Aardema, F., Moulding, R., Radomsky, A. S., et al. (2013). Fear of self and obsessionality: Development and validation of the Fear of Self Questionnaire. Journal of Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2(3), 306–315. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.05.005Google Scholar

Aardema, F., & O’Connor, K. (2007). The menace within: Obsessions and the self. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21, 182–197. doi: 10.1891/088983907781494573Google Scholar

Abramovitch, A. , Doron, G., Sar-El, D., & Altenburger, E.(2013). Subtle threats to moral self-perceptions trigger obsessive–compulsive related cognitions. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 37(6), 1132–1139. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013-9568-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ahern, C. (2013). The role of self-construals in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Swinburne University of Technology.Google Scholar

Ahern, C., Kyrios, M., & Mouding, R. (2015). Self-based concepts and obsessive-compulsive phenomena. Psychopathology.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar

Bhar, S., & Kyrios, M. (2000). Ambivalent self-esteem as meta-vulnerability for obsessive–compulsive disorder. In Craven, R. G. & Marsh, H. W. (Eds.), Self-Concept Theory, Research and Practice: Advances from the New Millennium, Proceedings of the Inaugural International Conference, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia, October 5–6, 2000 (pp. 143–156) Parramatta, NSW: SELF Research Centre, University of Western Sydney.Google Scholar

Bhar, S., & Kyrios, M. (2007). An investigation of self-ambivalence in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(8), 1845–1857. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.02.005Google Scholar

Bhar, S., Kyrios, M., & Hordern, C. (2015). Self-ambivalence in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychopathology.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bosson, J. K. (2006). Conceptualization, measurement, and functioning of nonconscious self-esteem. In Kernis, M. (Ed.), Self-esteem Issues and Answers: A Sourcebook of Current Perspectives (pp. 53–59). London: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Wheeler, S. C. (2006). Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-concepts: Consequences for information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 154–170. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.154Google Scholar

Clark, D. A. (2004). Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for OCD. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Clark, D. A., Purdon, C., & Byers, E. S. (2000). Appraisal and control of sexual and non-sexual intrusive thoughts in university students. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(5), 439–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Clark, D. A., & Rhyno, S. (2004). Unwanted intrusive thoughts in nonclinical individuals: Implications for clinical disorders. In Clark, D. A. (Ed.), Intrusive Thoughts in Clinical Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.Google Scholar

Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychology Bulletin, 130(3), 392–414. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392Google Scholar

DeMarree, K. G., Morrison, K. R., Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Self-ambivalence and resistance to subtle self-change attempts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(5), 674–686. doi: 10.1177/0146167211400097Google Scholar

Dijksterhuis, A., Albers, L. W., & Bongers, K. (2009). Digging for the real attitude: Lessons from research on implicit and explicit self-esteem. In Petty, R., Fazio, R., & Brinol, P. (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the New Wave of Implicit Measures (pp. 229–250). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Doron, G., & Kyrios, M. (2005). Obsessive compulsive disorder: A review of possible specific internal representations within a broader cognitive theory. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(4), 415–432. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.02.002Google Scholar

Doron, G., Kyrios, M., & Moulding, R. (2007). Sensitive domains of self-concept in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): Further evidence for a multidimensional model of OCD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(3), 433–444. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.008Google Scholar

Doron, G., & Moulding, R. (2009). Cognitive behavioral treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A broader framework. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 46(4), 257–263.Google Scholar

Doron, G., Moulding, R., Kyrios, M., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2008). Sensitivity of self-beliefs in obsessive compulsive disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 25(10), 874–884. doi: 10.1002/da.20369Google Scholar

Doron, G., Sar-El, D., & Mikulincer, M. (2012). Threats to moral self-perceptions trigger obsessive compulsive contamination-related behavioral tendencies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(3), 884–890.Google Scholar

Doron, G., Szepsenwol, O., Elad-Strenger, J., Hargil, E., & Bogoslavsky, B. (2013). Entity perceptions of morality and character are associated with obsessive compulsive phenomena. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(7), 733–752. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2013.32.7.733Google Scholar

Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2002). Predictive validity of an Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1441–1455.Google Scholar

Ehntholt, K. A., Salkovskis, P. M., & Rimes, K. A. (1999). Obsessive–compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, and self-esteem: An exploratory study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(8), 771–781.Google Scholar

Fava, G. A., Savron, G., Rafanelli, C., Grandi, S., & Canestrari, R. (1996). Prodromal symptoms in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychopathology, 29(2), 131–134.Google Scholar

Ferrier, S., & Brewin, C. R. (2005). Feared identity and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(10), 1363–1374. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.10.005Google Scholar

Foa, E. B., Kozak, M. J., Goodman, W. K., et al. (1995). DSM-IV field trial: Obsessive–compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(1), 90–96. doi: 10.1176/ajp.152.1.90Google ScholarPubMed

