This third part of the book moves on to study aspects of the policies developed in various countries to deal with youth unemployment, focusing especially on the notions of dualisation and activation. In most European countries a policy debate is going on about a muchdeplored mismatch between the world of education and the world of work. This is seen both as a barrier to economic innovation and as a major source of problems for young people making the transition from school to work. Therefore a revitalisation of vocational education and training that combines in one way or another theoretical instruction and work experience training (dualisation) is generally viewed as an important strategy for preventing youth unemployment and a sound foundation for lifelong learning. In Chapters Nine and Ten, van Hoof and Bianchi discuss aspects of training and education in the Netherlands and Italy respectively. In both countries there is a trend towards strengthened vocational pathways into the labour market; while there is approval of this as a broad strategy, the papers highlight some of the limitations of using training and education as a solution to the problems of the youth labour market. Bianchi in particular exposes the problem of lengthened dependency on families, as discussed in Part One. Skills training is also an important element of many activation programmes that are targeted at unemployed young people. In Chapter Eleven Malmberg-Heimonen and Julkunen, drawing on the findings of the nine-country youth survey, explore the effectiveness of active youth programmes in getting young people back into work, and highlight the dangers of getting trapped in an endless cycle of scheme participation.