Since the beginnings of capitalism, discard has been recommodified. There is nothing new about this. Scratching around in municipal dumps, searching amid the mountains of abandoned detritus for materials of value – stuff that can be salvaged, accumulated and sold – is an activity that has been found the world over for centuries. It is a tactic for ‘getting by’; an age-old indicator of livelihoods marked and defined by living in conditions of extreme poverty. Scavenging provides the defining contemporary image of the landfills and dumps of the global South: one of women and children sifting carefully, methodically through mountains of rubbish while living in its immediate proximity, surrounded by societies’ detritus. Harrowing as such images are to western eyes, it is important to recognize that scavenging and salvage activity was as much a feature of the dumps that littered the landscape of 19th-century England as it is of today's cities of the South. One only has to turn to some of the novels of Charles Dickens to find precisely the same close association of extreme poverty and rubbish-dependent livelihoods. The more unequal societies, the more significant discard is for livelihood strategies, with large numbers dependent on rubbish livelihoods.

The recommodification of discard, however, is not just about scavenging and salvage, notwithstanding that this is the focus for most of the academic literature in the social sciences. It also encompasses the trade in used goods and the transformation of discard by varying combinations of labour and capital, such that discarded things, or their constituent components and materials, are opened up to be bought and sold. In such a way, scavenging and salvage activities connect to the intricacies of the value chain in scrap. Typically, all this economic activity is now lumped together under the catch-all umbrella term of ‘recycling’, but that term includes a range of activities that, in actuality, are distinct. Not only do they operate in distinctive markets, they also have widely differing implications for debates about sustainability. At one end of the range, and without doubt the most sustainable of these activities, is reuse, where discarded used goods are resold to fulfil the same function that they were originally designed for.