Foster, J. D., Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2007). Linking adult attachment to self-esteem stability. Self and Identity, 6(1), 64–73. doi: 10.1080/15298860600832139CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frost, R. O., Kyrios, M., McCarthy, K. D., & Matthews, Y. (2007). Self-ambivalence and attachment to possessions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21(3), 232–242. doi: 10.1891/088983907781494582CrossRefGoogle Scholar

García-Soriano, G., Clark, D. A., Belloch, A., del Palacio, A., & Castañeiras, C. (2012). Self-worth contingencies and obsessionality: A promising approach to vulnerability? Journal of Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1(3), 196–202. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.05.003Google Scholar

Guidano, V., & Liotti, G. (1983). Cognitive Processes and Emotional Disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Harter, S., & Whitesell, N. R. (2003). Beyond the debate: Why some adolescents report stable self-worth over time and situation, whereas others report changes in self-worth. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 1027–1058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychology Review, 94(3), 319–340. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kempke, S., & Luyten, P. (2007). Psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral approaches of obsessive–compulsive disorder: Is it time to work through our ambivalence? Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 71(4), 291–311.Google Scholar

Labuschagne, I., Castle, D. J., Dunai, J., Kyrios, M., & Rossell, S. L. (2010). An examination of delusional thinking and cognitive styles in body dysmorphic disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(8), 706–712. doi: 10.3109/00048671003671007Google Scholar

Lipton, M. G., Brewin, C. R., Linke, S., & Halperin, J. (2010). Distinguishing features of intrusive images in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(8), 816–822. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.003Google Scholar

Lupien, S. P., Seery, M. D., & Almonte, J. L. (2010). Discrepant and congruent high self-esteem: Behavioral self-handicapping as a preemptive defensive strategy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 1105–1108. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.022CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marsh, H. W., Parada, R. H., & Ayotte, V. (2004). A multidimensional perspective of relations between self-concept (Self Description Questionnaire II) and adolescent mental health (Youth Self-Report). Psychological Assessment, 16(1), 27–41. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.27Google Scholar

McKay, D., Abramowitz, J. S., Calamari, J. E., et al. (2004). A critical evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes: Symptoms versus mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(3), 283–313. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.003Google Scholar

Moretti, M. M., & Higgins, E. T. (1999). Internal representations of others in self-regulation: A new look at a classic issue. Social Cognition, 17(2), 186–208.Google Scholar

Moulding, R., Aardema, F., & O’Connor, K. P. (2014). Repugnant obsessions: A review of the phenomenology, theoretical models, and treatment of sexual and aggressive obsessional themes in OCD. Journal of Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(2), 161–168. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.11.006Google Scholar

Nicholson, E., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2012). Developing an implicit measure of disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: Examining the role of implicit disgust propensity and sensitivity in obsessive–compulsive tendencies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 922–930. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.02.001Google Scholar

Nicholson, E., Dempsey, K., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2014). The role of responsibility and threat appraisals in contamination fear and obsessive–compulsive tendencies at the implicit level. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(1), 31–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.11.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nicholson, E., McCourt, A., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2013). The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of obsessive beliefs in relation to disgust. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2(1–2), 23–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.02.002Google Scholar

Obsessive–Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (1997). Cognitive assessment of Obsessive– Compulsive Disorder, Behaviour Research & Therapy, 35, 667–681.Google Scholar

Obsessive–Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (2005) Psychometric validation of the obsessive belief questionnaire and interpretation of intrusions inventory: Part 2, factor analyses and testing of a brief version. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 43, 1527–1542.Google Scholar

Olson, M. A., Fazio, R. H., & Hermann, A. D. (2007). Reporting tendencies underlie discrepancies between implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem. Psychological Science, 18(4), 287–291. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01890.xGoogle Scholar

O’Neill, S. A. (1999). Living with obsessive–compulsive disorder: A case study of a woman’s construction of self. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 12(1), 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Meier, L. L. (2009). Disentangling the effects of low self-esteem and stressful events on depression: Findings from three longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(2), 307–321. doi: 10.1037/a0015645CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Perera-Delcourt, R., Nash, R. A., & Thorpe, S. J. (2014). Priming moral self-ambivalence heightens deliberative behaviour in self-ambivalent individuals. Behaviour and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(6), 682–692. doi: 10.1017/S1352465813000507Google Scholar

Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., Tormala, Z. L., Blair, W., & Jarvis, G. (2006). Implicit ambivalence from attitude change: An exploration of the PAST model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 21–41. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.21Google Scholar

Phillips, B., Moulding, R., Kyrios, M., Nedeljkovic, M., & Mancuso, S. (2011). The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and self-construals. Clinical Psychologist, 15(1), 10–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9552.2011.00004.xGoogle Scholar

Purdon, C., & Clark, D. A. (1999). Metacognition and obsessions. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6(2), 102–110.Google Scholar

Rachman, S. (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(9), 793–802. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00040-5Google Scholar

Rachman, S., & de Silva, P. (1978). Abnormal and normal obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16(4), 233–248. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(78)90022-0Google Scholar

Rasmussen, S. A., & Eisen, J. L. (1994). The epidemiology and differential diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(Suppl.), 5–10; discussion 11–14.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, S. A., & Tsuang, M. T. (1986). Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive–compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(3), 317–322.Google Scholar

Rassin, E., Muris, P., Schmidt, H., & Merckelbach, H. (2000). Relationships between thought–action fusion, thought suppression and obsessive–compulsive symptoms: A structural equation modeling approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(9), 889–897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Riketta, M., & Ziegler, R. (2007). Self-ambivalence and reactions to success versus failure. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(3), 547–560. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.376Google Scholar

Rowa, K., & Purdon, C. (2003). Why are certain intrusive thoughts more upsetting than others? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31(1), 1–11. doi: 10.1017/S1352465803001024Google Scholar

Rowa, K., Purdon, C., Summerfeldt, L. J., & Antony, M. M. (2005). Why are some obsessions more upsetting than others? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(11), 1453–1465. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.003Google Scholar

Rudolph, A., Schröder-Abé, M., Riketta, M., & Schütz, A. (2010). Easier when done than said! Implicit self-esteem predicts observed or spontaneous behavior, but not self-reported or controlled behavior. Journal of Psychology, 218(1), 12–19. doi: 10.1027/0044-3409/a000003Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. (1989). Cognitive-behavioural factors and the persistence of intrusive thoughts in obsessional problems. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27(6), 677–682; discussion 683–674.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P., Thorpe, S. J., Wahl, K., Wroe, A. L., & Forrester, E. (2003). Neutralizing increases discomfort associated with obsessional thoughts: An experimental study with obsessional patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 709–715. doi: 10.1037/0021-843x.112.3.709Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P., Westbrook, D., Davis, J., Jeavons, A., & Gledhill, A. (1997). Effects of neutralizing on intrusive thoughts: An experiment investigating the etiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(3), 211–219. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00112-xGoogle Scholar

Schröder-Abé, M., Rudolph, A., & Schütz, A. (2007). High implicit self-esteem is not necessarily advantageous: Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem and their relationship with anger expression and psychological health. European Journal of Personality, 21(3), 319–339. doi: 10.1002/per.626Google Scholar

Shafran, R., Thordarson, D. S., & Rachman, S. (1996). Thought–action fusion in obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10(5), 379–391.Google Scholar

Spalding, L. R., & Hardin, C. D. (1999). Unconscious unease and self-handicapping: Behavioral consequences of individual differences in implicit and explicit self-esteem. Psychological Science, 10(6), 535–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Teachman, B. A. (2007). Linking obsessional beliefs to OCD symptoms in older and younger adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(7), 1671–1681. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.016Google Scholar

Teachman, B. A., & Clerkin, E. M. (2007). Obsessional beliefs and the implicit and explicit morality of intrusive thoughts. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 999–1024. doi: 10.1080/02699930600985576Google Scholar

Teachman, B. A., Woody, S. R., & Magee, J. C. (2006). Implicit and explicit appraisals of the importance of intrusive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(6), 785–805. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.005Google Scholar

Van Bockstaele, B., Verschuere, B., Koster, E. H. W., et al. (2011). Differential predictive power of self report and implicit measures on behavioural and physiological fear responses to spiders. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 79(2), 166–174. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.10.003Google Scholar

Vater, A., Ritter, K., Schröder-Abé, M., et al. (2013). When grandiosity and vulnerability collide: Implicit and explicit self-esteem in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(1), 37–47. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.001Google Scholar

Vater, A., Schröder-Abé, M., Schütz, A., Lammers, C. H., & Roepke, S. (2010). Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem are linked to symptom severity in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(4), 357–364. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

World Health Organization. (2015). Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder. In International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th ed.). http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/ensssssss/F42.0Google Scholar

Wu, K. D., Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2006). Relations between Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and personality: Beyond Axis I–Axis II comorbidity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(6), 695–717. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.11.001Google Scholar

Zeigler-Hill, V. (2006). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality, 74(1), 119–144. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00371.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zeigler-Hill, V. (2011). The connections between self-esteem and psychopathology. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 41(3), 157–164. doi: 10.1007/s10879-010-9167-8Google Scholar

Zeigler-Hill, V., & Terry, C. (2007). Perfectionism and explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 6(3–4), 137–153. doi: 10.1080/15298860601118850CrossRefGoogle Scholar