., Van der Does, A. J. W., & Van Dyck, R. (2006b). Social problem solving, autobiographical memory and future specificity in outpatients with borderline personality disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 131–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E. Kruse, J., New, A. S., & Leweke, F. (2011). Seminar: borderline personality disorder. The Lancet, 377, 74–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Maurex, L. (2009). Neuropsychological functions in women with borderline personality disorder and a history of suicide attempts. Ph.D. thesis, Karolinska Institutet.Google Scholar

Maurex, L., Lekander, M., Nilsonne, Å., Andersson, E. E., Åsberg, M., & Öhman, A. (2010). Social problem solving, autobiographical memory, trauma, and depression in women with borderline personality disorder and a history of suicide attempts. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 327–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McNally, R. J., Lasko, N. B., Macklin, M. L., & Pitman, R. K. (1995). Autobiographical memory disturbance in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 619–630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Moore, S. A., & Zoellner, L. A. (2007). Overgeneral autobiographical memory and traumatic events: an evaluative review. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 419–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Moradi, A. R., Taghavi, R., Neshat-Doost, H. T., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (2000). Memory bias for emotional information in children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 521–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Muenks, K. (2010). Overgeneral memory as an emotion regulation strategy. Senior honors thesis, Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Norman, D. A., & Bobrow, D. G. (1979). Description: an intermediate stage in memory retrieval. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 107–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Paris, J., & Zweig-Frank, H. (2001). A 27-year follow-up of patients with borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 482–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Raes, F. Hermans, D., Williams, J. M. G., Demyttenaere, K., Sabbe, B. Pieters, G., & Eelen, P. (2005). Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory: a mediator between rumination and ineffective social problem-solving in major depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 87, 331–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Reid, T., & Startup, M. (2010). Autobiographical memory specificity in borderline personality disorder: associations with co-morbid depression and intellectual ability. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 413–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Reiser, B. J., Black, J. B., & Abelson, R. P. (1985). Knowledge structures in the organization and retrieval of autobiographical memories. Cognitive Psychology, 17, 89–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Renneberg, B., Theobald, E., Nobs, M., & Weisbrod, M. (2005). Autobiographical memory in borderline personality disorder and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 343–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D., & Hutson, M. (2009). The normative and the personal life: individual differences in life scripts and life story events among USA and Danish undergraduates. Memory, 17, 54–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., Morey, L. C., Bender, D. S., Skodol, A. E. Gunderson, J. G., et al. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV criteria for borderline personality disorder: findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 284–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schönfeld, S., & Ehlers, A. (2006). Overgeneral memory extends to pictorial retrieval cues and correlates with cognitive features in posttraumatic stress disorder. Emotion, 6, 611–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Shiner, R. L. (2009). The development of personality disorders: perspectives from normal personality development in childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 715–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smith, J. M., Grandin, L. D., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability to depression and axis II personality dysfunction. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 609–621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Spinhoven, P., Bockting, C. L. H., Kremers, I. P., Schene, A. H., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). The endorsement of dysfunctional attitudes is associated with an impaired retrieval of specific autobiographical memories in response to matching cues. Memory, 15, 324–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Startup, M., Heard, H., Swales, M., Jones, B., Williams, J. M. G., & Jones, R. S. P. (2001). Autobiographical memory and parasuicide in borderline personality disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 113–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sutherland, K., & Bryant, R. A. (2008). Social problem solving and autobiographical memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 154–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Torgersen, S., Kringlen, E., & Cramer, V. (2001). The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 590–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Van den Broeck, K., Claes, L., Pieters, G., & Raes, F. (2012). Memory specificity in borderline personality disorder: associations with depression and self-discrepancy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, S51–S59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

van Vreeswijk, M. F., & De Wilde, E. J. (2004). Autobiographical memory specificity, psychopathology, depressed mood and the use of the Autobiographical Memory Test: a meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 731–743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Weissman, A. N., & Beck, A. T. (1978). Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale: a preliminary investigation. In: Proceedings of the American Educational Research Association. Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar

Wessel, I., Meeren, M., Peeters, F., Arntz, A., & Merckelbach, H. (2001). Correlates of autobiographical memory specificity: the role of depression, anxiety and childhood trauma. Behavioural Research and Therapy, 39, 409–421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Williams, J. M. G., & Broadbent, K. (1986). Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 144–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hermans, D., Raes, F., Watkins, Ed, & Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 122–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Khera, G. S., & Bleichmar, J. (2001). Treatment histories of borderline inpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 144–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., Reich, D. B., & Silk, K. R. (2004a). Axis I comorbidity in patients with borderline personality disorder: 6-year follow-up and prediction of time to remission. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2108–2114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Vujanovic, A. A., Hennen, J. Reich, D. B., Silk, K. R. (2004b). Axis II comorbidity of borderline personality disorder: description of 6-year course and prediction to time-to-remission. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110, 416–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed