Huns, Goths, Vandals, and Lombards were among the migrating peoples who transformed the geo-political landscape of the late Roman world. In the sermons and letters of the time, early Christians alluded to the general anxiety, as well as to the practical problems resulting from social dislocation and familial disruption. Chapter 5 considers how such Italian bishops as Leo the Great in Rome and Peter Chrysologus in the north in the mid-fifth century, and Gregory the Great in the Rome of the late-sixth century, developed a theology of charity to address the mounting pastoral concerns. Leo and Peter, for example, addressed the emotional life of everyday Christians by making affective charity the universal expression of the Christian life. Compassionate giving was no longer seen as an unusual response to extreme suffering, but as the appropriate response to the vicissitudes of human experience. It no longer applied merely to the destitute, but to healing every sort of emotional and material need. This democratization of charity was further explored in the theology of charity, in the pastoral care, and in the charitable works of Gregory the Great, who, like Leo, served as bishop of Rome during a time of social and political uncertainty.