But what does cooperation mean? Why does it matter? And what form should it take? These are questions with no easy answer, but which, as President of the Blue Shield, an international organisation dedicated to the protection of heritage in armed conflict, I grapple with on a daily basis, and which are central to the discussions within the following pages.

Cultural property protection during armed conflict is a hard task to achieve – practical results must be delivered under pressure in complex circumstances. Resources are limited, and multiple demands compete for attention. The situation will be constantly changing, and pre-planning, while essential, may have to give way to flexibility in the face of emerging circumstances. When they occur, such situations require not only strong leadership to achieve effective outcomes, but significant pre-planning to assess possible risks and threats and plan for them as far as possible, to minimise the chances of unexpected events resulting in the loss of cultural heritage. In cultural property protection, that means a multi-sectoral approach is essential, as embodied in the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two Protocols, and as examined in this volume. The peacetime activities recommended in the Convention – safeguarding measures at sites, listing of key sites for greater protection, preparation of storage facilities for moveable cultural property and of transports to such refuges, and training of civil and military authorities, amongst a number of others – cannot be realised without planning, coordination, and effective leadership. The Convention allocates such responsibilities to its high contracting parties and their designated competent authorities, but they were not meant to work alone.